9/17/2008

Ci
Circuit
it Analysis
A l i 1
Chapter # 2
Resistive Circuits

Mazhar Javed
Faculty of Elecrtonics Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences
and Technologies, Topi, Pakistan
Lecture # 11-12

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6k 6k 2.5 Series and Parallel Resistors

I1 I2
B C
3
I1 = 9[mA] = 3mA
3k 3k 9
9mA I 2 = − I1
A

6k
I1 C
B 6k I1 B 3k
3k

I2 6k C
9mA
9mA
A 3k 3k 6k
A I2
DIFFERENT LOOKS FOR THE SAME
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
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6k 6k
I1 I2
C
B

3k 3k
9mA
A

I1
REDRAWING A CIRCUIT 9mA
MAY, SOMETIMES, HELP TO
VISUALIZE BETTER THE
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
A I2

6k 3k 6k 3k

C
3

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2.5 SERIES PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS

UP TO NOW WE HAVE STUDIED CIRCUITS THAT

CAN BE ANALYZED WITH ONE APPLICATION OF
KVL(SINGLE LOOP) OR KCL(SINGLE NODE-PAIR)

WE HAVE ALSO SEEN THAT IN SOME SITUATIONS

IT IS ADVANTAGEOUS TO COMBINE RESISTORS
TO SIMPLIFY THE ANALYSIS OF A CIRCUIT

NOW WE EXAMINE SOME MORE COMPLEX CIRCUITS

WHERE WE CAN SIMPLIFY THE ANALYSIS USING
THE TECHNIQUE OF COMBINING RESISTORS…

… PLUS THE USE OF OHM’S LAW

SERIES COMBINATIONS

PARALLEL COMBINATION

G p = G1 + G2 + ... + G N
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FIRST WE PRACTICE COMBINING RESISTORS

3k
SERIES
6k||3k= 2K Ohm

(10K,2K)SERIES

6k || 12k = 4k

5kΩ
12k 5
3k

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EXAMPLES COMBINATION SERIES-PARALLEL

9k
If the drawing gets confusing…
Redraw the reduced circuit
and start again
g

18k || 9k = 6k

RESISTORS ARE IN SERIES IF THEY CARRY

EXACTLY THE SAME CURRENT

6k + 6k + 10k RESISTORS ARE IN PARALLEL IF THEY ARE

CONNECTED EXACTLY BETWEEN THE SAME TWO
NODES

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Example 2.21: Given the final value Find a proper combination

AN “INVERSE SERIES PARALLEL COMBINATION”

SIMPLE CASE

V R MUST BE 600mV WHEN I = 3A

ONLY 0.1Ω RESISTORS ARE AVAILABLE
.6V
REQUIRED R = = 0.2Ω ⇒ R = 0.1Ω + 0.1Ω
3A

NOT SO SIMPLE CASE

V R MUST BE 600mV WHEN I = 9A

ONLY 0.1Ω RESISTORS ARE AVAILABLE
.6V
REQUIRED R = = 0.0667Ω ⇒
9A

Combination 3 parallel resistor

gives.0333 Ohms. Then adding them 7
in series gives .0667 Ohms

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EFFECT OF RESISTOR TOLERANCE and power rating

Example 2.22:
Power rating specifies the maximum power a resistor can absorb

NOMINAL RESISTOR VALUE : 2.7kΩ

RESISTOR TOLERANCE : 10%

RANGES FOR CURRENT AND POWER?

_
− 10
NOMINAL POWER : P =
(10) 2
= 37.04 mW
NOMINAL CURRENT : I = = 3.704 mA
2.7 2.7

10
MINIMUMCURRENT(2.7+ .27): I min = = 3.367mA MINIMUM POWER(VImin ) : 33.67 mW
1.1× 2.7
10 MAXIMUM POWER : 41.15 mW
(2 7− .27)
MAXIMUMCURRENT(2.7 27): I max = = 4.115mA
A
0.9 × 2.7

THE RANGES FOR CURRENT AND POWER ARE DETERMINED BY THE TOLERANCE
BUT THE PERCENTAGE OF CHANGE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE PERCENTAGE
OF TOLERANCE. THE RANGES MAY NOT EVEN BE SYMMETRIC
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Home Work
Example 2.23
Problem 2.51, 2.53, 2.54, 2.56, 2.58

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2.6 CIRCUIT WITH SERIES-PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS

THE COMBINATION OF COMPONENTS CAN REDUCE

THE COMPLEXITY OF A CIRCUIT AND RENDER IT
SUITABLE FOR ANALYSIS USING THE BASIC
TOOLS DEVELOPED SO FAR.

COMBINING RESISTORS IN SERIES ELIMINATES ONE NODE

FROM THE CIRCUIT. Result you loose voltage info.
COMBINING RESISTORS IN PARALLEL ELIMINATES ONE LOOP
FROM THE CIRCUIT but you loose current info.

GENERAL STRATEGY:
•REDUCE COMPLEXITY UNTIL THE CIRCUIT
BECOMES SIMPLE ENOUGH TO ANALYZE.
•USE DATA FROM SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT TO
COMPUTE DESIRED VARIABLES IN ORIGINAL
CIRCUIT - HENCE ONE MUST KEEP TRACK
OF ANY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES

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d
b 4k || 12k = 3k
a c
12k FIRST REDUCE IT TO A SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT

SECOND: “BACKTRACK” USING KVL, KCL OHM’S

e
b
a 6k c
I3
Va KCL : I1 − I 2 − I 3 = 0
OHM' S : I 2 = = 0.5mA
6k I 3 = 0.5mA
e

OHM: Va −Vb =3k *I3

…OTHER OPTIONS...
6k || 6k = 3k
12
I4 = I3
4 + 12
a b Vb =1.5V Vb = 4k * I 4

KCL : I 5 + I 4 − I 3 = 0
OHM' S : VC = 3k * I 5
12V
I1 = = 1mA
12k 3
Va = (12) = 3V
e 3+9 11
Advice: Label all nodes

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2.6 CIRCUIT WITH SERIES-PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS

LEARNING BY DOING
Some thing to keep you busy
2k || 2k = 1k
in y
your room

VOLTAGE DIVIDER : VO =
1k
(3V ) = 1V 1k + 1k = 2k
1k + 2k

1k
CURRENT DIVIDER : I O = (3 A) = 1A
1k + 2k
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Home Work
E: 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
P: 2.60, 2.63, 2.65, 2.69, = 1.5mA
2.71, 2.77, 2.82, 2.86, I1 = 3mA V xz = 6V
2.98, 2.100 3V

1mA
A = 1.5mA

VO = 36V

3V = 0.5mA

Vb = 6k * I 4 V xz = Va + Vb
Vb V
I3 = I 5 = xz
3k 4k
I2 = I3 + I4 I1 = I 2 + I 5
Va = 2k * I 2 VO = 6k * I1 + V xz + 4k * I1
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