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Neuron: basic structure of the nervous system

Nervous system coordinates all Sensory: Afferent and Motor: Efferent by Receiving,
interpreting and relaying.
Dendrites: convey impulses Toward the cell
Axons: conduct impulses Away from the cell
Myelin: white lipid material that covers axons, protects and insulates
White = myelinated
Gray = unmyelinated
Axons in PNS are Mye w Schwann cells, outermost layer is neurilemma
In CNS Mye are fromed by Oligodendrocytes and perm drainage occurs
Acetylcholine (ACh): found in skeletal neuromuscular junctions and ANS synapses.
Allows a nerve impulse to be transmitted
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE): breaks down Ach. Stops transmission
Dopamine: motor functions: Huntingtons Dx increase dopamine. Parkinsons Dx lack of
dopamine
CNS: Brain and spinal cord
PNS: Cranial and spinal nerves: Sensory-Afferent/Motor-Efferent
Motor/Efferent: SNS(voluntary and skeletal) and ANS(involuntary, resp and cardiac)
ANS: sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Cerebrum: Center of intellect, receives and interprets sensory information
Each hemisphere controls opposite, Left is dominant
Left Brain Damage: (aphasia) communication problems, slow and cautious
Right Brain Damage: spatial-perceptual deficits, quick, impulsive.
Dienephalon: Thalmus (relay between spinal cord/cerebrum) Hypothalamus (controls
body temp, appetite)
Cerebellum: coordination, posture and muscle tone. Right controls Right side.
Brainstem: Midbrain (visual/auditory), Pons (regulate resp), Medulla oblongata (regulate
VS, control swallowing coughing and vomit)
Meninges: cover the brain and spinal cord.

Dura-outer, arachnoid-middle, pia-inner


CSF: made of water, glucose, sodium chloride and protein. Protects CNS
Spinal cord from C1 to L2. 31 roots that each have post sensory and anterior roots.
Functions of Spinal Cord: Sensory-ascending to brain, Motor-descending
31 spinal nerves and 12 cranial nerves
PNS: Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System SNS/ANS
SNS: sends messages from CNS to the skeletal muscle (voluntary)
ANS: sends messages from CNS to smooth and cardiac muscle (involuntary)
Resp, Circ, Digestive, Endocrine depend on ANS
Sympathetic: Fight or Flight. VS, dilated pupils, sweat, peristalsis
Parasympathetic: Calming. VS, constricted pupils, saliva, peristalsis
Each can take over and dominate
Normal changes with age are not Senility, organic brain syndrome or alzheimers
Senility: loss of mental or physical control due to aging
Alzheimer: irreversible loss of cognitive abilities
Treating ear, sinus and teeth infections can prevent spreading to the brain
Less than alert = lethargic, stuperous, comatose
Orientation: Time Place Person
LOC: Disorientation unable to follow simple commands. Stupor no response to verbal
commands.
Delirium: Brief cognitive impairment
Dementia: long term decline in cognitive ability
Anomic: cant name objects
Glasgow: eye opening (most important), motor response, verbal response
Max score is 14-16, lowest is 3 (coma)
FOUR score: Pt who cant speak. Eye, motor, brainstem, resp. 0 = no function
Anisocoria: unequal pupils: head trauma w epidural hematoma
Dilated fixed pupils (blown) do not react to light: CNS disorder, pressure on midbrain.
2

Pinpoint pupils: hemorrhage into the pons


Accommodation: focus on far object then near.
Normal Babinski: toes curve inward
Paresis: partial paralysis
Fasciculation: localized involuntary muscle contraction
Proprioception: knowing the pos of body without looking
During spinal shock, all bladder and bowel functions ceases
S2 to S4 control sex.
Injury above C5 = Death
Neurotransmitters that affect transmission of nerve impulses are:
ACh, Nore, Epin, Dopa, Sero
CSF obtained by lumbar puncture at L4-L5, analyzed for color (clear, cell count (WBC),
protein (increase degenerative tumor), chloride and glucose (decrease in bacterial
infections)
Craniotomy: surgical opening of the skull.
Cranioplasty: any procedure done to repair a skull defect
Craniectomy: excision of a segment of the skull

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