Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Bos, Carole. "Launch of Sputnik - 1957." Awesome Stories. Awesome Stories, 7 Oct. 2013. Web.
4 Oct. 2015. This article explained some of the beginnings of The Space Race,
particularly when USSR launched the worlds first satellite into space called Sputnik.
This achievement in 1957 started the US-Soviet Space Race. This source also detailed the
U.S.s response to Sputnik and helped us to understand the nature of the rivalry.
"Comments on First Soviet Satellite." NASA. NASA. Web. 4 Oct. 2015. This sources contains
Dwight Eisenhowers comments on the first soviet satellite; Sputnik. This source will be
used to show the state of confusion and panic that the United States was put into as a
result of the Soviet Unions advancements.
"Discussion at the 443rd Meeting of the National Security Council." Memo. 5 May 1960.
Eisenhower Papers. Dwight D. Eisenhower Lib, Abilene, Kansas. Memorandum Re:
Discussion at the 443rd Meeting of the National Security Council, Thursday, May 5,
1960. NASA. Web. 27 Oct. 2015. The discussion during the 443rd meeting of the National
Security Council includes first reactions and responses to the Soviet Unions growing
ICBM program. This source will be used to show the competition and rivalry between the
Unites States and Soviet Union.
"John F. Kennedy and the Space Race." The White House Historical Association. The White
House Historical Association. Web. 5 Oct. 2015. This article talks about JFKs life as a
senator, but importantly about how he contributed to The Space Race. For example, he
helped NASA become a reality so America could catch up to the Soviet Union. Also, it
talks about Eisenhowers contributions and many more important people who helped the

U.S. win this race. This source will be useful because we can see who helped and how
they contributed.
Kennedy, John F. "Address at Rice University in the Space Effort." Rice University. Houston,
Texas. 12 Sept. 1962. Speech. President John Kennedy gave a speech about the American
space effort at Rice University. In the speech, Kennedy provides valuable information
about new technology that would increase the rate in which the United States could send
rockets into space. This sources displays how technology affects the average citizen.
- - -. "Nation's Space Effort." 12 Sept. 1962. Speech. This speech by JFK is about sharing all the
accomplishments the world has made so far and how he hopes to bring the world many
more. Also, he talks about how he plans to compete with the Soviet Union by setting a
new goal of landing on the moon. This source will be useful because we can see how
their plans evolved from just an idea to actually completing the goal.
- - -. "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs." Joint Congress Session. D.C.
25 May 1961. Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs. American
Presidency Project. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. This source is a write up of a speech wherein
President Kennedy spoke to Congress. The speech contains information on the Soviet
Union's progression into the atmosphere. It also has valuable information regarding
economics and social progression in the United States. This source will be used to
support the encounter theme.
Memo. NASA. Web. 4 Oct. 2015. The discussion during the 339th meeting of the National
Security Council includes first reactions and responses to the Soviet Unions growing
ICBM program. This source will be used to show the competition and rivalry between
the Unites States and Soviet Union.

National Defense Education Act of 1958. 50 USC. Print. This statute and its origin made us
understand how crucial technology was during this time. It showed the extremes the U.S.
government went to in order to enhance the technological sophistication of our nation.
This source helped us realize that the initiation of the NDEA was a result of Sputnik,
because the U.S. worried that our technology and scientists were falling behind.
Richelson, Jeffery T., ed. "U.S. Intelligence and the Soviet Space Program." The National
Security Archive. National Security Archive, 4 Feb. 2015. Web. 5 Oct. 2015. This article
talks about how the Soviets planned getting to space and what they would do up there. It
goes into a lot of detail, including what type of models will be used and mission briefs.
This source of national information will be useful because it will help us better
understand their process and plan for getting to space.
Rocket Man. Composed by Elton John and Bernie Taupin. Rec. Jan. 1972. Uni Records, 1972.
LP. This is the song we will be using as our audio track for the home page. We chose this
song because it relates to space travel. It was also ironically released during the period of
The Space Race.
Space Oddity, Composed by David Bowie. Rec. 20 June 1969. Mercury Records, 1969. LP.
We will be using this song to express the risk associated with space flight during The
Space Race. This song is one of the most well-known recordings about astronauts and
adventures in space. It was released during The Space Race era.
Space Race. National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 2015. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. This
video gives an overview of the entire Space Race and also a little more detail on the
Soviet Union technologies and how they did things, compared to other sources on the
Internet. We will use it to explain more about Soviet milestones. This video will also be

useful to us because if we forget a detail or just need a quick refresher we can watch this
video and get a summary.
"The Space Race." Science Classified. Advameg. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. This article explains the
advanced technology Soviets developed called Semiorka, which powered the launch of
Sputnik. It helped us better understand why this was seen as a technological failure for
the U.S. This source also taught us about the multitude of missions, including those to
Venus and Mars orbits, and how intense the competition was between the Soviets and
Americans.
"Space Race: Cold War Front." History. A&E Television Networks, 2015. Web. 4 Oct. 2015.
This article and video point out both countries many milestones in space exploration,
and the seriousness of this competition. It also helped us understand why NASA
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration) was created. It provides us with many
firsts in The Space Race and how technology was key to these achievements.

Secondary Sources
Allen, Braden. "Soviet Union vs. United States: Space Race of Technology." Washington State
University. Washington State University, 29 Aug. 2014. Web. 5 Oct. 2015. The article
talks about the new technologies invented during The Space Race and also describes
what they and how they helped. The most important technology referenced in this article
was the satellites, which played a key role in launching the race and giving America a
motivation to succeed. This source will help because we get to see how the satellites
motivated the U.S. to catch up and win The Space Race.
Alter, Molly. "The Space Race and Soviet Utopian Thinking." Science in the Cold War. Twenty
Ten Twelve. Web. 5 Oct. 2015. This article talks about US and Soviet technologies and

how they advanced during the race. This article will be a useful source because we get to
see how they advanced and improved throughout the race.
Brundage, Percival. "Project Vanguard." Letter. 30 Apr. 1957. Dwight D. Eisenhower Lib. NASA.
Web. 6 Oct. 2015. This article talks about how The Space Race started and what caused
the US to get so involved and obsessed with winning it. Also, it includes details of
Sputnik, the first satellite launched into space. This source directly relates to our topic
and will provide as a good source for the NHD project.
Dick, Steven. "Why We Explore." NASA. Ed. Sarah Loff. NASA, 4 Apr. 2005. Web. 24 Oct.
2015. This article elaborates on the driving forces behind space exploration as a
whole. This site will be use to include information about human nature and natural
competition.
"An Exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum." Smithsonian National Air and Space
Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Web. 4 Oct. 2015. This exhibition helped us
understand some of the beginnings of The Space Race, including military origins. It also
showed us how vital surveillance was at the time and revealed how the U.S. and USSR
used secret satellites to keep an eye on each other. This source is useful in explaining
satellite reconnaissance, or spying from space, and the information it provided.
"Getting into Space." Astronomy GSCE. David Drumm. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. This article points
out that sending anything into space requires technology. It also helped us understand that
the environment is surrounded by dangerous amounts of radiation, and provides detail
about the technology used to insure that food, water and oxygen are supplied to
astronauts.

Godwin, Matthew. "The Cold War and the Early Space Race." History in Focus. Institute of
Historical Research, Spring 2006. Web. 4 Oct. 2015. This source contains general
information about The Space Race and the surrounding time period. We are using this
information to help us understand more about the era and the tension between the U.S.
and USSR.
Herbert, Evan. "How Did the Space Race Between the U.S. and Soviet Russia Affect American
Politics?" Washington State University. Washington State University, 30 Aug. 2014. Web.
23 Oct. 2015. This source contains valuable information about how The Space Race
affected American politics, and then what the effect had on the American
population. This source will nicely complement the information gathered during the
National Security meetings.
Kern, John. "Race to the Moon." The Soviet Lunar Program and the Space Race. PBS, 22 Sept.
2005. Web. 27 Oct. 2015. This source contains information and specifics about how The
Space Race was marketed and shown to the average citizen. Kern also goes into detail
about the political struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Llewellyn, Jennifer, Jim Southey, and Steve Thompson. "The Space Race." Alpha History. Alpha
History. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. This article gave us details about the first top-notch rocket
scientist: a German named Werner von Braun. Both the U.S. and USSR tried to capture
him, but the U.S. got to him first during Operation Paperclip. He was very important in
developing U.S. rocket technology. This source helped us understand how technologys
role in The Space Race led to innovations such as the global positioning system (GPS),
weather data, television, and hundreds of satellites that provide rapid international
communication.

Mead, Rob. "10 Tech Breakthroughs to Thank the Space Race for." Techradar. Future US, 20
July 2009. Web. 4 Oct. 2015. Rob Mead compiled a list of technological advancements as
a result of The Space Race. This information will directly complement our topic.
"Timeline: Space Race." PBS. WGBH. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. The timeline on this page provides all
of the events from The Space Race including minor details that other sources do not
have. This source will give us the ability to see all the major and minor details throughout
The Space Race, which will help us complete this project.
Trieste, Gregory. "The Space Race USA vs. USSR." Haiku Deck. Giant Thinkwell, Inc.
13 Dec. 2015. This is an image we are using as our home page art to illustrate
the competitive nature of The Space Race.

Web.