Module 1

Complex Numbers

Engr. Gerard Ang

School of EECE

Definition of a Complex Number

A complex number z is an ordered pair (x,y) of real
numbers x and y written as
z = (x,y)
Where:
x = the real part of z written as x = Re z
y = the imaginary part of z written as y = Im z

Geometrical Representation
of a Complex Number
A complex number z can be plot as
a point (x,y) in the xy plane, now
called the complex plane or
sometimes called as the Argand
diagram named after Jean-Robert
Argand.
Illustration
Plot the following:
z1 = 4 + j3 z3 = 5 j
z2 = -2 + j2 z4 = -3 j2

Forms of Complex Numbers

1.

Rectangular Form
z = x + jy
Where:
x = real part
y = imaginary part
2. Trigonometric Form
z = r(cos + jsin) z = rcis
3. Polar Form

j = j-operator

Where:
r is the absolute value, amplitude or modulus (mod) of z
is the argument (arg) or phase of z
4.Exponential Form
Where: = argument in radians

The j-Operator
j-operator is an operator used to indicate the counter-clockwise
The
rotation of a vector through 90.
Powers of j
j2 = -1
j3 = (j2)j = -j

j4 = (j2)2 = 1
j5 = (j4)j = j

Illustration:
Evaluate the following:
1. j9 4. j15
2.
j20 5. j42
3.
j30 6. j11

Operations on Complex Numbers

1.

Equality of Two Complex Numbers

Let: z1 = x1 + jy1
z2 = x2 + jy2
Then z1 = z2
If x1 = x2 and y1 = y2

Illustration
If , find R and .

Operations on Complex Numbers

2. Addition/Subtraction of Complex Numbers
let z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2
then
z1 z2 = (x1 + jy1) (x2 + jy2)
z1 z2 = (x1 +x2) j(y1 + y2)

part

Note:
Add/subtract real part to real part and imaginary
to imaginary part.

Illustration
(5 + j7) + (3 j4) (6 j3) = ???

Operations on Complex Numbers

3.

Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

let
and
then
)
and

Illustration
If , and C = 2 + j2, find

Operations on Complex Numbers

4.

Rationalization of a Complex Number

let z = x jy
then
where: is the complex conjugate of z
Illustration:
Rationalize

5. Logarithm of a Complex Number

let
then ln z = ln r + j
Illustration: Evaluate ln (2 + j3)

Operations on Complex Numbers

6.

Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers

let z = r(cos + jsin) and
then
zn = rn(cos n + jsin n)
De Moivres Formula
also
where: k = 0, 1, 2, 3, n 1
Illustration
Find the roots of the following
1.
2.
3.

Sample Problems
1.

Simplify:
a. (5 + j4)(3 + j7)(2 j3) b.
2. If , find the real and imaginary parts of the complex
number .
3. If (a + b) + j(a b) = (2 + j5)2 + j(2 j3), find the values of
a and b
4. If x and y are real, solve the equation, .
5. Find the modulus and argument of (2 j)(5 + j12)/(1 + j2) 3.

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic

Functions of Complex Numbers
1.

Eulers Formula

2. Relationships between Trigonometric Functions and Hyperbolic

Functions

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic

Functions of Complex Numbers
3.

Trigonometric Functions of Complex Numbers

4. Hyperbolic Functions

Sample Problems
Evaluate the following:
1. sin (2 + j3)
2. cos (5 + j2)

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic

Functions of Complex Numbers
Relationships
5.
Functions

Between Hyperbolic and Trigonometric

6. Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers

Sample Problems
Evaluate the following:
1. sinh (4 j3)
2. cosh (2 + j)

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic

Functions of Complex Numbers
1. Inverse Trigonometric Functions of Complex Numbers

2. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers

Sample Problems
Evaluate the following:
1. sinh-1 (2 + j)

Loci Problems
We are sometimes required to find the locus of a point which moves in
the Argand diagram according to some stated condition.

Sample Problems
If z = x + jy, find the equation of the locus defined by the following:
a.
mod z = 5.
b.
arg z = /4.
c.
d.
arg (z2) = - /4