Ex.No:11 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD 23/09/11 all To perform the Load flow analysis of power system network by Newton Raphson method. ‘THEORY: ‘The Gauss-Seidal algorithm is very simple but the convergence becomes increasingly slow as the system size grows. The Newton Raphson technique converges equally fast for large as well as small systems, usually in less than 4 or 5 iterations but more functional evaluations are required. It has become very popular for large system studies The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations using Taylor's series expansion and the terms are limited to first order approximation, ALGORITHM: 1. Form ¥ Bus matrix 2, Assume flat start for starting voltage solution 82 = 0, for i = 1ymmmsN for all buses except slack bus Wl = 1.0, for i = M+1,M+2,...,N(for all PQ bus) Where, M = no of PV Bus 3. For Load buses, Calculate P,* and Q,* 4. For PV buses, Check for Q limit violation. TE Quinisy Qi, then, Qrieses) = rented TE Qe < QM, then, Qriececd = Qeinaat Tf Qune is violated, then treat this bus as P-Q bus till convergence is obtained 89PROBLEM: Perform the Load flow analysis for given power system network using newton raphson IterativAlgorithm. The magnitude of a voltage bus 1 is adjusted t0 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line Impedances aze marked in per unit on a 100-MVA base and line charging susceptances are neglected x 0.02 + j0.04 7 0.01 + 70.03 Slack Bus Vy = 1.0520° 0.0125 + 0.025 138.6 45.2 MW Mvar5. Compute mismatch vector using ap, AQ 6. Compute AP (max) AQitmax) = max|AQ;|; i = M+ 1, 7. compute sissly Picspec) — PEt Qitspee)— OF max{AP;|; Ls2romeerW except slack AN Jacobian matrix using 2 am 2a am 8. Obtain state correction vector lar] = 0" [eal 9. Update state vector using vow = vs ay Ei ot + 08 10. This procedure is continued until 1 ap. | < © and | ag 11, Stop the Execution. | 1e-5) e zeros (nbus, 1) 8 Iteration starting. Q = zeros (nbus, 1); \ calculate P and 9 for 4 = Linbus for k = Linbus = PCA) + V(A)H ve) *(G(4, k) Me08 (ded (3) “del (k)) + BLL, k) tein (de (4) ~ded ()))7 QC) + VUA)* VOK)# (GIL, k) *ein (dol (4) del (k)) ~ B(A,k) *e0e (del (4) dol (197 PCa) acend an % Checking Q-Limit violations... Af Iter <= 7&6 Iter > 2% Only checked up to 7th iterations.. for n = 2inbus Af type(n) = 2 OG = Q(np+oLinds 42 Q6 < Qmin(n) Via) = Vin) + 0.015 elseif OG > Qmax(n) via) = vin) ~ 0.01; end, eng end end % Calculate change from specified value aba ~ Pep-Fy aa = osp-a; 9 = zeros (npa, 1); for 4 = Linbue Af typeli) == 3 dO(k,1) = doa (i); ke kel end end @P = dpa(2:nbus); Ms [Py a0}; Mismatch Vector Jacobian 4 a1 = Derivative of Real Power Injections with angles. OL = zeros (nbue-1,nbue-L); for i = 1: (nbus-1) m= itl; for k = 1: (nbus-1) a= kel; seneem for n= Linbus JUG RD = ILC, kD + Vem) * Vin) *(-G (myn) *Sin (del (m) “de (a) + Blmyn) *c0s (del tm) ~ded(n))) end, JL(yk) = IL Gye) ~ VER) 7248 (mM) else JUG, RD = Vem)* Vin) *(G(m)n) *Sin (del (m) “del in) ) ~ B (m,n) Acos (del (m)—ded (n))); end end end 4 a2 ~ Derivative of Real Power Injections with v.. 32 = zeros (nbus-1, pq); for 4 = 1: (nbus-1)end, 7 § Chocking Q-1imit violations... if Iter << 7 G4 Iter > 2 ¥ Only checked up to 7th iterations... for n = 2inbus if typetny == 2 Og = ginysoriny; LE Q6 < Ominin) vin) = Vin) + 0.01; elseif 06 > Qnax in) vin) = Via) ~ 0.01; end end end, end & Calculate change from specified value dPa = Pop-P; doa ~ Qsp-97 key dQ = zeros (npg, 1); for 4 = linbus Af cype(i) = 3 atk) = doatiny k= key end end d= dea(2:nbus) ; m= (ap; 4017 & Mismatch vector 4 sacobian 5 Jl ~ Derivative of Real Power Injections with Angles. JL = zor0s inbus-1, nbus~1); for 4 = 1: (nbus-1) mn it; for k = 1: (nbus-1) ne kel ifn for n= l:nbue SLUR) © SLUR) + V(m)* Vin) #6 myn) tin (del (m)~del (n)) + Bimyn) tos (del (m) delim) 15 end SLUR) = SLs) = VER) 727B tm: else SLs) = V(m)* ¥(n)# (Gyn) #840 (del (m) -del (n)) ~ Blmyn) *e08 (del (m) —del in) ))7 end end, end 8 02 - Derivative of Real Power Injections with V. 92 = vero (nbus-1,npa)s for 4 = 1: (nbus-1)ath = X(1enbus-1) 5 av = X(nbusend) % change = change & updating state Vectors.. del (2:nbus) = ath + del (2:nbus); kea for i = 2inbus AE type(t) <= 3 vid) = aviky + VC; k= katy end end, Iter = Iter + 1; Tol = max(abs(M)); end in Voltage Angle.. in Voltage Nagnitude.. § Voltage Angle.. & Voltage Magnitude. . $ Tolerance. fprintf ("No of Iterations : $d\n\n", Iter); vn = pol2rect (V,del) 7 Del ~ 180/pitdels fb = Linedata(:, 1); ’ tb = Linedata(:, 2); 5 pL = Length (tb); a No. PL = busdata(:, 7); 5 QL = busdata(:,8); * Ti) = zeros (nbus, nbus}; Sij = zeros (nbus, nbus) ; Si = zeros (nbus, 1); § Bus Current Injections T= revs im = abe(2); Ta = angle(1); ‘Line current Flows.. for m= lint P= tim; q = tim; Tij(peq) = ~(Wm(p) ~ Vntg))*Y (Bee Tidlae) = Tite as end Tid = sparse(1ijh; ridm = abs (ri3); Tiga = angle(1ij); 4 Line Power Flows.. for m= 1:nbus % Converting polar to rectangular. & Bus Voltage Angles in Degree. From bus number To bus number. of Branches. PLi oui. § Yuma) = -yimar.. for n = linbus ifme=n S45 (m,n) > Vim) *cong (TAS (m0) end, end