Series

1.

Let

a be the first term,

be the common ratio and

be the

Tr

rth term .

T1 + T2 + T3
a + ar + ar 2
1 4
9
= 2
= 2 = r2 =
3
4
T4 + T5 + T6 ar + ar + ar
r
9
4
T6 = ar 5 = 15

2.

= 15

3 9 19683
227
=
= 76
16 4
256
256

x 1,

If

S = 1+

=1+
=

( )

3
T10 = ar 9 = ar 5 r 2
16

2
3
n 1
x
(1 + x ) + x 2 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ... + x n 1 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n 1
a
a
a
a

x 1 x 2 x 2 1 x3 x3 1 x 4
x n 1 1 x n

+ 2
+ 3
+ ... + n 1
a 1 x a 1 x a 1 x
a 1 x

x x3 x2 x5
x n 1 x 2 n 1
1

n 1 n 1
(
)

+
+
1
x
...

a
1 x
a a 2 a 2
a

n
n

x2
x

1
1
1
x x2
x n 1
x3 x5
x 2 n 1
1 a
a
=
+ 2 + ... + n 1 =
x
1 + + 2 + ... + n 1 x +

x
1 x
a a
a
a
a
a 1 x 1
x2

1
a
a

If x = 1 and a 1,
S = 1+
=

1
a n 1

1 d
n
1
2 3
a + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n
+ 2 + ... + n 1 = n 1 1 + 2a + 3a 2 + ... + na n 1 = n 1
a da
a
a
a a

d a a n +1
1 1 (n + 1)a n + na n +1

= n 1
da 1 a a
(1 a )2

If x = a,

a = 1,

S = ` + 2 + + n = n(n + 1) /2 .
3.

r =1

1 n (1 r ) 1 r n
1 sn n sn
1 =

=
n n (1 r )
n (1 r )
1 r
1 r

n
2r 1 1 n 2
1
=
r +1
3
3 r =1 3
r =1 3
r

1 2
=
2 3
2

5.

r 1 rn
1
1 n 1 1 r i
1 n 1
s1 + s 2 + ... + s n 1 1 n 1
(
)
=

n
1
= Si =
1 ri =

1 r
n (1 r )
n i=1 1 r n (1 r ) i=1
n
n i=1
=

4.

1 ri
1 r

Si = 1 + r + r2 + + ri-1 =

n +1

11
+
2 3
2

n +1

n +1
2 n +1
1
1
1

n +1
n +1
1
3 = 1 2 1 1 1
3

1
2 3
3
3 1 2
1

3
3

1 3n +1 2 n +1 1

2
3n +1

1
1
1

1
1 + + 1 + 3 + 1 + 5 + ... + 1 + 2 n 1
r
r
r
r

3
6
2 n 1
4n 2
2 1 2

1
1
1 1
= 1`+ + + 1 + 2 + + ... + 1 + 2
+

r r
r
r

r r
4n
2n

1
1
1
1

2
2 n 1
2
6
4 n 2
1 1 3
1
1 1 1
1
r
r + 1
= n + 2 + + ... + + + + ... + = n + 2

4
2
r
r
r r r
r
1
1
r r
1
1

r
r

2 r 2 n 1
2 r 4n 1
+

r 2 n 1 r 2 1 r 4 n 2 r 4 1

=n+
6.

, where r2 1.

Let f(n) = a + bn + c 2n .

f(1) = a + b + 2c = 2 .

(2) (1), b 2c = 3
(5) (4), 2c = 1,
(6), (7) (1),

(1), f(2) = a + 2b + 4c = 1 . (2), f(3) = a + 3b + 8c = -3 . (3)

. (4),
c = 1/2

(3) (2), b + 4c = 3

a 4 + 1 = 2,

(6) (4), b = 4

(6),

(5)

(7)

f(n) = 5 4n + (1/2) 2 = 5 4n + 2n-1 .

n

a = 5.

n (n + 1) 2 1
(5 4r + 2 ) = 5n 4 2 + 2 1 = 2 2n + 3n 1
1 + (1 + x )sin + (1 + x + x )sin + (1 + x + x + x )sin + ... + (1 + x + x + ... + x )sin
n

r 1

Sum to n-term =

r =1

7.

S(n) =

1 x
= 1 +
1 x

1 x

sin +
1 x

1 x
2
sin +
1 x

1 x
3
sin + ... +
1 x

n 1

1
1 + sin + sin 2 + sin 3 + ... + sin n 1 x + x 2 sin + x 3 sin 2 + ... + x n sin n 1
1 x

) (

|sin | < 1 and |x sin | < 1,

If

1
(1 x ) + 1 x 2 sin + 1 x 3 sin 2 + 1 x 4 sin 3 + ... + 1 x n sin n 1
1 x

[(

n 1

n 1
sin

n
1 1 sin n 1 (x sin )

x
=

1 x 1 sin 1 x sin

8.

)]

, where sin 1 and x sin 1 .

then

S( ) =

1 1
1

1 x 1 sin
1 x sin

1 1 x sin x + x sin
1
1 x
1
=
=
1 x (1 sin )(1 x sin ) 1 x (1 sin )(1 x sin ) (1 sin )(1 x sin )

Method 1

1
3

b... = a b

1
34

1
343

1
3434

... = a

1
1
+
+...
3 343

1
1
+
+...
34 3434

1
1
3

= a exp
b exp 12

1 1
1 1
12
12

( )

= a 11 b 11 = ab 4

1
11

Method 2

Let x be the given expression, then

x=3 a

bx

( )

x = = a 11 b 11 = ab 4

1
11

.
2

9.

There are r terms in the rth bracket. The first term in the nth bracket is the kth term of the series
where

n (n 1)
+1 .
2

k = [1 + 2 + + (n 1)] + 1 =

There are n terms in the nth bracket .

n (n 1)

Value of the first term in the nth bracket = A = a + (k 1)d = 1 +

+ 1 1 2 = n 2 n + 1
2

Method 1
Method 2

n
n
= 2 n 2 n + 1 + (n 1) 2 = n 3 .
2
2
n

Sum of the terms in the first n brackets =

r3 =

r =1

10.

[(

Sum of the terms in the nth bracket = [2A + (n 1)d ]

r =1

1 2
n 2 (n + 1)
2
2
r (r + 1) r 2 (r 1) =
4
4

n (n + 1)
2

Total no. of terms up to the last term of the nth bracket = k = 1 + 2 + + n =

2
k ' n (n + 1) n (n + 1) 1 n 2 (n + 1)
= 2 +
1 2
=
2 2
2
4
2

Sum of the first n brackets = [2a + (k '1)d ]

(i)

2 S1 = S1 + S1 = (1 + n) + [2 + (n 1)] + [3 + (n 2)] + + [n + 1] = n(n + 1) . Result follows.

[(x + 1)
n

(x + 1)3 x3 = 3x2 + 3x + 1

x =1

(x + 1)k xk =

[(x + 1)
x =1

x =1

x =1

x =1

[(x + 1)
n

x =1

x =1

x =1

x =1

x 4 = 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 4 x + 1

2
2
(n + 1)4 14 = 4S3 + 6 n (n + 1)(2n + 1) + 4 n (n + 1) + n S3 = n (n + 1)

Consider:
n

x =1

(ii)

(n + 1)3 13 = 3S2 + 3 n (n + 1) + n S2 = n (n + 1)(2n + 1)

(x + 1)4 x4 = 4 x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 1

x 3 = 3 x 2 + 3 x + 1

k +1

(k + 1)x k + (k + 1)k x k 1 + (k + 1)k(k 1) x k 2 + ... + (k + 1)x + 1

1 2

x =1

x =1

x k +1 = (k + 1)x k +

1 2 3

(k + 1)k x k 1 +
1 2

x =1

(k + 1)k (k 1) x k 2 + ... +
1 2 3

x =1

x =1

(k + 1)x + 1

(n + 1)k +1 1 = (k + 1)Sk + (k + 1)k Sk 1 + (k + 1)k (k 1) Sk 2 + ... + (k + 1)S1 + S0

1 2

1 2 3

(iii) n Sk(n) = n (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n )

1k + [1k + 2(2k)] + [1k + 2k + 3(3k)] + ... + [1k + 2k + 3k + ...+ (n 1)k + n(nk)]

1 + [Sk(1) + 2k+1] + [Sk(2) + 3k+1] + ... + [Sk(n 1) + nk+1]

Sk(1) + Sk(2) + ... + Sk(n 1) + [1k+1 + 2k+1 + 3k+1 + ... + nk+1]

Sk(1) + Sk(2) + ... + Sk(n 1) + Sk+1(n)

(iv) (a)

We use induction on k .
From 10 (i),

S1 =

n ( n + 1) 1 2 1
= n + n .
2
2
2

The proposition is true for k = 1 .

Suppose the proposition holds true for any positive integers less than k and let us prove that the
proposition is also true for k .
3

From (ii) ,
S
(n + 1) 1
k
k
k (k 1)
Sk 1
Sk 2 ... S1 0 +
Sk = Sk 1
2
1 2
1 2 3
k +1
k +1
k +1

(*)

Since, by inductive hypothesis, Sk-1 is a polynomial in n of degree k, Sk-2

s a polynomial

in n of degree k 1 , and so on.

(b)

from (*), Sk

By the Principle of mathematical induction, the proposition is true k

is indeed a polynomial of degree k + 1 .

.

1k + 2 k + 3k + ... + n k = An k +1 + Bn k + Cn k 1 + ... + Ln
1k + 2 k + 3k + ... + (n + 1) = A(n + 1)
k

(2) (1),

k +1

+ B(n + 1) + C(n + 1)

k 1

+ ... + L(n + 1)

(n + 1)k = A[(n + 1)k+1 n k ] + B[(n + 1)k +1 n k+1 ] + C[(n + 1)k n k ] + ... + L

(1)

(2)

(3)

Compare coefficients of nk terms on both sides of (3), 1 = A [k + 1] A =

1
k +1

Compare coefficients of nk-1 terms on both sides of (3),

1 k (k + 1)
k (k + 1)
k = A
+ B[k ] =
+ B[k ]

k + 1 1 2
1 2
(v)

B=

1
.
2

S4, , can be computed using, for instance, the formula in part (ii). It may also proceed as follows :
From part (iv) (b),

1
1
S4 = n 5 + n 4 + Cn 3 + Dn 2 + En .
5
2

Putting n = 1, 2, 3 , we get a system of equations in three unknowns C, D, E

C+D+E=

3
13
, 8C + 4D + 2E = ,
10
5

27 + C + 9D + 3E =

Solving,

1
1
C = , D = 0, E =
3
30

S4 =

(vi) Using
11.

(i)

89
100

n 5 n 4 n 3 n n (n + 1)(2n + 1) 3n 2 + 3n 1
+
+

=
5
2
3 30
30

(v) , the validity of the identities are obtained by direct checks.

1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n =

x n +1 1
x 1

(1)

(x 1)[(n + 1)x n ] (x n +1 1)(1) = (n + 1)x n (x 1) (x n +1 1)

(x 1)2
(x 1)2

(2)

(n + 1)(x n +2 x n +1 ) (x n +2 x ) = nx n +2 (n + 1)x n +1 + (n + 1)x

(x 1)2
(x 1)2

(3)

Differentiate (1) with respect to x ,

1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + ... + nx n 1 =

Multiply by x,
x + 2 x 2 + 3x 3 + ... + nx n =

Differentiate (2) with respect to x ,

1 + 4 x + 9x 2 + ... + n 2 x n 1

(x 1)2 {n (n + 2)x n +1 (n + 1)2 x n + (n + 1) } 2(x 1){ nx n +2 (n + 1)x n +1 + (n + 1)x}

(x 1)4
(x 1){n (n + 2)x n +1 (n + 1)2 x n + (n + 1) } 2 { nx n +2 (n + 1)x n +1 + (n + 1)x}
=
(x 1)3
=

=
(ii)

nx n + 2 + n 2 + n + 1 x n +1 2n 2 + n 1 x n + n (n + 1)x n 1 x 1
(x 1)3

(4)

Let s = 13 + 2 3 x + 33 x 2 + ... + n 3 x n 1
Make up the difference:
n

k =1

k =1

k =1

sx s = n 3 x n 3 k 2 x k 1 + 3 kx k 1 x k 1
s(x 1) = n 3 x n 3
+3

s=

nx n +2 + n 2 + n + 1 x n +1 2n 2 + n 1 x n + n (n + 1)x n 1 x 1
(x 1)3

(n + 1)x n (x 1) (x n +1 1) x n 1
x 1
(x 1)2

x n n 3 x 3 3n 3 + 3n 2 3n + 1 x 2 + 3n 3 + 6n 2 4 x (n + 1) + x 2 + 4x + 1
(x 1)4
3

k =1

k =1

k =1

(iii) 1 + 3x + 5x + ... + (2n 1)x n 1 = (2k 1)x k 1 = 2 kx k 1 x k 1 =

Put x =

(i)

1+

3 5 7
2n 1
1
+ + + ... + n 1 = n 1 3 2 n 1 2n
2 4 8
2
2

1
,
2

2 n + ( 1) (6n + 1)
3 5 7
n 1 2n 1
+ + ... + ( 1)
=
2 n 1
9 2 n 1
2 4 8
n +1

( )

Let S = 1 2 + 3 4 + ... + ( 1) n
n1

If

n = 2m (even), then S = [1 2] + [2 3] + + [(2m 1) 2m] = (1)m = m =

If

n = 2m + 1 (odd), then S = [1 2 + 3 4 + (2m)] + (2m + 1) = m + (2m + 1)

n
2

n +1
2

=m+1=

(ii)

1
, we have
2

(iv) In (iii), put x =

12.

[(

2nx n (x 1) (x + 1) x n 1
(x 1)2

Let S = 12 2 2 + 32 4 2 + ... + ( 1) n 2
n 1

If

n = 2m (even), then

) (

S = 12 2 2 + 32 4 2 + ... + [(2m 1) (2m ) ] = (1 + 2) (3 + 4) [(2m 1) + 2m]

= [1 + 2 + + (2m)] =
If

(2m + 1)(2m ) = n (n + 1)
2

n = 2m + 1 (odd), then

S = [12 2 2 + 32 4 2 + ... + (2m 1) (2m ) ] + (2m + 1) =

2

(2m + 1)(2m ) + (2m + 1)2

2

n (n + 1)
n (n + 1)
+ n2 =
2
2

) (

(iii) 12 32 + 52 7 2 + ... (4n 1) = 12 32 + 52 7 2 + ... + (4n 5) (4n 1)

2

= -2(1 + 3) -2(5 + 7) + + (-2)[(4n 5) + (4n 1)] = -2[1 + 3 + 5 + + (4n 1)]

5

= ( 2)

(4n 1 + 1)n 2 = 8n 2
2

k =1

k =1

2 12 + 3 2 2 + 4 32 + ... + (n + 1)n 2 = k 3 + k 2 = k 3 + k 2 =

(iv)

k =1

n 2 (n + 1)
n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
+
4
6
2

1
1
n (n + 1) 3n 2 + 7n + 2 = n (n + 1)(n + 2)(3n + 1)
12
12

1 + 11 + 111 + 1111 + .

14.

(i)

1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1
1
+
+
+ ... +
= 1 + + + ... +
=1
n +1
n (n + 1) 2 2 3 3 4
1 2 2 3 3 4
n n +1

(ii)

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
1 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 5
n (n + 1)(n + 2)
=

1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1

+ ... +
+

2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 4
n (n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2 ) 2 2 (n + 1)(n + 2 )
r
,
(2r 1)(2r + 1)(2r + 3)

ur =

(iii) Let

v r v r 1 =

Then
=

k =1

16.

(r 1)r
r (r + 1)
, v r 1 =
2(2r + 1)(2r + 3)
2(2r 1)(2r + 1)

(r 1)r
r (r + 1)
r (r + 1)(2r 1) (r 1)r (2r + 3)

=
2(2r + 1)(2r + 3) 2(2r 1)(2r + 1)
2(2r 1)(2r + 1)(2r + 3)

r =1

s=

vr =

r[(r + 1)(2r 1) (r 1)(2r + 3)] r 2r 2 + r 1 2r 2 r + 3

= ur
=
2(2r 1)(2r + 1)(2r + 3)
2(2r 1)(2r + 1)(2r + 3)
n

Hence,

15.

(n terms) =

10 1 10 2 1 10 3 1
10 n 1 1 10 n 1
+
+
+ ... +
= 10
n
9
9
9
9
9
9

13.

u r = [v r v r 1 ] = v n v 0 =
n

r =1

n (n + 1)
2(2n + 1)(2n + 3)

(2k + 1) (2k 1)
(2k 1)(2k + 1)
2n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
1
+ n + 1

k4
1 n 16k 4 1 + 1 1 n
1 n
2
=
=
+
+
4
k
1

4k 2 1 16 k =1
4k 2 1
16 k =1
2 k =1

1 n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
1 n 1
1 1
4
+n+

16
6
2 k =1 2k 1 2k + 1 16

n (n + 1) n 2 + n + 1
6(2n + 1)

(i)

, taking v0 = 0.

r2 (r2 1) = r2 (r 1)(r + 1) = (r 1) r (r + 1) [(r + 2) 2] =

2n + 1

(r 1) r (r + 1) (r + 2) 2 (r 1) r (r + 1)

r =1

r =1

r =1

r =1

s = r 2 r 2 1 = (r 1)r (r + 1)(r + 2 ) 2 (r 1)r (r + 1) = u r 2 v r

r =1

Let

a r = (r 1)r (r + 1)(r + 2 )(r + 3) , then

Let

br = (r 1)r (r + 1)(r + 2 ) , then

Hence s = u r =
=
(ii)

vr =

ur =

1
[a r a r1 ]
5

1
[b r b r1 ]
4

n
1 n
[a r a r 1 ] 2 1 [b r b r 1 ]

5 r =1
r =1 4

1
(n 1)n (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 1 (n 1)n (n + 1)(n + 2) = 1 (n 1)n (n + 1)(n + 2)(2n + 1)
5
2
10

(r2 + 5r + 4)(r2 + 5r + 8) = (r + 1)(r + 4)[(r + 2)(r + 3) + 2] = (r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4) + 2(r2 + 5r + 4)

6

= (r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4) + 2[(r + 2)(r + 3) 2] =

(r
n

r =1

5 k =1
+

)(

(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4) + 2(r + 2)(r + 3) 4

r =1

r =1

r =1

+ 5r + 4 r 2 + 5r + 8 = (r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4) + 2 (r + 2 )(r + 3) 4 1

[(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4)(r + 5) r(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4)]
2 n

3 r =1

[(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4) (r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)] 4n

1
[(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)(n + 5) 1 2 3 4 5] + 2 [(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4) 2 3 4] 4n
5
3

1
(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4) 3n 2 + 18n + 25 4n 40 = 1 n 3n 4 + 45n 3 + 265n 2 + 765n + 1022
15
15

(iii) By division and then partial fraction, we have:

3
3 1
1
1
1
r2 r2 1 1 2 3 3
= r2
+

= r
16 32 2r + 1 2r 1
16 16 (2r + 1)(2r 1) 4
4r 2 1 4

3 1
3
3 n 1
1 1 1
r2 r2 1 1 n 2 3 n

= r 1 +

2
= 4 6 n (n + 1)(2n + 1) 16 n + 32 2n + 1 1

32
2
r
1
2
r
1
16
4
r
1
4

r =1
r =1
r =1
r =1
n

(iv)

1
3
3n
1
3 n + 1 (n 1)n (n + 1)(n + 2 )
=
n (n + 1)(2n + 1) n +
n (n + 1)(2n + 1) n
=
24
16
16(2n + 1) 24
8 2n + 1
6(2n + 1)

1
1
r 4 + 2r 3 + r 2 1 2
1
=r +r 2
= r2 + r

r
+
1
r
r +r
r2 + r

r =1

(v)

3
2
1
1
n n + 4 n + 2n + 2
1
n (n + 1)(2n + 1) + n (n + 1) +
1 =
6
2
3(n + 1)
n +1

1
r 4 + 3r 3 + 2r 2 + 2
1
= r +1

r
+
2
r
r 2 + 2r

r =1

(vi)

n
1
r 4 + 2r 3 + r 2 1 n 2 n
1
= r + r

2
+
r
1
r
r +r
r =1
r =1
r =1

n
n
1
r 4 + 3r 3 + 2r 2 + 2 n
1
= r + 1

2
+
r
2
r
r + 2r
r =1
r =1
r =1

1
1
1 n n 3 + 6n 2 + 14n + 11
1
n (n + 1) + n +
+
1 =
2
2(n + 1)(n + 2)
n + 2 n +1 2

1
1
r2 r + 1
r2 r + 1
r4 + r2 + 1
1
=1+
=1

=
+
=
+
1
1
+
r
1
r
r (r + 1)
r (r + 1) r 2 r + 1
r4 + r
r4 + r

r =1

n
r4 + r2 + 1 n
1
1
n (n + 2)
1
1

=
1

=n
1 = n + 1
=

r +r
r
n +1
n +1
n +1
r =1
r =1 r + 1