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Certificate
This is to certify that Shashi Prakash,
student of Class XII, Sri Guru Nanak
Public

School, has completed the project

Transformers

titled

guidance

of

Mr.

under

S.K

the

Upadhayay

(physics teacher)during the academic

year

2015-2016

fulfillment

of

credit

towards

partial

for

Physics

the

practical evaluation of CBSE 2016, and

submitted satisfactory report, as compiled
in

the

following

pages,

under

my

supervision.

Signature of external examiner

_______________Department of Physics
Sri Guru Nanak Public School

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Acknowledgements
"There are times when silence speaks so much more
loudly than words of praise to only as good as belittle a
person, whose words do not express, but only put a

veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this

point of time."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
physics mentor for his vital support, guidance and
encouragement, without which this project would not
have come forth. I would also like to express my
gratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics at
Sri Guru Nanak public School for their support
during the making of this project.

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INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
4. PRICIPLE
5. CONSTRUCTION
6. THEORY AND WORKING
7. EFFICIENCY
8. ENERGY LOSSES
9. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
10. CONCLUSION
11. PRECAUTIONS
12. SOURCES OF ERROR
13.BIBILIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into

a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers

energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers
range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside
a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in
power plant substations or to interconnect portions of the power grid.

All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs
is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for high-voltage
electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission

economically practical. A transformer is most widely used device in

both low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical
energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages

is called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the

A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.

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Transformer is, therefore, an

essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current
circuits.

Close-up of single-phase pole mount

transformer.

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PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual

induction that is if a varying current is set-up
in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in
the neighboring circuit. The varying current in
a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which
induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.

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CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft
iron

core

made

of

laminated

sheets,

well

insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and

s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but are well
insulated with each other. Note that the both the
coils are insulated from the core, the source of
alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary
coil and a load resistance R is connected to s1 s2,
the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus
there can be no current through the sec. coil so
long

as

the

switch

is

open.

For

an

ideal

transformer, we assume that the resistance of the

primary

&

secondary

winding

is

negligible.

Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron

core is also negligible. For operation at low
frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron
core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated
with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy
losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called
primary.

And

the

output

circuit

is

called

secondary.
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The ideal transformer as a circuit element

An ideal voltage step-down

transformer. The secondary current
arises from the action of the secondary
EMF on the (not shown) load
impedance.
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10

THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary
as well as in the secondary. In a goodtransformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.s induced
in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and, D
/ dt = rate of change of flux in each turn of
the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np D/dt

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11

Es = -Ns D/dt

(2)

Since the above relations are true at every

instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - N s / N p

(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f

induced

in

the

primary

coil

p 1,

so

the

instantaneous current in primary coil is due to

the difference (E Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp

is

the

resistance

o,

p 1 p2

coil,

then

the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil

is given by
I =E Ep / Rp
E Ep

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Ip Rp

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12

And Is =value of sec. current at this instant,

then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output
power at the same instant

Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer,

then Input power = output power or
Ep Ip

Es / Ep

E s Is

Ip / Is

Or

In a step up transformer

As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage
is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose
in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown,
that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.Thus a
step up transformer in reality steps down the current &
a step down transformer steps up the current.

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13

BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER

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14

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the
ratio of output power to the input power i.e.
= output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no
power losses, = 1. But in actual practice, there
are many power losses; therefore the efficiency
of transformer is less than one.

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15

ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the
input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as
explained below.

1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is seldom

perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not
linked up with the secondary coil.

2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,

Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may,
however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the
iron core.

3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess

resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the
resistance of the coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron
core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due to
hysteresis.

5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the

Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be
produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost due to
humming.

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16

USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations

In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner etc.

In the induction furnaces.

A step down transformer is used for welding

purposes.

step

down

transformer

is

used

for

obtaining large current.

A step up transformer is used for the

production

of

X-Rays

and

NEON

advertisement.

Transformers are used in voltage regulators

and stabilized power supplies.

Transformers are used in the transmissions

of a.c. over long distances.

Small transformers are used in Radio sets,

telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc.

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17

CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the
transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the

transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p)
with respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between
input and output coil of a
transformer.

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18

PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high
voltage.
2. While taking the readings of
current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.

SOURCES OF
ERROR
1. Values of current can be
changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the
readings.

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19

A Big Transformer

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20

Bibliography
The data used in this project was
taken from the following sources:

www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.scribd.com

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