Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Number vs
Quantity
Conditional sentences
All of vs All
All vs All of
Amount vs Number
vs Quantity
Assure , Ensure,
Insure, Secure
Between vs Among
Causative verbs
Close (to) vs near
(to)
Conditional
sentences
Confusing words
Either or / Neither
nor
Even though / Even
if / Even so
Lastly, Finally,
Eventually, In the
end , at last
Fast vs Quick
Causative verbs
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ALL vs ALL OF
ALL
All refers to three or more items.
She has sent her love to you all. (= She has sent her love to all of you.)
Mary has invited them all. (= Mary has invited all of them.)
All the water /All my children /All the milk /All the cake /All my friends
ALL OF
Before a personal pronoun we use all of.
Note that we use object form of the personal pronouns after all of.
All of us like reading. (NOT All of we like reading.)
I have invited all of them. (NOT I have invited all of they.)
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ALL vs ALL OF
TEST
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TEST
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Assure , Ensure,
Insure , Secure.
Assure: to tell someone confidently that something is true,
so that they do not worry. Only people can feel anxious or
doubtful only they can be assured. Things cannot be assured.
Examples:
Tom assured Mike that he'd come to the party early.
She assured us (that) the car would be ready the next day.
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Assure , Ensure,
Insure , Secure.
TEST
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Between vs Among
Between and among are both prepositions , and they are
usually followed by nouns .
Between
you can use the word between when you are talking about
distinct, individual items even if there are more than two of
them. It is usually followed by a singular noun.
Examples:
This contract is entered into between the Seller
and the Purchaser.
She chose between Harvard, Brown, and Yale.
The negotiations between the union and management
have broken down.
Among
you can use among when you are talking about things that
aren't distinct items or individuals. Among should be used
where the entities are considered as a group, mass or
collectivity.
It is usually followed by a plural noun.
Examples:
She chose among the Ivy League schools
There is consensus among shareholders that
this approach be adopted.
He loves to spend time among his friends.
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Between vs Among
TEST
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CAUSATIVE VERBS
Causative verbs are used to show that the subject causes another thing or
person to do something or be something.
Examples:
She got me to mow the lawn.
I'll get him to help you.
Examples:
He had his secretary translate the letter.
I will have him call you when he comes back.
Examples:
My dad let me go by myself.
She wanted to go but her parent wouldnt let her.
Examples:
This book has helped me (to) improve my English.
Going to the Gym has helped me (to) lose weight.
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TEST
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Close to vs Near
When used in the sense of not far or a short distance away, the
adjectives near and close have the same meaning and are interchangeable.
Examples:
Dont get too close to/near that dog , Susan.
As time gets closer to/nearer the exam, I feel more and
more nervous.
"I could see that Sam was close to/near tears.
The boxer looked near/close to exhaustion.
We can decide which route to take nearer / closer to
the time.
Close
We use close to talk about peoples relationships
with one another
Theyre a close family.
My dad was closer to his brother than to his sister.
John and Mike are very close friends.
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TEST
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(IF CLAUSES)
Conditionals are used to describe the result of something that might
happen(in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in the past).
Conditional sentences are divided into 4 different types.
Its not important which clause comes first
ZERO CONDITIONAL
We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are always true.
If you heat water, it boils.
When the sun goes down, it gets dark.
It lights up if you push that button.
Structure : If + Present ..... Present
FIRST CONDITIONAL
We use the first conditional when we talk about real and possible situations.
Ill send her an invitation, if I find her address.
If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes.
If you play the lottery, you may become a millonaire someday.
If I study conditionals, I will speak better English
Structure : if + present simple ..... will/can/may/must + infinitive.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
We used the second conditional to talk about unreal or very unlikely or
impossible things or situations.
If I found her address , Id sent her an invitation.
Where would you live if you could live anywhere in the world?
If you studied harder , you might pass the test.
Structure : if + past simple .... would/could/might + infinitive.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and
to imagine the result of this situation.
If I had found her address , I would have sent her an invitation.
(but I didnt find it , so I couldnt send it to her.)
If I hadn't been so busy, I could have helped you.
(but I was very busy , so I couldnt help you.)
If we had taken a taxi, we might not have missed the plane.
Structure: if + past perfect, ...would/could + have + past participle.
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(IF CLAUSES)
TEST
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9.
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CONFUSING WORDS
EVERY ONE vs EVERYONE
Everyone = Everybody (All the people) TODO EL MUNDO
Everyone was trying to find a place to park (= Everybody was...)
Every one = Every + the pronoun ONE CADA UNO
I have many friends. Every one is dear to me (= Every friend is...)
CONFUSING WORDS
TEST
1. I dont want to talk about this anymore/any more.
2. I didnt ask for anymore/any more work to be put on my
desk.
3. Not everyone/every one has natural rhythm.
4. However, everyone/every one of us can learn to dance.
5. She doesnt know anyone/any one in France.
6. He likes everybody/every body that he works with.
7. Anyone/Any one of you can redecorate the office if you
would like.
8. Death was an everyday/every day occurrence during the
Civil War.
9. She has sometime/some time to see you tomorrow
afternoon.
10.She goes to school every day/everyday.
11.Chloe is willing to help Marshall prepare for the exam in
anyway /any way she can.
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Pronouncing ed endings
ed endings may be pronounced in one of the following three ways:
-t / -id
/ -d
K, S, Ch, Sh, F, P, Th
Example: I helped my mom make cookies yesterday.
In this example, the end of the word help sounds like P.
So, the ed ending is pronounced t.
T or D
Example: I wanted to go to the beach last weekend.
In this example, the end of the word want sounds like T. So, the ed
ending is pronounced id.
Exceptions.
Each of the following words do not follow the ed ending rules.
For these words, the ed ending is pronounced like id.
aged bles sed crooked dogged learned naked ragged wicked
So we say:
an aged man /Id/ a blessed nuisance /Id/ a dogged persistence /Id/
a learned professor /Id/ a wretched beggar /Id/
But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal
rules apply and we say:
he aged quickly /d/ he blessed me /t/ they dogged him /d/
he has learned well /d/ or /t/
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EITHER/OR - NEITHER/NOR
EITHER /OR used when referring to a choice between
two possibilities.
Examples :
NEITHER /NOR
Examples:
She speaks neither English nor French.
Chris wasnt at the meeting and neither was her assistant.
Neither Chris nor her assistant was at the meeting.
Singular or Plural?
Singular
If both subjects are singular , the verb is singular too.
Examples:
Either the father or the mother has to attend the meeting.
(Father and mother are singular so the verb has is singular too.)
Neither Sally nor Nancy is going to write the report.
(Sally and Nancy are singular , so the verb is is singular too.)
Plural
If one subject is plural , the verb is plural too.
Examples:
Either Sue or the girls are going to prepare dinner tonight.
(The girls is plural , so the verb are is plural too.)
Neither the teacher nor the students were in the classroom.
(The students is plural , so the verb were is plural too.)
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EITHER/OR - NEITHER/NOR
TEST - SINGULAR vs PLURAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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EVEN THOUGH
EVEN IF
EVEN SO
EVEN THOUGH (AUNQUE/ A PESAR DE QUE)
Even though describes a real situation and is a more emphatic version of though
and although.
She told him even though I asked her not to.
Even though I've cleaned it and polished it, it still doesn't look new.
Even though he lost his job as Arts Minister, he continued to serve in the
government.
EVEN IF (INCLUSO SI / SUPONIENDO QUE)
Even if describes an unreal situation where we could substitute 'just supposing' for
even if.
Even if I had two hours to spare for shopping, I wouldn't go out and buy a suit.
Even if you take a taxi, youll still miss your train.
Even if I knew it, I wouldnt tell you.
EVEN SO (AN AS)
Even so is a prepositional phrase that can be used in a similar fashion to introduce
a fact that is surprising in the context of what has been said before.
It connects ideas between clauses or sentences:
I know her English isn't very good, but even so I can understand her.
The evidence was only circumstantial. Even so, he was convicted and spent ten
years in prison for a crime that he perhaps did not commit.
I had a terrible headache , but even so I went to the concert.
DIFFERENCES in meaning between even though, even if and even so.
Even though I had time, I didnt do it. Aunque tuve tiempo no lo hice.
Even if I had time I wouldnt do it. Incluso si tuviese tiempo no lo hara.
I had time but even so I didnt do it. Tuve tiempo pero an as no lo hice.
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EVEN THOUGH
EVEN IF
EVEN SO
TEST
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5.
6.
Even ____I win the lottery I will still work doing something
constructive and helpful to the economy.
7.
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TEST
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EVER
idioms and set phrases
ALL SOMEBODY EVER DOES IS.... lo nico que hace es
used to emphasize that somebody does the same thing very
often, usually in an annoying way
All he ever does is grumble about things.
DID YOU EVER ()! pero bueno, habrse visto!
(old-fashioned, informal) used to show that you are surprised or
shocked : Did you ever hear anything like it?
EVER SINCE () desde que / desde entonces
continuously since the time mentioned
He's had a car ever since he was 18. I was bitten by a dog once
and I've been afraid of them ever since.
EVER SO/EVER SUCH A
tan
(informal, especially British English) very; really.
He looks ever so smart. She's ever such a nice woman.
IF EVER THERE WAS (ONE) como ninguno
(informal) used to emphasize that something is certainly true.
That was a disaster if ever there was one!
WAS/IS/DOES, etc. SOMEBODY EVER! Vaya!
(informal, especially North American English) used to
emphasize something you are talking about.
You must have been upset by that. Was I ever!
sometimes used at the end of an informal letter, before you
write your name : yours ever/ever yours Siempre tuyo
EVER THE + adjective , noun (caballeroso) como siempre
And when we use ever before a noun to indicate that a person
has particular qualities, ever is used to mean always:
Let me open the door for you. ~ Ever the gentleman!
I always wear loose-fitting clothes like this ~ Ever the hippie!
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EVER
idioms and set phrases
TEST
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2.
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4.
5.
6.
_______ funny guy, Mr. Man suggested that I play the song
backwards.
7.
8.
9.
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FAST vs QUICK
QUICK is usually used to refer to something happening
in a short time, or a shorter than expected time:
Examples:
We stopped for a quick snack. Not: a fast snack.
I just need a quick answer.
Not: a fast answer.
Let me ask you a quick question. Not : ... a fast question.
FAST refers to things that happen or go at high speed,
e.g. a train, a person running:
Examples :
She loves fast cars. Not: She loves quick cars.
Dont eat so fast you are going to choke.
Not : Dont eat so quick you are going to choke
Note the common expression fast food to refer to food such as
hamburgers, which are cooked and served in a very short time
in restaurants:
Fast collocations , idioms and set phrases
Fast asleep. When I am fast asleep, I don't hear anything. Profudamente dormido
Thick and fast . Money came thick and fast. A raudales.
Pull a fast one on someone. Tomar el pelo / engaar
Don't try to pull a fast one with me! I know what you're doing.
As fast as your legs would carry you a todo lo que te daban las piernas,
I ran down the mountain as fast as my legs would carry me!
Hold/ stand fast He held fast to his principles. Mantenerse firme a...
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FAST vs QUICK
TEST
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2.
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4.
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7.
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9.
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HARDLY , SCARCELY,
BARELY, NO SOONER
APENAS
Hardly, scarcely and barely can all be used to say that something
is only just true or possible. They are used with words like any and
ever, with adjectives and verbs, and are often placed between can,
could, have, be, etc. and the main part of the verb:
They have sold scarcely any copies of the book.
They were so young they had hardly any experience.
His words were barely audible.
I can hardly believe it. I hardly can believe it. X WRONG
Hardly, scarcely and barely are negative words and should not be
used with not or other negatives:
I can hardly believe it. I cant hardly believe it. X WRONG
And are followed by when /before in order to say that one
thing happens immediately after another:
We had hardly/scarcely/barely sat down at the table,
when/before the phone rang.
In a literary style, these words are usually inverted.
Hardly/Scarcely had we sat down at the table,
when the phone rang.
No sooner is used in the same way, but is always used with than:
No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.
Hardly and scarcely can be used to mean almost never, but barely
is not used in this way:
She hardly (ever) sees her parents these days.
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HARDLY , SCARCELY,
BARELY, NO SOONER
TEST
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I vs ME TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. For all the work my family and ___ have put into this
industry, we've gotten a lot back.
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FOR vs TO
"I made a quick phone call to my mom."
(I called with the intention of speaking with my mom)
"I made a quick phone call for my mom."
(My mom wasn't able to make the call so I made the call for her)
IN ORDER TO & SO AS TO = with the aim of achieving something.
(USUALLY BEFORE INFINITIVE)
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TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
I have to get up early. I set the alarm for five o'clock ____
oversleep.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Jenny is a very nice person. She is always prompt ____ help
her friends.
11. They took the taxi _____waste time.
12. I'm going to Australia _____ forget my English.
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Inasmuch as vs Insofar as
Inasmuch as
(conjunction formal)
Insofar as
(conjunction formal)
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Inasmuch as vs Insofar as
TEST
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2.
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5.
6.
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LITTLE vs FEW
LESS vs FEWER
LITTLE
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LITTLE vs FEW
LESS vs FEWER
TEST
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2.
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4.
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7.
8.
9.
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Inevitably- Inevitablemente /
(In-vita-bly)
The decision will inevitably lead to political tensions.
Their arguments inevitably end in tears.
Invariably siempre
(In-vf-riably)
They invariably quarrel when he comes home.
It invariably rains when I go there.
Merely Slo , meramente
(Ma-ly)
I was merely asking a question.
It's not merely a matter of cost, but whether she's old enough to
go on holiday alone.
Painstakingly- Concienzudamente..
(Pens-tei-kin-ly)
The old painting was painstakingly restored.
She painstakingly explained how the machine worked.
Partially parcialmente
(Pr-sha-ly)
The meat was only partially cooked.
Remember that you are partially responsible for their
unhappiness.
Particularly en particular / en especial
(Pat-Ki-la-ly)
He was particularly pleased to see his brother.
We are hoping to expand our business, particularly in Europe.
Perfectly- perfectamente / a la perfeccin
(prfect-ly)
It's perfectly normal to be nervous before a performance.
The steaks were perfectly cooked.
Permanently Permanentemente.
(pr-mannt-ly)
The accident left him permanently disabled.
She wants to stay in this country permanently.
Readily De buena gana , fcilmente
(ru-di-ly)
Id readily help you.
The information is readily accessible on the Internet.
Regularly Con regularidad .
(Ru-giu-la-ly)
His heart was beating regularly.
It's important to exercise regularly.
Separately Por separado ,
(S-pret-ly)
They did arrive together, but I think they left separately.
We each made our way to Jeffs apartment separately.
Similarly De la misma manera /
(Sm-i-la-ly)
The first letter she wrote me was less than a page long, and her
second letter was similarly brief.
The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years.
Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably.
Ultimately En ltima instancia / al final / finalmente
(l-ti-met-ly)
Ultimately, the decision rests with the child's parents.
We hope ultimately to be able to buy a house of our own.
Vividly Vvidamente / claramente
(v-vid-ly)
I vividly remember that day.
I can vividly remember the day we met.
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MIXED CONDITIONALS
(IF CLAUSES)
Mixed conditionals are those unreal conditional sentences whose time in the ifclause is different than the time in the main-clause. Let's first have a look at
unreal conditional sentences:
If she were shorter, she would be more attractive.
I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party.
If they hadn't trained hard, they wouldn't have won.
As you can see, they refer to the same time: the present, the future
or the past. If we mix the sentences, we get mixed conditionals.
PAST & PRESENT
If my father hadn't lost his keys, we wouldn't have to wait until he finds them.
But my father lost his keys and therefore we have to wait until he finds them.
If I had installed an anti-virus, my computer wouldn't be so slow now.
But I didn't install an anti-virus and therefore my computer is so slow now.
Structure : If + Past perfect ..... would (Present)
PAST & FUTURE
If our house had been broken into, we would call the police.
But our house wasn't broken into and we are not going to call police.
If we had won the lottery last week, we would buy a new sofa today.
But we didn't win the lottery and we are not going to buy a new sofa today.
Structure : if + past perfect ..... will/can/may/must.
PRESENT & PAST
If I werent intelligent , I wouldnt have graduated from Stanford.
But I am intelligent and therefore I did graduate from Stanford.
If Mary weren't a snob, she wouldn't have had so many parties this year.
But Mary is a snob and therefore she had so many parties this year.
Structure : if + past simple .... would/could/might + infinitive.
PRESENT & FUTURE
If you were more eloquent, you would become a politician.
But I am not more eloquent and I won't become a politician.
If you had more time, I would go to the cinema with you.
But you don't have more time and I won't go to the cinema with you.
Structure: if + past perfect, ...would/could..
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CONDITIONALS
(IF CLAUSES)
TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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MULTI-WORD VERBS
Multi-word verbs . On these pages we make a distinction between three types of
multi-word verbs: phrasal verbs , prepositional verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs.
verb + adverb
ex : (throw away)
Phrasal verbs can be: intransitive (no direct object) transitive (direct object)
When they are transitive (have a direct object), we can usually separate the two parts.
They
turned
They
turned
our
offer
down.
object is a
pronoun we must always separate
the phrasal verb
They
turned
it
down
They
Turned
dont
like
to get up
dont
like
to get
early
INSEPARABLE
our
offer.
down
it
down
early
up
Prepositional verbs
are INSEPARABLE
+ preposition
They
believe in
God
They
look after
the dog
They
after
We
ran out of
fuel.
We
ran out of
it.
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MULTI-WORD VERBS
1. Which is correct?
6. Which is correct?
2. 2. Which is correct?
7. Which is correct?
3. 3. Which is correct?
8. Which is correct?
4. 4. Which is correct?
9. Which is correct?
a) The thieves broke in at around midnight. a) Pass out ( = distribute) these forms!
b) The thieves broke at around midnight in. b) BOTH ARE CORRECT
c) BOTH ARE CORRECT
5. 5. Which is correct?
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Need to
We use this form when we want to talk about something that's necessary for
someone to do. We usually mention who is going to do it.
Example:
"I need to go to the dentist" means "It's necessary for me to visit the dentist".
Structure : subject + need or needs to (dont need /doesnt need to) + verb
Ellie needs to practise.
Alice doesnt need to wear a uniform.
They need to go shopping.
We dont need to post the letters.
_______________________________________________________________
Need -ing
We can use this form when we want to talk about something that is necessary
for someone to do. We don't have to say who is going to do it.
Example:
The house need cleaning means the house needs to be cleaned
by someone that we dont mention.
This is a passive structure where the usual subject + verb + object form
changes to object + need + verb+ing.
Structure : object +need or needs ( dont/doesnt need )+verb+ing
My hair needs cutting.
The house needs tidying.
The curtains dont need washing.
The letter doesnt need posting.
____________________________________________________________
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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Inversion:
To add emphasis, we can use not only at the beginning of a clause.
When we do this, we invert the subject and the verb:
Not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the band was late.
Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside.
When there is no auxiliary verb or main verb be, we use do, does, did:
Not only did she forget my birthday, but she also didnt even apologise
for forgetting it.
Not only do I enjoy watching plays but I also like acting in them.
Not only does it cost more, it also
Not only is he intelligent , but he is also very charming.
Inversion structure :
Not only + verb or Auxiliary or Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object
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TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
INVERSION
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Elder/Eldest vs Older/Oldest
Elder and eldest mean the same as older and oldest only they are used as a
more polite way of saying the same thing. But there are some other
important differences in meaning that we need to be aware of.
Older/Oldest
We use older/oldest as the regular comparative and superlative forms to
describe people and things and for absolutes.
Examples :
My car is older than yours. .
He is the oldest man alive
Elder/Eldest
We only use the adjectives elder and eldest before a noun (as attributive
adjectives), and usually when talking about relationships within a family.
We NEVER USE elder/eldest as a comparative followed by THAN
Examples:
My sister is older than me
My sister is elder than me
We only use elder/eldest to talk about people NEVER to talk about things.
Examples:
The Washington Monument is the oldest monument in the US capital.
Not : The Washington Monument is the eldest monument in the US capital.
Elder
We use ELDER when we speak about two family members such as
brothers , sisters, cousins, etc.
Examples :
My elder son, his elder daughter.
The elder of the two sons / The elder of the two.
Eldest
We use eldest when we speak about three or more family members.
Examples:
His eldest brother is five years older than he is.
Im the eldest of three children.
Her eldest child is nearly 10.
.
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Elder/Eldest vs Older/Oldest
TEST
1.
2.
My brother is a doctor.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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POSITION OF ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or clauses.
She sings beautifully. (beautifully modifies the verb sing)
He runs very fast. (very modifies the adjective fast)
He plays very well. (very modifies the adverb well)
The position of adverbs in the sentence depends on what type of adverb it is.
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POSITION OF ADVERBS
TEST
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SAXON GENITIVE
Possessive Case
The possessive case is used to show ownership.
In general there is some preference for the possessive pattern when a person,
rather than a thing, is being described. Thus, we would have:
'My uncle's return was delayed.'
but
'The contents of the drawer were strewn all over the floor.'
However, person might be extended to include animals or groups of human
beings, so we would have:
the donkey's tail
the audience's reaction
the government's majority
The possessive form is also usual when the relationship of possession is described,
so we would say:
'My grandmother's furniture was mostly Victorian.'
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SAXON GENITIVE
TEST
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2.
He is a friend of ____(He).
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8.
See
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These three verbs talk about different ways of using your eyes. But they have
important differences in meaning.
See
When we say 'see' we are normally talking about things we can't avoid.
We open our eyes and things are just there. It may not be intentional.
Examples:
I can see a cloud in the sky.
When I lifted my eyes, I suddenly saw a bull with two
big horns standing in front of me.
Have you seen my glasses? I can't find them anywhere!
Look (at)
When we look, we try to see. We make a special effort.
We concentrate our eyes on something.
Examples:
Oh, look! Theres a rainbow!
Look at this picture! Isn't it beautiful?
Don't look at The Sun! It will hurt your eyes.
Watch
When we watch something, we are more active.
We look at something intensely, usually because it's moving.
Examples:
I watched him get into a taxi.
I sat by the window watching people walk past.
Have you watched the movie Iron Man 3?
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THAT vs WHICH
In many cases both words are equally correct.
She held out the hand which was hurt.
She held out the hand that was hurt.
In these sentences, that and which are introducing whats known as an
essential clause.
Essential clauses are necessary to identify the person or thing that is
being described. They are essential to understanding the sentence.
They restrict the meaning to that specific person/thing.
The box that is in the foreground of the picture is a sample box.
(There are other boxes in the picture) Essential clause
Essential clauses can be introduced by that, which , whose, who, or whom.
Non-essential clauses are not essential to the understanding of the
sentence since they merely supply some additional information. They
can be omitted from the sentence without changing the basic meaning.
The box ,which is in the foreground of the picture , is a sample box.
(There is only one box in the picture.) Non-essential clause
Non-essential clauses can be introduced by which, whose, who,
or whom, but you should never use THAT to introduce them. .
A non-essential clause is preceded by a comma (so as to set off the
extra information), whereas no comma should precede a restrictive
clause (indicating that the information is essential, not extra):
I bought a new dress, which I will be wearing to Jo's party.
[non-essential]
I was wearing the dress that I bought to wear to Jo's party.
[essential]
If that has already appeared in a sentence, writers sometimes use
which to introduce the next clause, whether it is essential or
nonessential. This is done to avoid awkward formations.
Example:
That which doesn't kill you makes you stronger.
Instead of That that doesnt kill you makes you stronger
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THAT vs WHICH
TEST
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VERBS FOLLOWED
BY A THAT-CLAUSE
SOME
Structure
I insisted (that) he left early (insisted = past tense hence verb in the past tense )
I insisted (that) he leave early. (verb in the infinitive tense) slightly more formal
I insisted (that) he should leave early. (should + infinitive tense)
Examples :
I suggest that he accepts your invitation.
Jill proposed that they went to the sauna.
I recommended that he go by train.
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VERBS FOLLOWED
BY A THAT-CLAUSE
TEST
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2.
They are advising that children ___ ___ at home. (be + keep)
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VIEW
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vs
SIGHT
VIEW vs SIGHT
TEST
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4.
5.
The ____ from the windows is good and we can see the sea.
6.
7.
If you want to check your answers to this test , please refer to:
http://www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com/resources/view%20vs%
20sight%20TEST%20ANSWERS.doc_001.jpg
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WHAT vs WHICH
What and which are often interchangeable with little or no difference
in meaning. Often what and which are used for the sake of variety.
Which / What would you say are the most polluted cities in the world
and which / what are the cleanest?
Do you know which / what sort of plants grow best in a shady garden?
I've no idea which / what road to take to Jimmy's place.
WHICH is used when choosing between just two or three options.
WHAT is used when there is no limit to the number of choices.
Compare the following:
o What would you like in your sandwiches?
o I've got cheese or tuna. Which would you prefer?
o He is from Glasgow. Do you know which football team he
supports? I think it's Celtic, but it may be Rangers. I'm not sure.
o What football team do you support?
o Which TV channel is the tennis on?
Before nouns WHAT and WHICH can be used interchangeably
to ask questions about people or things:
o What/Which colour trousers would you like?
o Which / What writers have made the biggest impression on you?
WHICH - before ONE and OF
Which of these cars are you interested in driving?
Which one of us is going to make the presentation?
We use WHICH, we are trying to identify certain people out of a
group of people (e.g. in a photograph or in a crowded room),
WHICH is similar in use to *which one*(s) in this case:
Which (one) is your boyfriend? The one (who is) sitting next to Fiona.
I need to know which (of these) children have not been vaccinated.
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WHAT vs WHICH
TEST
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NOUNS TO ADJECTIVES
The most frequently recurring conversions involve adding:-al -ful -ous -ic -less
addition to additional /delight to delightful / anxiety to anxious
economy to economic / coast to coastal / doubt to doubtful /
danger to dangerous / energy to energetic /industry to industrial
harm to harmless / poison to poisonous /science to scientific
ADJECTIVES TO ADVERBS
These are easy to form.
regular to regularly / punctual to punctually / easy to easily /
increase to increasingly / Quick to quickly / typical to typically
VERB TO ADJECTIVE
The most frequently recurring conversions are:comfort to comfortable / impress to impressive / rely to reliable
satisfy to satisfying / convince to convincing / dispute to disputable
INTERNAL CHANGE
Common example conversions are:choose to choice / fly to flight / hot to heat / long to length
strong to strength /receive to reception / wide to width
WORD FORMATION
75 MOST DIFFICULT WORDS
1.
AFFIRM
2.
ALTERNATE
3.
APPEAR
4.
APPLY
5.
ASSESS
6.
ATTEND
7.
BELIEVE
8.
BREAK
9.
BREATH
10. CAPTURE
11. COME
12. COMPANY
13. CONCEIVE
CONCEIVABLE, INCONCEIVABLE
14. CONCLUDE
15. DANGER
DANGEROUS , ENDANGERED
16. DATE
17. DECEIVE
18. DO
19. DOUBT
20. DRAW
21. EASE
22. EFFECT
23. ENTHUSIASM
24. EQUAL
25. EXPERIENCE
26. FAIR
UNFAIR, FAIRNESS ,
27. FOLLOW
FOLLOWER , FOLLOWING ,
28. GO
29. GROW
30. HIGH
31. HOPE
32. ILLUSION
DISILLUSIONED , ILLUSORY
33. IMPRESS
34. INCREASE
INCREASINGLY ,
35. INTEND
36. INTRIGUE
INTRIGUING
37. INVENT
38. KNOW
39. LIKE
40. LOSE
41. MAJESTY
MAJESTIC , MAJESTICALLY
42. NEED
43. OBSERVE
44. ORDER
DISORDER , ORDERLY
45. ORIGIN
46. PERCEIVE
47. PERFORM
PERFOMER, PERFORMANCE ,
48. PICTURE
PICTURESQUE , PICTORIAL
49. POWER
50. PRACTICE
51. PRESS
52. RECEIVE
53. RELEVANT
IRRELEVANCE , RELEVANCE
54. REST
55. SATISFY
56. SCIENCE
SCIENTIST , SCIENTIFIC
57. SECURE
58. SEE
59. SENSE
60. SETTLE
61. SHORT
SHORTAGE, SHORTAGES,
62. SIGHT
63. SOLID
64. SOLVE
65. STAND
66. STRONG
STRENGTH , STRENGTHEN ,
67. STRONG
STRENGTH , STRONGLY
68. SUCCEED
69. SUFFER
70. SURVIVE
71. TAKE
72. TEND
73. VARY
74. WISE
75. WORLD
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TEST
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WORK vs JOB
WORK (Noun & verb) - Uncountable
1- Activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a result:
Im busy I have a lot of work. / I've been working in the garden all day.
2- Work as a means of earning income; employment:
Im still looking for work / She works as a cleaner at the hospital.
3- The place where one is employed:
I was returning home from work on a packed subway.
I start work at 8 in the morning / I finish work at 5 in the evening.
4- The period of time one spends in paid employment:
He was going to the theatre after work.
5- A task or tasks to be undertaken:
They made sure the work was progressing smoothly.
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WORK vs JOB
TEST
1.
She is very happy because she starts her new _____ today.
2.
3.
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GAPPED TEXT
MADE EASY
Learn how to do GREAT GAPPED TEXT
exercises
This book will show you how to approach the test in a different
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FOR
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