Internet & E-Commerce

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Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

Internet & E-Commerce
UNIT 1
THE EVOLUTION OF INERNET
Introduction:- Internet iwjs foo esa QSyk gqvk Computers dk ,d ,slk
Network gS] ftlesa fofHkUu Computers ,d nqljs ls ,d Common Protocol dk use
djds Communicate djrs gSA ;fn gekjs ikl Internet Connection gS rks ge fdlh
Hkh fo"k; ij nqfu;k Hkj esa QSys Computers ls Information dk vknku &
iznku dj ldrs gSA
Evolution: - Internet dks 1969 esa Advance Research Project Agency (ARPA) us
cuk;k FkkA ckn eas ARPA dk uke DARPA (Department of Advance Research
Project Agency) j[kk x;kA T;ksa2 Internet dh vko;drk c<rh xbZ R;ksa 2
Internet ds fodkl eas Hkh ifjorZu gksrs x;s vkSj Internet dk use lSfud o
'kS{kf.kd Networks esa fd;k tkus yxkA
Internet dk eryc ;g gS fd de ls de nks Computers dks vkil esa bl izdkj
fdlh Ekk/;e ls ,d nwljs ls tksMk tkrk gS rkfd ,d Computer nwljs Computer

ls ladsrks ds :i eas vkxzg dj lds rFkk nwljk Computer Busy gksus dh
fLFkfr esa Hkh vkxzg dks Lohdkj dj tcko nsA Computers vc ,d nwljs dh
Language (Protocol) dks le>dj Data dk vknku iznku djus yxrs gSA
o"kZ 1990 ds vkxeu ds lkFk gh lSfud {kS= us Hkh lapkj ek/;ekas ds
vU; lk/kukas dks NksMdj iwjh rjg Internet dks viuk fy;kA igys Internet ij
Messages dsoy Text ds :i eas fn;s tk ldrs Fks] ysfdu Windows dh kq:vkr
us Graphics ds egRo dks c<k fn;k vkSj vc Messages esa Graphics dk use
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ds ek/;e ls lEHko gks ldkA bl izdkj
Internet ds :i esa ,d fokky lapkj ra= dk tUe gqvkA ftls www (World Wide
Web) ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA
Internet ,d rjg dk Network of Networks gS tks fd nks ;k vf/kd Networks dk
lewg gks ldrk gS ;s Networks% &

1.
Physical :i ls vkil eas Connect gks ldrs gS
2.
Data vknku & iznku dj ldrs gS
3.
Single Network ds :i esa Hkh Work dj ldrs gS
What is Special About Internet
Internet lLrk o Fast gS rFkk ;g% &
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1. Get Information
2. Provide Information
3. Compile Information
Getting Information on Internet: - ge Internet ls Connect gksdj Information
1.
dks www (World Wide Web) dh lgk;rk ls izkIr dj ldrs gSA

2.
Provide Information on the Internet: (1) Web Publishing: - bleas Text, Articles, Reports, Computer Programs Hkstrs
gSA
(2) Extension:- Printer media.
3. Compile Information from the Internet: - ;g Internet dk ,d Special case gS ftlds
vUnj gethering Information vkrh gSA

What can I do by using Internet
1. Visit Websites
2. Send & Recive E-mails
3. Read and Post Articles in Newsgroup
4. Download files/ Data
5. Chat with other user
6. Play games
7. Access online Multimedia including Radio and video Broadcast
8. Searching for information
9. Join Contests
10. Online shopping
11. Create own website
12. E-mail reminder Service
13. Findout person details
14. Send cards or gifts to other
Internet Protocols
Protocol: - Protocols, Software ds set of rules gksrs gS ftldh lgk;rk ls fdlh
file/Data dks mlds format ds vk/kkj ij open fd;k tkrk gSA
Main Internet Protocols: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol):- ;g okLro eas
Connection of Protocol Rules gksrs gS tks fd Data dks ,d Machine ls nwljh
Machine ij Hkstus ls cuk gksrk gSA blds fuEufyf[kr Hkkx gS &
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(1) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): - ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ Internet Protocol gSA
;g nks computers ds e/; relation LFkkfir dj Data Transmit djrk gSA T;knkrj
Internet programs blh protocol dk use djrs gSA bl Protocol ds iz;ksx ls data
[kks tkus dk Mj ugha jgrk gSA ;g ,d connection oriented protocol gSA ;g
data dks Packets ds :i eas rksMrk gS rFkk fQj bu datas dks Reassemble Hkh
djrk gSA ;g IP ds lkFk feydj TCP/IP protocol cukrk gSA
(2) IP (Internet Protocol): - ;g fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djrk gS A
(a) Creating Packets and Addressing the Data
(b) Network Packets dks Read djds mUgas forward djrk gS vkSj Destination
ij Hkstrk gSA
(c) IP ;g Hkh fufpr djrk gS fd fdrus data ,d Packet ds vUnj Hkstus
gSA
lEcU/k vkil eas ,d rjg ls Postal System dh rjg gksrk gSA
budk
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): - FTP Hkh TCP/ IP Protocol dk gh ,d Part gSA ;g
Protocol Hkh Data dks ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer dss chp Transfer djus
dk dke djrk gSA FTP Protocol ,d Powerful Tool gSA

FTP protocol ClientServer method ij dk;Z djrk gSA Client Program dh lgk;rk ls
User, Server ls Interact djrk gS rFkk Server ls Information o Services dks Access
djrk gSA Client }kjk tc fdlh File dks use eas fy;k tkrk gS rks Server
Interface allow djrk gS fd user ml file dks Locate rFkk Transfer djs ;k ughaA
FTP ds Basic steps&
(1) Connect to FTP Server
(2) File dk structure rS;kj djuk tks fd ge pkgrs gSA
(3) Transfer the File
FTP user dks information dks access djus ds fy, permission nsrk gS blds fy;s
fdlh Hkh Account ;k Password dh vko;drk ugha gksrhA ;g E-mail okyk gh

Login name rFkk Password use esa ysrk gSA FTP dh facilities &
(1) ShareWare: - ;s Softwares Trial Period rd free gksrs gS vkSj ckn esa Payment
djuk iMrk gSA

(2) Freeware: - ,sls Softwares Completely free gksrs gSA eg Font, Clipart etc
(3) UpGrades and Patches: - Current Software dks upgrade djus ;k mudh Problems
dks fix djus ds dke vkrs gSA

(4) Documents: - e.g. Research Paper and Internet Document
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FTP server ij files geskk compress jgrh gSA Compressed File dh size de gksrh
gSA Compress file de le; esa fufpr LFkku ij igWqp tkrh gSA
Decompression ds fy;s Software gksrk gS tks fd Compressed files dks
Decompress djrk gSA Files dks Transfer djus ls igys virus dh Hkh tkWp dj
ysuh pkfg;sA
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol):- ;g Software dk Set of Rules gS tks fd
Hypertext dks ,d Computer ls nqljs Computers ds chp Transfer djrk gSA
Hypertext special codings use esa ysrk gS ftls HTML (Hyper Text Markup
Language) dgrs gSA
Hypertext ds }kjk Text ,d Structure ds :i eas fy[kk tkrk gS ;g tfVy rFkk
ejfgr web ds :i esa lfEefyr gksus ds dkj.k Hypertext dgykrk gSA HTML
Code Links dks create djrk gS ;s links Text rFkk Graphics nksukas ds gh gks
ldrs gSA T;kas gh ge link ij click djrs gS rks nwljk Resource (such as HTML
document) open gks tkrk gS ftlds vUnj dksbZ Hkh File/Data gksrk gSA tc
HTTP allow djrk gS rc Client ml requst dks Server ds ikl Hkstrk gSA vc
Server ml request dks response nsrk gSA HTTP ml Information dks Resources rd
iWgqpkrk gS vkSj Server dks lkjh lqpuk nsrk gSA
lkekU;r% Hyperlink Blue colored Underlined gksrs gSA tc ge Mouse pointer
dks move djds Hyperlink ij ysdj vkrs gS rc Mouse Pointer change gks tkrk
gSA HTTP nqljs Protocols tSls fd FTP,SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),
NNTP(Network News Transfer Protocol), WAIS (Wide Area Information Service),
Gopher etc dh Hkh Facilities provide djrk gSA
Telnet: - ;g Telecommunication Network (Telnet) Protocol ,d Computer ls nqljs
Computer dkss Connect djrk gS vkSj ;g Remote Login Process ij dk;Z djrk
gSA blesa ,d user Computer gksrk gS ftls Remote Computer dgrs gSA Telenet
Hkh Client Server Principle ij dk;Z djrk gSA blesa Local computer telnet Program
ls connection rFkk data dks display djrk gSA Server user ls Request accept djds
Required Information dks local computer dks Hkstrk gSA
Telnet Hkh user dks internet dks access djus dh permissions nsrk gSA
fofHkUu rjg ds resources Telnet ij miyC?k gksrs gSA tSlsfd& Library

Catalog, Database, Different Internet Tools (FTP, Gopher, www)
Gopher: - Gopher protocol Hkh set of rules gS tks fd Searching, retrieval rFkk
Document Display ds fy;s Remote Site Internet ds fy;s use eas fy;k tkrk gSA tc
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dHkh document ds vUnj addition ;k mls show djrs gS vFkok document dks
retrieve djrs gS rc ;g lEHko gS fd on-line connection fdlh nqljs system ds
lkFk gksxkA ;g Hkh Client- Server principle ij vk/kkfjr gS ftleas user Client
software dks local machine ij pykrs gS rFkk viuk Interface remote vFkkZr server
ij nsrs gSA
Gopher dh lgk;rk ls information dks cgqr ls computer ij ;k internet ij store dj
ldrs gS os Computers Gopher Server dgykrs gSA blds fy;s Mac, Unix, PC or
Larger Computers dk use Gopher Server ds #i esa djrs gSA Gopher Server files,
directories, search database bR;kfn ugha j[krkA og flQZ nwljs Server ds
Resources j[krk gS rFkk dksbZ Information Search ;k retrieve djuh gks rks
mldh lwpuk j[krk gSA tc dHkh Hkh ge Gopher Client Application dks
gekjs Computer esa Run djrs gS rc Turbo Gopher dh ,d Client Application Hkh
run gksrh gSA Gopher ,d rjg dk Software gksrk gS ftldk use dqN Services
rFkk Internet ij fd;k tkrk gSA
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): - Eletronic mail ,d egRoiw.kZ Internet
Service gSA TCP / IP ifjokj dk ;g Protocol Internet ij Electronic Mail dks Transfer
djus eas lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr blds fuEu dk;Z gS &
1 Message dks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd izkIrdrkZvkas dks HkstukA
2 ,sls Message Hkstuk tks fd vkokt] Text, Video ;k Graphics Image dks
j[krs gSA
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): - ;g FTP dh rqyuk eas ,d lk/kkj.k
Protocol gSA ;g FTP ds leku xq.k Hkh Represent ugha djrk gSA ;g ,d
lk/kkj.k Protocol gS tks ,d System ls nqljs System ij Files transfer djrk gSA
bldh ,dek= foks"krk ;g gS fd blds vUnj fdlh Client Process o Server
Process ds chp files dks Hkstus dh ;ksX;rk gSA
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): - ;g ,d Connection jfgr Protocol gS vFkkZr ;g
nks Computers ds chp dksbZ Relation LFkkfir ugha djrk gS] vr% Data ds
vius Destination ij igaWqpus ls igys [kks tkus dk Mj jgrk gSA
WAIS (Wide Area Information Service): - WAIS dks ge ways Hkh dgrs gSA ;g
Internet Search tool gS tks fd 2&39&50 ij vk/kkfjr gS A 2&39&50
Standard Protocol gSA WAIS ,d Client Program gS tks fd User Computer dks
Connect djds Server ls Submit djrk gS rFkk Sending data dks Receive djds
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mlds according responce nsrk gSA WAIS esa ;g Capability gksrh gS fd og ,d
lkFk ,d ls vf/kd Databases dks Search dj ldrk gSA tc Search gqvk Database
Client Interface dh enn ls Type gks tkrk gS rFkk User database dks
Select/Choose djds iwjh Database search dj ldrk gSA ;g WAIS Client Software ij
depend djrk gS fd fdruk Matter pkfg;sA tc WAIS Search djrk gS rc og Search
Database vius vki esa iw.kZ ugha gksrk gS blds fy;s Index dh t:jr gksrh
gS Index dh lgk;rk ls Database dks Search fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Internet Concepts
Internet: - ;g Inter-Network dk laf{kIr :i gksrk gS tks fd fofHkUu rjg ds
Computer Networks dks vkil eas Connect djrk gS vkSj Dafa Transfer ,d
Computer ls nwljs Computer eas Protocol dh enn ls djrk gSA ;s Networks
TCP/IP Protocol dk use djrs gSA ;g Protocol ewy :i ls DARPA ds Part FksA ;g
Networks of Networks gSA
Internet Service: - Internet Service HTTP dks NksM dj fdlh Hkh lwpuk Transfer
djus okys Protocol }kjk nh tkrh gSA lqpukvkas dk vknku&iznku rFkk

Information ckaVus okyh Services, Telnet o Gopher gSA
Internet Name Resolution: - Internet ;k Internet }kjk fdlh Hkh site ij igaqWpus
ds fy;s ;g vko;d gksrk gS fd ml Computer dk ,d unique IP Address gks tks

Network ij ml System dks igpku ldsA ;g Address, numbers dh ,d string ds :i
eas gksrk gS tks fd vkil esa dot (.) }kjk foHkkftr gksrh gSA Number
okyk Address ;kn j[kuk difficult gS] blfy;s Text Name ;k Friendly Name fn;k
x;k gSSA tSls% & www.microsoft.com
IP Address nks izdkj dk gksrk gS &
(i)
Static System Administrator izR;sd Computer dk IP Address flQZ ,d
fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA

(ii) Dynamic bleas Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), IP Addresses dks
fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
Internet v/s Intranet

Internet, Network of Networks gS tks fd lEiw.kZ world dks vkil esa tksMrk
gSA blh izdkj Intranet fdlh Organization/ Company dk vkarfjd Network gS tks
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fd Internet Standards dk use djrk gSA Intranet Internet Softwares o Protocols dk use
djrk gS ysfdu geskk Internet ls Connection ugha j[krk gSA eq[;r;k
Intranet Internet tecnology ij vk/kkfjr gS fQj Hkh bues dqN fuEu vUrj gS &
1.
Internet iwjs foo esa QSyk gqvk Computer Network gS
ftlesa LAN o WAN kkfey gSA tcfd Intranet, Computer Network gS ftls
flQZ LAN (Local Area Network) ls gh tksMk tk ldrk gSA
2.
Internet connection ds fy;s ISP dh vko;drk gksrh gS
tcfd Intranet ds fy;s ugha gksrh gSA
3.
Internet eas Modem dh vko;drk gksrh gS tcfd Intranet
eas ugh gksrh gSA
4.
Internet dh lhek whole world gS tcfd Intranet dh lhek ,d
Organization ;k city rd gSA
5.
Internet eas website dh Security cgqr vf/kd gksrh gS tcfd
Intranet eas ugh gksrh gSA
6.
Internet dh Free websites dks dksbZ Hkh Access dj ldrk gS
tcfd Intranet ls tqMk O;fDr gh Intranet dh sites dks Access dj ldrk gSA
7.
Intranet Mail Server Information dk use Personal Newsgroup
cukus eas fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd Internet Mail Server o Information dk use
lkoZtfud Newsgroup cukus eas fd;k tkrk gSA
Growth of Internet (History of Internet)

1969: - Internet dk tUe] Department of Defence (DOD) }kjk ARPANET dh
eas
Research djus dk foks"kkf/kdkj fn;k x;kA
Networking
1971: - yksxkas }kjk Network ij lUnsk Hkstuk (E-Mail dk vkfo"dkj)

1972: - Easy Computers Connectivity (Telenet dk vkfo"dkj)
1973: - Global Networking Gateway dk vkfo"dkj) & FTP dk use fd;k tkus
yxkA
1974: - Telenet ARPANET dk ,d Commercial Version [kksyk x;kA ;g igyh
Public
Data Service FkhA
1976: - AT&T Bell us UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol) dks fodflr fd;k rFkk
ds
Linux
lkFk QSyk;k x;kA
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1977: - E-mail dk fodklA
1979: - News Group dk tUeA UUCP dk Use djds usenet dk vkfo"dkjA
1982: - European Academic and Research Network (EARN) dh LFkkiukA
1984: - Domain Name server (DNS) izkjEHk fd;kA
1987: - Internet ds O;kolk;hdj.k dk tUeA
1988: - Internet Relay Chat (IRC) dk fodklA
1990: - ARPANet ds vfLrRo [kReA Internet Dialup Access lsok izFke ckj Online
miyC/k gqbZA
1991: - Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) cukA www ij fn[kkus okyh
lwpukvksa
ds
Index dh :ijs[kk cuhA fge cuZj us World Wide Web (www) fodflr fd;k
ftls
CERN (Central European Research Network) us tkjh fd;kA
1992: - Multimedia of Internet dk :i cnykA Internet Surfing dh 'kq:vkrA
1993: - Netscape dk fodklA NSF }kjk Internet lsok iznku djus ds fy;s interNIC
cuk;k x;kA
1996: - Launching of Microsoft Windows 95 with Internet Explorer (Browser)
ISP (Internet Service Provider)

Internet Service Provider (ISP) ,slh Company gS tks user dks Internet Services dh
Facility Provide djokrh gS vFkkZr~ ISP fdlh user dks Internet Account o E-mail
Account iznku djrk gSA ;g User dks mlds Host ISP Server ij dqN Memory (Disk
Space) Hkh Available djkrk gSA user ls ISP NEP (Network Entry Point) ;k POP (Post
Office Protocol) ds ek/;e ls Connect gksrk gSA
Some Famous Internet Service Provider: - VSNL(Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited), MTNL
egkuxj VsyhQksu fuxe fyfeVsM, Data Infosys, BSNL Hkkjr

lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM, Satyam Online
ISP Choose djus ds fy;s fuEu ckrkas dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s &
(i)
ISP dk Phone Number
(ii)
Software: - cgqr ls ISP Software CD iznku djrs gSA
(iii)
Speed: - cgqr ls ISP ds ikl Local Access No. gksrs gS tks 28.8 Kbps, 56
Kbps Modem ds lkFk Work djrs gSA
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Connect to ISP
Internet Service Provider ls tqMus ds fy;s gesa Phone line rFkk Modem dh
vko;drk gksrh gSA Computer dks ISP ls Connect djus ds fy;s Internet
Connection Wizard dh vko;drk gksrh gSA
(i)
Interface: - Internet ls tqMs izR;sd Computer dk Interface vyx2 gks ldrk
gSA tSls: - Graphical, Menu Driven Interface

(ii) Security: - blds vUrxZr ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd ISP fdlh User dh Information
dks dSlh Security Provide djkrk gSA

(iii) Storage Capacity: - ISP izR;sd user dks ,d Fixed Limit rd lwpuk dks Store
djus dh facility nsrk gSA

(iv) Technical Support
Internet Connectivity
;fn gesa Internet ls connect gksuk gS rks loZizFke gesa ISP ls Login name o
Password ysus gkasxsA vc Internet ls tqMus ds fy;s Phone line dks Modem ls
tksM nsaxsA blds ckn Browser (Internet Explorer) dks Open djds Internet ls
Connect gksus ds fy;s iznfkZr Dialog Box ls Connect Button ij Click
djsaxsA ,slk djrs gh Internet ls Connect gksus dk Process start gks tkrk gS
vkSj Computer dks ISP Server ls tksMus dk iz;kl djrk gSA Connect gks tkus
ij gesa Login name o Password nsus gksaxsA Internet Explorer start gksrs gh
lcls igys ftls web site dks [kksyrk gS og Host site dgykrh gSA
Dial-up Networking
Dialup Networking Program Windows 95/98/NT ds lkFk kkfey vkrk gSA blds
ek/;e ls ge Number Dial djds Local Exchange lss Connect gksrs gSA Dialup
Networking dk use SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) rFkk PPP (Point to Point
Protocol or Peer to Peer Protocol) ds lkFk dj ldrs gSA Dailup Connection lLrk
rFkk Performance vPNh gksrh gSA
Types of Dialup Connection
(i)
Online Account
(ii) Dialup IP link
Dialup IP link lkekU;r;k Particular Protocols gksrs gS tks fd SLIP rFkk PPP ij
Run gksrs gSA
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Dialup Online Account
Online Account Host (Server) Computer dk gksrk gS tks Internet ls Connected
gksrs gSA Host Computer Character based Terminal gksrs gS tks fd

Communication ds le; Terminal Emulation Software dke esa ysrs gSA tc dHkh
ge Host Computer dks Dial djrs gS rc geas Login & Password nsuk iMrk gSA
Online Account esa Full Internet Connecitivity gksrh gSA ijUrq bldh dqN
Limitations gS & ;fn ge Online Account j[krs gS rc gekjk Computer Telephone
line rFkk Modem ls Connected gksuk t#jh gSA cgqr ls ISP Internet Access
Provider gksrs gS ftudks pykus ds fy;s UNIX, Gopher, FTP, Telnet, www
bR;kfn Host/ Server ij available gksrs gSA Online dh limitation ;g Hkh gS fd ;g

Data dks two type steps ls ykrk gS igys Data dks Remote Computer ls Host
Machine ij download djrk gS vkSj fQj ogkaW ls Local Machine ds ikl data v
rk gSA
Steps to Install Dailup Networking
Control Pannel eas Add/Remove Programs esa ls Windows Setup dks open djds
Commucnication dks choose djds Details ij Click djsaxsA vc Dialup
Networking ds lkeus fLFkr Check box dks check djsaxsA bl izdkj
gesa Dialup Network fey tk,xkA

Leased line/ Dedicated line - ;g Parmanent Internet Connection line gksrh gSA ;g
Direct rFkk High speed (256 Kbps - 45 Mbps) Permanent Connection gksrk
gSA ;g ,d ,slh Service gS tks fd Computer dks gj le; Internet ls

Connect j[krh gSA ;g Connection Telephone Network eas Switches ds }
kjk LFkkfir gksrk gSA blls Internet ls Unlimited information ys ldrs
gSA ;s Multi User Hkh gks ldrs gSA Leased line generally LAN ls
attach gksrh gS rFkk Telephone line ls link gksrh gSA tks user bl
Service dks Subscribe djrk gS mls ,slk eglwl gksrk gS fd mlds
fy;s ,d Connection Line mlh ds dk;Z ds fy;s Dedicated gS D;ksfd
Switch geskk cUn jgrs gSA vr% Connection djus ds fy;s Dialing
dh vko;drk ugha iMrh gSA Telephone line dh speed 9.6 Kbps & 45
Mbps rd gksrh gSA
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)
Satellite lapkj dh nqfu;k eas ;g ,d u;k fodkl gSA ;g de dher ds Micro
Stations gksrs gS tks VSAT dgykrs gSA bu Small Terminals eas ,d ehVj dk
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Antena vkSj ,d Watt dh Power supply gksrh gSA Uplink lk/kkj.k;k 19.2 Kbps
gksrk gSA T;knkrj VSAT System ds Micro Station eas bruh Power ugha
gksrh gS fd os lh/ks ,d nqljs ls Sattelite }kjk ckr dj ldsA blds ctk; ,d
Special ground Station, ftls Hub dgrs gS] dh ,d High Gain Antena ds lkFk VSATs
ds chp Traffic Hkstus esa vko;drk gksrh gSA bl Method eas ;k rks Send
djus okys ds ikl ;k Receiver ds ikl Powerful Amplifier vkSj Big Antena gksuk
t#jh gSA VSAT izk;% fuEu rhu fof/k;kas }kjk cuk;k tkrk gS &
(i)
Point to Point: - ;g ,d ;k nks VSATs dks tksMus okyh Two way

Communication (nksuks vksj ls lwpuk dk vknku&iznku ) Network
Process gSA
(ii) Star Network: - Master Earth Station (MES) Hub vkSj VSAT, tks fd fofHkUu
Remote locations ij fLFkr gksrs gS] ds chp Multi Point Communication
iznku djrk gSA

(iii) Mesh Network: - blds }kjk cgqr lkjs VSATs, tks fd Network ij fofHkUu
locations ij
fLFkr gS] ds e/; lh/kk lEidZ LFkkfir gksrk gSA
URL (Uniform Resource Locater)

URL fdlh Hkh Website dks Identify (igpku) djus esa enn djrk gSA ftl rjg ls
lalkj eas izR;sd O;fDr dk viuk Identification gksrk gS mlh rjg ls lkjh
Websites dk Hkh Unique Address gksrk gS] ftls URL dgrss gSA tc dHkh
gesa fdlh Website dks Search ;k Visit djuh gksrk gS rks gesas mldk URL
Browser ds Address Bar esa fy[kuk gksrk gSA
URL dh lgk;rk ls ge Resources dks Call ldrs gSA URL Letters, Numbers,
Punctions marks dk cuk gksrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ge Address Bar eas 25
Addresses store dj ldrs gSA URL Read like sentence gksrs gS tks fd E-mail
Address ds simialar gksrs gSA URL dks pkj Hkkxkas esa foHkDr fd;k x;k
gS &
(i)
Method
(ii) Host Computer
(iii) Port
(iv) Path
Domain Name
Computer dks Internet ls Connect djus ds fy;s mldh igpku Domain Name cukrk
gSA Internet ls tqMs izR;sd Computer dk ,d Domain name gksrk gSA okLro
eas ;g Computer dk Address gksrk gS ftls Domain Name System (DNS) dgk
tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh nks Organizations dk Domain Name Same ugha gks ldrk
gSA Domain Name nks Components ls feydj cuk gksrk gS ftUgsa Dot (.) ls
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Separate djrs gSA Domain Name System (DNS) ,slk System gS tks IP Addresses
dh tkudkjh j[krk gSA Domain name dks eq[;r;k rhu Hkkxksa esa ckVk
tk ldrk gS &
1. Generic Domain: - ;s Domain Three characters Domain Label j[krs gSA Example
com
Commercial
edu
Educational
net
Network
org
Organization (Non Profit group)
gov
Government
mil
Military (US only)
int
Internation Organization
2. Country Domain: - ;s Domain two Characters Domain label j[krs gSA tks fd
fofHkUu nskksa dks O;Dr djrsA

au
Australia
ge
Germani
jp
Japan
fr
France
ca
Canada
in
India
us
US
3. Inverse Domain: - ;g Domain IP Address dks Domain Name esa Map djrk gSA
izR;sd Domain name Numeric IP Address ls Correspondence djrk gSA IP Address 4

Nos. dk gksrk gS tks fd 0 - 255 rd gksrk gS rFkk IP names vkil esa Dot ls
Seperated gksrs gSA Internet IP Address dks use djds Data dks send djrk gSA
tSls gh ge www ls tqM dj Domain name type djrs gS rks ge Web Server rFkk
IP Address ds }kjk ml network ls connect gks tkrs gSA
DNS izR;sd IP Address dh Matching djrk gS rFkk IP Address geskk unique
gksrk gSA DNS Database dk collection gksrk gS tks fd IP Address ds

Coresponding gksrk gSA DNS Server, Domain name dks IP Address esa Transfer
djrs gSA
Domain Name Portal
Name Resolution System: - Windows dh Networking NetBIOS ds Renewal Process ij
Hkjkslk djrh gSA TCP/ IP DNS naming process ij Hkjkslk djrh gSA Windows
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esa Domain name Host name gksrk gSA Computers ds name dh IP Address ij
Mapping nks izdkj ls gksrh gSA
(i) Static
(ii) Dynamic
(i) Static: - System Administrator Hosts ;k LmHost uke dh Text file cukrk gSA
ftlesa izR;sd Computer dk uke vkSj Related IP Address fy[kk gksrk gSA tc
fdlh Computer dks Connect fd;k tkrk gS rks bl file dk use djds mlds Name &
IP Address dks fufpr fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) Dynamic: - tc fdlh Client dk Computer Network ij login djrk gS rks DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server dks IP Address Hkstrk gSA bl IP
Address dks Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) Server dks nsrk gS vkSj tc
NetBIOS Computer name dh dksbZ Request vkrh gS rks WINS bl name dks
gVkdj mldk lgh Address crk nsrk gSA ;s Lor% igpkuus okys rFkk
Computer name vkSj Address dh Mapping dk system tYnh2 cnyus okys Network
ij Administrative dk cks> ljy djrk gSA
Internet Name Resolution: - Internet ij Domain Name System (DNS) dk use website ds
Text name dks gVk dj mlds LFkku ij IP Address nsuk gSA DNS name InterNIC
}kjk Record fd;s tkrs gSA InterNIC name o Address dh ns[kjs[k djrh gS
InterNIC ds ikl ,d Distributed database gksrk gS ftlesa lHkh Domain names
gksrs gSA tc dkssbZ Client Computer fdlh website ls Connect gksuk pkgrk
gS rks mlds Domain name dh Request dks (DNS) dks Hkst nsrh gSA
Domain Name Server lkjs foo esa gtkjksa Organizations esa fLFkr gSA DNS
pkgs x;s Domain name dk IP Address nsrk gS vkSj client dh Request dks mfpr
website rd Hkst nsrk gSA
Applications of Internet
Internet dk mi;ksx fuEu dk;ksaZ ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS &
(i)
Services & Employment lEcU/kh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy;s
(ii)
fdlh Hkh fonskh Language dks lh[kus ds fy;s
(iii)
World ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa Friend cukus ds fy;s
(iv)
fdlh izfr;ksfxrk, Examination esa Hkkx ysus ds fy;s
(v)
vius fdlh Friend dks Electronic Birthday Card Hkstus ds fy;s
(vi)
vius euilan fQYeh flrkjksa ds Photographs ns[kus ds fy;s
(vii) Computer {kS= ds ckjs esa ubZ&ubZ tkudkfj;akW izkIr djus ds

fy;s
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(viii) fdlh Electronic Zoo ;k laxzgky; esa ?kqeus ds fy;s
(ix)
dqN t:jh Softwares Download djus ds fy;s
(x)
viuk Home page rS;kj djus ds fy;s
(xi)
Chatting ds }kjk vius Friend ls ckrphr djus ds fy;s
(xii) Bussiness djuk etc.
Electronioc-mail
E-mail ,d ,slk mailing System gS ftlesa ,d Computer user fdlh vU; Computer user
dks message ,oa information Hkst ldrk gSA bu Informations ds Tramission ds

fy;s Communication Network dk use gksrk gSA E-mail user dks vuqefr nsrk
gS fd og www ij dqN Hkh search dj ldrk gS rFkk dSlk Hkh Message
Exchange dj ldrk gSA izR;sd E-mail user ds ikl mail box Address gksrk gS
ftldh lgk;rk ls mail send/Receive djrs gSA ;s messages E-mail ds through fn;s
x;s Address ij dqN gh Seconds eas igaqp tkrs gSA ge E-mail Create djus,
Read djus o Send djus ds fy;s Mail Program dk use djrs gSA E-mail dks use
djus ds fy;s fofHkUu Softwares use esa fy;s tkrs gSA
E-mail Concepts: - E-mail System ds }kjk user nwljs user rd messages Hkst ldrk
gSA E-mail Send djus ds fy;s gesa Message fy[kuk, Store djuk rFkk izkIr
djus okys dks Message Receive djuk o Download djuk vkuk pkfg;sA
E-mail Client Server Environment esa dk;Z djrk gSA blds fy;s geas Windows ij
dk;Z djus okyk Software pkfg;s rFkk ,d E-mail Post Office Program pkfg;sA
bu nksukas ds fcuk E-mail dk use laHko ugha gSA
How E-mail Works: - ,d user E-mail message Internet ds ek/;e ls Hkstrk gSA ;g
Message izkIrdrkZ ds Email box esa store gks tkrk gSA Mail box ls Message
dks dHkh Hkh izkIrdrkZ }kjk izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj user fdlh
dks E-mail Hkst ldrk gSA dqN E-mail system Multimedia facility Hkh provide
djokrs gSA E-mail djus ds Steps &
(i)
E-mail Program dks start djukA
(ii) To esa Receiver Address Type djukA

(iii) Message type djukA
(iv) Message send djukA
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E-mail Address: - Mail Box ds vUnj Address fy[kk tkrk gSA izR;sd E-mail
Account ,d E-mail Address gksrk gSA E-mail Address Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa
gksrs gSA
(i) User ID
(ii) Domain name
(i) User ID: - User ID dk use login djus esa vkrk gS tks fd Internet Provide
djokrk gSA
(ii) Domain Name: - Domain name, Internet name Provide djus ds fy;s use eas ysrs
gSA User ID rFkk Domain name dks @ ls Separated fd;k tkrk gSA tSls :ishwar@rediffmail.com
tc dHkh ge E-mail Access djrs gS rks fuEu E-mail Protocols use esa vkrs gS
&
(i) SMTP
(ii) POP
Finding Some ones E-mail Address:- ;fn ge fdlh other user dj E-mail Address
tkuuk pkgrs gS rks mlds fy;s gesa dqN steps fuEu izdkj ls viukus
gksrs gS &
1.
ftl O;fDr dk Internet Address irk djuk gks
mls lh/ks ;k fy[kdj iwNuk A
2.
ml O;fDr dk E-mail Address mlds Biodata ;k
Business card ls izkIr djukA
3.
Return Address, Return Path ls E-mail Address
izkIr djukA
4.
Automated Service ls E-mail Address Kkr djukA
Main Parts of E-mail: - fdlh E-mail ds fuEu rhu eq[; Hkkx gksrs gS &
(i)
Header: - Header fdlh E-mail dk og Hkkx gksrk gS tks geas E-mail ds
fofHkUu fudk; ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA izR;sd Header dk ,d fufpr uke o
fufpr mns; gksrk gSA tSls : Return Path - E-mail dks Reply nsus okyk Address
Date - E-mail Receiving date
From - Sender Address
To - E-mail Receiver Address
Subject Subject of E-mail
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Message Body: - ;g fdlh E-mail dk og Part gS tks Email dk Message j[krk
(ii)
gSA
(iii) Signature: - ;g E-mail Hkstus okys O;fDr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk
gSA lkekU;r;k blesa O;fDr dk viuk uke] irk] Qksu ua-] QsDl uabR;kfn fLFkr gksrs gSA
Working with E-mail: (i)
Running the Mail Program.
(ii) Enter Login name and Password

(iii) Read incoming Mails from Inbox
(iv) Send any message from Outbox
(v) Reply Mail
(vi) Delete Mail and send it to Deleted Items.
(vii) Exit Mail Program.
Basic steps of Sending & Receiving E-mail Message

E-mail ds rhu parts gksrs gSA
(i)
Receiver Address: - ftl O;fDr dks E-mail Hkstk tkuk gS mldk Address
Receiver Address esa fy[kk tkrk gSA

(ii)
Subject line of Message: - E-mail dk Subject fy[kk tkrk gSA
(iii) E-mail Message fy[kus ds fy;s Message Box izkIr gksrk gSA
mijksDr lHkh fy[kus ds ckn Send buttom ij click djus ls Mail receiver ds ikl
pyh tk;sxh rFkk gesa ,d Message Your Mail Has Been Send feysxkA ge
vius E-mail ds lkFk dksbZ Hkh file Attach djds Hkh Send dj ldrs gSA
Receiving E-mail: - tc dksbZ user Internet ij dke djrk gS rks loZizFke og
vius mail box esa vkbZ Mails dks check djrk gSA lkekU;r;k New Mails ds
lkFk lwpd gksrs gS tks ;g nkkZrs gS fd ;g Mail ubZ gSA blds fy,
mldh Subject line Bold eas gks tkrh gS ;k fQj Bullet ;k Check mark New
message ds vkxs yxk gksrk gSA fdlh message ds contents dks ns[kus ds
fy;s bls Highlight djds Enter key press djrs gS ;k ml ij Double click djrs gSA
Replying E-mail: - fdlh E-mail dk tokc nsuk fdlh Hkh dks E-mail Hkstuk gh
gksrk gSA blds fy;s Hkh Sending mesaage okyh process viukuh gksrh gSA
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Deleting Mail: - fdlh mail dks Mailbox ls delete Hkh dj ldrs gSA blds fy;s bl
Mail dks Highlight (Select) djds Delete key press djsaxsA vf/kdrj Mailbox Delete
dh x;h mails dks Trash Mailbox esa Mky nsrs gSA ;s ml Trash Mailbox eas
rc rd jgrh gS tc rd ge bUgas Trash Mailbox ls gVk ugha nsrs gS ;k
Program ls ckgj ugha fudky nsrs gSA
Exiting/ Quitting from E-mail Program: - fdlh E-mail program ls ckgj fudyus ds
fy;s File menu eas ls Exit option dks choose djsaxsA

Merits/ Advantages of E-mail: 1.
Speed :- E-mail ds ek/;e ls ge fdlh Hkh O;fDr ls cgqr tYnh

Communicate dj ldrs gSA
2.
E-mail ,d lLrk rjhdk gS ;g nwjh ij fuHkZj ugha djrkA
3.
E-mail ls letters/messages ds lkFk2 files, photos etc. other documents
dks Hkh send dj ldrs gSA

4.
Free lsok,sa miyC/k djkrh gSA
5.
Permanent Address j[krk gSA
6.
geas E-mail izkIr djus okys ls dksbZ Appointment ugha ysuk

iMrk gSA
7.
E-mail Message ds [kks tkus dk Mj Hkh ugh gksrk gSA
8.
E-mail izIr djus okyk O;fDr Hkh vojks/k eglwl ugh djrk
D;ksfd E-mail mlds Computer ds Message box es store gksrk gSA
Demerits/ Limitations of E-mail

1.
E-mail ,d Computer system ls nwljs Computer system rd fdlh Network
ds ek/;e ls Hksth tkrh gSA vr% fdlh vU; O;fDr dh E-mail i<us dh
laHkkouk c< tkrh gSA
2.
Sender ds E-mail dk forge (udyh) E-mail address cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
3.
dksbZ Hkh Receiver E-mail dks jksd ugha ldrkA vr% dbZ ckj
vupkgh E-mails Hkh izkIr djus ds fy;s Receiver viuk dkQh le; mu E-mail
dks NkaVus esa yxk nsrk gSA
4.
;fn Computer system ftlls message send dj jgs gS] cUn gS ;k dqN
vU; dk;ksZ esa O;Lr gS rks E-mail message igaqpus esa nsjh gks tkrh
gSA
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5.
Remote site ij E-mail Timeliness deliver ugha gks ikrh gS ;k xyr

Address ds dkj.k Email izkIr ugha gks ikrh gSA
POP (Post Office Protocol) and Web Based E-mail

fofHkUu websites }kjk miyC/k E-mail Services Web and POP (Post Office Protocol)
ij fuHkZj djrh gSA POP ds ek/;e ls Server ds }kjk btktr nsus ij ge viuk Email Server ls destination Address rd igWaqpkrs gS ;k vius Computer System ij
Mail izkIr djrs gSA POP og Protocol gS tks fd E-mail dks Download o Upload
djus ds dke vkrk gSA
E-mail lsok lcls igys Hotmail us 'kq: dh FkhA vkt Hotmail foo dh lcls cMh
E-mail lsok nsus okyh daiuh gSA dqN vU; Web based E-mail sites Address www.yahoo.com,
www.rediffmail.com,
www.sify.com,
www.netaddress.com,
www.indiatimes.com
E-mail Protocols
E-mail ds fy, fuEu Protocols use fd;s tkrs gS &
(i) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): - E-mail dk Main Protocol gSA bl
Protocol dh lgk;rk ls gh E-mail dks Transfer vFkkZr~ Send o Receive fd;k tkrk
gSA ;g TCP/ IP ifjokj dk Protocol gSA SMTP Protocol E-mail Server ij Internet
Provide djokrk gSA ;g Generally Domain Names dks Provide djokrk gSA
(ii) POP (Post Office Protocol): - ;g Program E-mail dks Read djus ds dke vkrk
gS vFkkZr~ E-mail dks Download ;k Upload djus ds dke vkrk gSA ;g Mail
Server ij vkus okyh lkjh Mails dks Handle djrk gSA POP Server vkus okyh
Mails dks lqjf{kr j[krk gSA POP dh lgk;rk ls izR;sd Client, Server ls viuh Emails dks izkIr djrk gSA
bl izdkj eq[;r% SMTP o POP E-mail Protocol gS ijUrq blds vfrfjDr TCP/IP
ifjokj dk izR;sd Protocol Mail Server esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA tSls TCP,
IP, UDP, UUCP, FTP, Telnet etc.
How to Create E-mail Address
E-mail Account Create djus ds Steps&
(i)
Internet Connection
(ii) Click Dialup-Network

(iii) Make a New Connection
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(iv) Connection Name
(v) Made Connection
Step-2: (i)
Click Web Browser
(ii) In address Bar, Write www-----------------(iii) Open/Edit Home page--------------------(iv) Click Sign up Bottom
(v) Display form
(vi) Fill all options
(vii) Register yourself
Mailing list: - Mailing list ds }kjk ,d E-mail dks cgqr ls yksxks ds ikl ,d lkFk
Hkstk tk ldrk gSA ;fn ge Hkh Message dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gS rks ml
List es Lo;a dks tksM nsaxsA tc ge fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks Message Hkstrs
gS rks ge mldk Address O;Dr djrs gSA ;fn ge ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dks
E-mail Hkstuk pkgrs gS rks gesa lcds E-mail Adresses type djus iMsaxsA
Mailing list usenet ls fHkUu gksrh gSA Mailing list ds lkFk vPNh ckr ;g gS
fd ge viuh ilUn dh Mail list dks pqu ldrs gSA fdlh Mailing list dsk use djus
ls igys fuEu nks ckrksa dks le>uk vko;d gS &
(i) gesa Internet Mailing system dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A
(ii) fdlh Internet Address dks Read o le>uk vkuk pkfg;sA
Computer ;g Mailing list lnL;kas dh list ls izkIr djrk gSA fdlh nwljs dks Email Send djus ls igys Mailing list dks ,d fufpr address nsuk gksrk gSA tc
ge bl address ij message Hkstrs gS rks ;g Message Lor% gh List eas

ukekafdr lHkh O;fDr;ks ds address ij iWgqp tkrk gSA blh izdkj ;fn fdlh
Message dk tokc ns jgs gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ge Mail list ds lHkh
O;fDr;ksa dks Mail Hkst jgs gSA
How Mailing List is being Administered

Mailing list dk eq[; dk;Z List esa uke fy[ks O;fDr;ksa ds ckjs eas
tkudkjh j[kuk gSA Mailing list esaa fdlh Request dks Mkyuk] Subscribe
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djuk dgykrk gSA fdlh List eas ls tkudkjh dks gVkuk Unsubscribe djuk
dgykrk gSA
fdlh Mailing list dks Manage djus ds fy;s nks rjhds dke esa yk, tkrs gSA
lkekU;r% fdlh list dks fdlh Program }kjk O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA Subscribe
djus ds fy;s geas fdlh Special Address ij lansk Hkstuk gksrk gS vc bl
Address ls vkbZ Mails Lor% gh List Administration Program }kjk fdz;kfUor
gks tkrh gSA lkekU;r;k Mailing list lkoZtfud ;k futh gksrh gSA dqN
Mailing list fuEu gS &
(i)
ListServ: - bls eq[;r;k IBM ds Mainframe ds Computer ij fdz;kfUor djus
ds fy;s cuk;k x;k gSA ;g Program mailing list dks Manage djrk gSA bldk
iwjk uke List Server gSA
(ii)
ListProc: - tc Internet iz.kkyh yksdfiz; gks xbZ rks yksxks us E-mail ds
ek/;e ls fopkj&foe'kZ djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA vf/kdrj yksxkas us viuh

[kqn dh List cukus dh bPNk tkfgj dhA ijUrq ListServ Program dsoy
Mainframe ij gh py ldrk FkkA bl deh dks nwj djus ds fy;s ListServ ds dbZ
Versions vkSj ListProc (List Processer) cuk, x,A
(iii) Major Dome: - bls Brent Chapman us fodflr fd;kA ;g Hkh Mailing list eas
vkus okyh lkjh Requests dks Lor% Handle djrk gSA izR;sd Mailing list eas
nks izdkj ds addresses gksrs gSA
1. Administrative Address: - bldk use Mailing List ds lkFk Communicate djus ds
fy;s djrs gSA

2. Information Communication Address: - bldk use List dks message Hkstus esa
fd;k tkrk gSA

Finding Mailing list: - Internet ij Mailing list dh la[;k yk[kkas eas gSA izfrfnu
ubZ Mailing List blesa tqM tkrh gS vkSj dqN gV tkrh gSA ;fn ge Internet
ij List dh miyC/krk ds ckjs esa tkuuk pkgsa rks ge fofHkUu L=ksrks
ds ek/;e ls bu Mailing Lists dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSA bl tkudkjh ;k
lkjkak dks List of Lists dgrs gSA
(i)
PAML (Publically Accessible Mailing list)
(ii) Internet List of list

(iii) ListServ Mailing list
(iv) Mailing List search Engine
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Data Transmission Protocol: - Data Transmission Protocol os Protocols gS tks Internet
;k Network ij Files, Information o Other Messages dks ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer ij
lEiw.kZ :i ls Transfer djus ds fy;s mi;ksx esa fy, tkrs gSA Data Transmission
Protocol eas fuEu Protocols eq[; gS&
1. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): - FTP TCP/ IP dk gh ,d Hkkx gSA ;g Protocol
software dk Set of rules gksrk gSA ;g Client Server Principle ij vk/kkfjr gSA tc
Client FTP Program ds }kjk User Server ls Intract djrk gS rFkk FTP Server ls
information, services etc. dks Access djrk gS rc File Transfer gksdj Client Computer
eas Save gks tkrh gSA tc bl File dks use eas fy;k tkrk gS rc Client Program
dks use eas fy;k tkrk gSA FTP Protocol Binary rFkk Text files dk vknku iznku
djrk gSA FTP ds Basic step fuEu gS &
(1) Connect to FTP Server
(2) File dk Structure rS;kj djuk
(3) Transfer the file
Information: - FTP user dks Information dks Access djus dh Permission nsrk
gSA blds fy;s Special Account rFkk Password dh vko;drk ugha gksrh
gSA ;g Password rFkk Login name E-mail okyk gh use esa ysrk gSA FTP dh
Policy bl izdkj gS &
1. Shareware: - ;s software Trial Period rd free gksrs gS ijUrq ckn eas mudks
Payment djuk iMrk gSA
2. Freeware: - ,sls software Completely free gksrs gSA example Font, ClipArt
3. Upgrades & Patches: - Current Software dks upgarde djus ;k mldh Problems
dks Fix djus ds dke vkrs gSA

4. Document: - FTP Server ij files geskk Compressed jgrh gSA Compression ls
file dh size de gks tkrh gSA Compressed file esa cgqr lkjh Files Store
jgrh gS ijUrq Server mu Files dks cgqr de le; esa gh fufpr LFkku ij
igWaqpk nsrk gSA blds fy;s Software gksrk gS tks fd file dks
Decompress djrk gSA
2. TCP / IP (Transmission Control protocol / Internet Protocol): - TCP/ IP Protocol
okLro eas collection of protocol rules gS tks fd Data dks ,d Computer ls nwljs
Computer ij Network ds }kjk Hkstrk gSA TCP/ IP Protocol Hkh nks Components
ls cuk gS &
22 / 60

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): - TCP Data dks Packets ds :i rksMrk gS
rFkk mudks Destination rd igaqpkrk gS vkSj Data dks Reassemble Hkh djrk
gSA
IP (Internet Protocol): - IP Protocol fuEu dk;Z djrk gSA
1. Envelops & Address the Data
2. Network Envelops dks Read djds mUgas Forword djrk gS rFkk mUgsa
Destination ij Send djrk gSA
3. IP ;g Hkh fufpr djrk gS fd fdrus Data ,d Envelops ds vUnj Send djus
gSA
4. budk lEcU/k vkil esa ,d Postal System dh rjg gksrk gS A
3. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): - ;g User Processing ds fy;s Connectionless
Protocol gSA UDP Protocol fdlh Hkh izdkj dh Gaurantee iznku ugha djrk fd
gekjs }kjk Hkstk x;k Data lgh Destination rd igqapsxk ;k ugha tcfd TCP
Protocol ;g xkjUVh iznku djrk gSA
4. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol ): - bl Protocol dk dk;Z Gateway rFkk
User ds chp vkus okyh xyrh (Errors) dks laHkkyuk gS rFkk muds chp
Information ds Interface dks control djuk gSA ICMP messages IP datagrams ds }
kjk Hksts tkrs gS tks fd TCP/ IP Network }kjk fn;s tkrs gS u fd User ds }
kjkA
5. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) :- ;g Protocol FTP ls ljy gSA ;g Protocol
Client rFkk Server Processes ds chp Files ds vknku iznku ds fy;s use eas fy;k
tkrk gSA ;g Protocol FTP dh rjg User Authentication Directory dh lwph ns[kus
ds ckn Facilities provide djokrk gSA TFTP Protocol bruk ljy gksrk gS fd bldh
lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh Workstation dks LAN eas vklkuh ls tksMk tk ldrk gSA
6. Telnet: - ;g Protocol Remote Login dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA ;g Client
System ij user dks ,slh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS ftlds ek/;e ls user Remote
System ij Login dj ldrk gSA tc ,d ckj Login gks tkrk gS rc user ds }kjk
Hksth x;h Request ;k Data, User Process }kjk Server process rd igaqWprk
gSA ;g Program Hkh FTP dh rjg TCP Protocol dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
7. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): - SMTP protocol nks Systems ds chp
Mails ds vknku iznku ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g TCP connection dk use
djds nks Systems ds chp Mails dk vknku iznku djrk gSA
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8. RIP (Routing Information Protocol): - bl Protocol dk dk;Z ml Routing Database
dks cuk, j[kuk gS tks fd Host ls Packets ds :i esa nqljs Host rd Hksts
tk;saxsA RIP dk dk;Z mu lHkh Packets ds iFk ds ckjs ea Hkhs tkudkjh
j[kuk gksrk gS tks ,d Host ls Host rd Hksth tkrh gSA
8. SPP (Sequenced Packet Protocol): - ;g Protocol User Process ds fy,s Connection
Oriented Protocol gS rFkk ;g bl ckr dh xkjUVh iznku djrk gS fd vkidk
Datagram lgh lyker vius Address rd igWaqp tk;sxkA ;g Protocol Data dks
Buffer stream esa Hkstrk gS rFkk Message Boundary tSlh Facility Provide djrk
gSA
9. PEP (Packet Exchange Protocol): - ;g Protocol User process ds fy;s connectionless
Protocol gS ;g fdlh Hkh izdkj dh xkjUVh iznku ugha djrk gS fd gekjs }
kjk Hkstk x;k Datagram lgh lyker Destination rd igWaqpsxk ;k ughA ;g

Protocol Reliable ugha gSA ;g dsoy Transmission dk dk;Z djrk gS] Duplicate
Data vkus ij mls [kkstus eas vleFkZ gksrk gSA
10. UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol): - UUCP Protocol dbZ Programs dk ,d Set
gS ftldk dk;Z Files dks Copy djuk rFkk Commands dks nwljs System ij Run
djuk gSSA bl Protocol dk igyk version 7 Unix Fkk tks fd Telephone Line }kjk
Dialup Network ij dk;Z djrk FkkA UUCP Program rc dke vkrk gS tc ,d File
dks ,d System ls nwljs System ij Copy djkuk gksrk gSA
Client/ Server Architecture & its Characterstics

Client Server Model (Archiecture) ,sls okrkoj.k ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k x;k gS tgkW
ij Computers dh vf/kdrk gksA Archiecture Term, Hardware, Software ;k nksukas

ds lekosk ls lEcfU/kr gSA System dk Architecture foLr`r :i ls xgjh :ijs[kk
dks Li"V djrk gS rFkk blds Bhd rjg ls dk;Z djus dks Hkh Li"V djrk
gSA ;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gS &
(i) Open Architecture
(ii) Closed Architeclure
(i) Open Architecture: - blesa System dks vklkuh ls Device ls connect dj ldrs gS
rFkk blds fy;s Program manufacturer cukrk gSA Open Architecture off the Self
Computer dk iz;ksx djrk gS tks bldh xq.kork dks fodflr djrk gSA
(ii) Closed Architecture: - blesa tks bldks cukrk gS mlds vykok fdlh System
dks Connect djuk cgqr eqfdy gksrk gSA
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Definition of Client: - vkn'kZ :i esa Client ,d Application gS tks fd Personal
Computer ;k Workstation ij Run gksrh gS rFkk ;g Server dks Operations ds fy;s
Request djrk gSA Ex.- E-mail client ,d Application gS tks fd E-mail Send / Receive
djus eas dke vkrh gSA
Definition of Server: - ;g Main Computer gksrk gS tks fd Devices, Network
Resources o Files dk Management djrk gSA Server izk;% lefiZr gksrk gS bldk
eryc gS fd Server ogh dk;Z djrs gS ftuds fy;s mls cuk;k x;k gS] blds
vykok dksbZ vU; dk;Z ugha djrkA tSls :- File Store Server dsoy Files dks
gh Store djrk gS og Printer ec Devices dk Management ugha djsxkA Server ij
izk;% Multiprocessing Operating System Load gksrs gSA tks fd ,d le; esa ,d ls
vf/kd dk;Z dj ldrs gSA tc ,d Server ,d ls vf/kd Clients dks lfoZl miyC/k
djokrk gS rks ;g lEcU/k Many-to-One relation dgykrk gSA
Peer To Peer Architecture: - ;g ,d izdkj dk Network gS ftleas lHkh workstation
dh lkeF;Z rFkk mrjnkf;Ro leku gksrk gSA ;g Client/ Server Architecture ls

vyx gksrs gSA ftlesa ,d gh Computer lHkh Computers dks lsok;sa iznku
djrk gSA Peer to Peer Network ljy gksrs gS ysfdu Hkkjh ncko ij lkekU;r%
leku lkeF;Z ds lkFk dk;Z ugha dj ikrsA
Two-Tier Archiecture: - Client/ Server Architecture ftueas fd user Interface Client ij
Run gksrk gS rFkk Database Server ij Store gksrk gSA okLrfod Application
logic ;k rks Client ij ;k Server ij Run gksrh gSA
Advantages of Client / Server Architecture

1. Security: - Distribution Computing eas lHkh rjQ ls vusd Security Provider
gksrs gSA tks fd Client dks izekf.kr gksus rFkk Data transfer ls Data dks
cpkrk gSA Internet eas lqjf{kr Protocol dh t#jr gksrh gSA Secure Socket
rFkk HTTP fuEu Security Methods dk iz;ksx djrh gSA ;g Security ds fy;s vyx
Encription eas fdlh Hkh Message dks Encript ;k Code djds Transmit djrk gS
rFkk Destination ij iqu% Decript ;k Decode dj ysrk gSA blls vxj Transmission
ds le; Message dks pqjkus dh dksfkk dh tkrh gS rks Message le> eas
gh ugha vk;sxkA bl izdkj Message dh Security dh tkrh gSA
2. Data Transfer: - tc Server ij Data dh Processing execute gksrh gS rc user dks
Double Data Transfer dk;Z djus dh vko;drk gksrh gS] ,d Data User ds lkFk
rks nwljk Server ij gksrk gSA yxkrkj Data Transfer eas de ls de nqxus le;
25 / 60

dh vko;drk gksrh gSA Client, Server Hardware ls ,d gh le; eas dbZ Datas
dh ekax dj ldrs gS blls MkVk vknku iznku esa nsjh gks ldrh gSA
tc vko;d Logic (Application Program) Client ds ikl Data processing ds fy;s
miyc/k gksrk gS rks dsoy ,d ckj Server ls Data Transfer dh vko;drk gksrh
gSA izR;sd Application dk;Z Client application ds }kjk gksrk gS rc Server ij
de ncko iSnk gksrk gSA
3. Software Maintenance: - Server Site Processing system dk izLrko djus okykas
us tYnh fl) dj fn;k fd Software ns[kHkky ewY; ,d vge eqn~nk gSA tc

Data Processing Logics Client Applicatioin eas jgrh gS rks lHkh Client Applications
dk updation, Denting dgykrk gSA blesa User Interface rFkk Data Interations
Components dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA Software dk uploading Data de ncko dk
gksrk gS] Client esa cnykoksa ds fy;s vko;d gS fd dsoy Central System
(Server) ij cnyko dj fn;k tk, rkfd ;fn Client }kjk data Update gksus i'pkr~ tc
Hkh user (Client) Server ls tqMsxk rks Latest Data gh Download gksxkA
Distributed Object Model dk use djds Software j[k&j[kko de dj ldrs gSA
4. Remote Access to Engineering Data: - Central Data Storage vf/kdrj Engineering
Forms dh uhao gSA Engineering Projects esa Design vkSj vko;d vfHkys[k
ds vkUrfjd fgLls Hkh lfEefyr gS rFkk ;g bldh lqjf{kr iwath gSA Remote
Transmission vf/kdrj txgksa ij dke djus okys Engineers, Bsdsnkjks vkSj vU;
'kgjks esa Client ds fy;s vko;d gSA bl leL;k dk lek/kku Model Server
Publicer gS ftleas nksukas FAT vkSj THIN Clients dh lfU/k dk mi;ksx dj
ldrs gSA
5. Document Management: - Three-Tier Architecture, Network Database Server dk
mi;ksx djus ds lkFk Document Management System dks Document Storage

Solution Projectwise Workgroup eas izLrwr djrk gSA Microstation eas tqMs gq,
vfHkys[kkas dks Central Database eas tksMrs gS vkSj os Word Processor o
SpreadSheet Software dk mi;ksx dj cuk, tkrs gSA Database Server rFkk
Projectwise Application ds e/; Transmission rFkk Storage Processing dk;ksZ dks
ckaWV fn;k tkrk gSA
Characteristics :-
1- fdlh computer Network dk iw.kZ:i ls use

2. Client Server Model present Resources dk optimum (iw.kZ:i) use djuk lqfufpr
djrk gSA
3. Client Server model Quelle system use esa ysrk gSA
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4- bldh lgk;rk ls Client Server ij mifLFkr lHkh Resources dk use dj ldrs gSA
5. Networking dh nks rduhdsa LAN o WAN Client Server Model ij vk/kkfjr gSA
6. Internet Hkh Client Server Model ij vk/kkfjr gSA
FTP & its Usages

Information ;k Data dks File ds :i esa Store j[kk tkrk gSA Internet ij ,d Computer
ls nwljs Computer ij Files dks Send djus ;k Copy djus dh Service FTP dgykrh
gS vFkkZr~ File Transfer Protocol }kjk Internet ij nks Computers ds e/; Files
Transfer djus dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Computer ij FTP dk use djus ds
fy,s Computer ij ,d Account (Login Name) dk gksuk t#jh gSA FTP Internet ij
vU; Computer ls User dks Files Download djrs gSA dqN lkekU; FTP Public Sites
ij ls Softwares dks Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSA
Public FTP sites geskk E-mail LoginName & Password dsk dke eas ysrh gSA
ge vU; Computer ls Files dk vknku&iznku ugha dj ldrsA ge flQZ mUgha

Computers ls Files Access dj ldrs gS tks FTP Server dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSA
Internet ij vusd FTP Sites/ Servers miyC/k gSA FTP Site list Downloading ds fy;s
dqN Compression Technique dk Kku gksuk vko;d gSA Compression esa Files
dh Size de gks tkrh gS rFkk Download rsth ls gksrk gSA Download gksus
ds ckn Compressed File dks Software dh lgk;rk ls Uncompressed fd;k tkrk gSA
dqN famous Compression software gS & Pkzip, Sit, Binlex etc
Advantage of FTP: (i) foo esa dgha ls Hkh Data Files rFkk Programs dks vklkuh ls rFkk rsth
ls Hkstk o izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(ii) Without name FTP ds lkFk ge vklkuh ls Free vkSj Shareware Softwares etc.,
Computer System ds fy;s izkIr dj ldrs gSA
How do you use FTP: - Web Browser ds }kjk lh/ks FTP dks use djuk lcls vklku
rjhdk gSA tc ge Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer ;k vU; fdlh Browser dk use
djrs gS rks FTP dk lEcU/k vU; fdlh Web House dh rjg yxrk gS tgak cgqr
lkjs Free Shareware Software packages without name FTP ls link jgrs gSA
(1) Mac, PC vkSj Linux software general Web Page ij jgrs gS ge vusd oxksZ
esa Software dks search dj ldrs gSA
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(2) Mac, PC vkSj Linux software lkekU; FTP link ij jgrs gS ,d Public Directory
rFkk Sub Directory dks ns[krk gS tks Hierarchy Method esa gksrh gSA
blesa ls Browser ,d File dks pqurs gSA
(3) ge Graphical FTP Client dks Hkh use dj ldrs gS tks fd T;knk vklku vkSj
ewy:i ls Pointer Grab gSA Graphical FTP Client dk Web Browser ij ;g ykHk gS fd
FTP file dks Remote Computer ls yk;k tk ldrk gSA Ex - Microsoft Windows ds
FTP client dks WSFTP dgrs gSA
Using FTP: - Window ;k Macintosh ij vk/kkfjr FTP softwares lkekU;rk Graphical
Interface dks izLrqr djrs gSA Local Files & Directories ,d txg ij vkSj Remote
Files vkSj Directories dks nwljh txg j[kk tkrk gSA Local vkSj Remote machines
esa Directory dks Change djuk Mouse click djus tSlk vklku gSA izk;% ,d File
dks Local area ls Remote area esa ys tkus ds fy;s mls Drag djuk gksrk gSA
FTP client gedks vius Remote Web Space Area esa fdlh Hkh rjg dh File vkSj
Directory dk uke Change o Delete djus dh Lohd`fr iznku djrk gSA
(1) Filename: - Server ij Filename Case Sensitive gksrk gSA bldk eryc gS fd
Capital Letter rFkk Small Letter ds Character eas vUrj gksrk gSA tSls &
Index.Html
(2) Transfer mode: - FTP ds lkFk Transfer djus ds fuEu 3 Modes gS &
(A) Binary mode: - CGI Script ds vykok ;g T;knkrj lHkh Files ds fy;s use fd;s
tkrs gSA Binary Mode Image Files ds fy;s vko;d gS rFkk HTML Files ds fy;s
Hkh vPNk jgrk gSA
(B) ASCII Mode: - bldk lkekU;r% CGIScript dks Transmit djus esa mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu dsoy Plain Text dks gh Upload djus eas ASCII mode dk
mi;ksx djrs gSA ;|fi ckn eas bleas Unique Shell ds }kjk cnyko dj ldrs
gSA CGIScript file dk Extension CGI gksrk gS rFkk ;g file ASCII Transfer mode }
kjk gh upload gksrh gSA
(C) Auto Mode: - T;knkrj vk/kqfud FTP Client vius vki r; djrs gS vkSj
izR;sd File dks Upload djus ds fy;s Better Mode use esa ysrs gSA Auto Mode
dk use djuk T;knk lqjf{kr gSA
(3)
Permission: - CGI Script lgh vuqefr ds fy;s Set gksrk gSA T;knkrj
vk/kqfud FTP, FTP Client }kjk vuqefr nsrs gS ;|fi dqN Client bl xq.k dks
ugha j[krs gSA
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(4) Directory Structure: - Directory Structure le>us gsrq gesa Public HTML folder
ds vUnj Web Root ls kq: djuk gksxkA tc ge igyh ckj FTP dks Open djrs
gS rks vius vki [kqyrs gh lkekU;r;k Directory dk Sub Folder open gksrk gSA
gekjh Home directory esa E-mail vkSj Log ls Related vU; Files or Folder gksrs
gS tks fd World Wide Web ds }kjk vfHkxe ;ksX; ugha gksrs gSA
Telnet Concept - Remote logging
Telnet ,d Internet Service gS tks Internet ij Other Computer ij Login djus dh
Permission iznku djrk gS vFkkZr~ Telnet ,d ,slh Network Application gS tks ,d
Computer dks Internet ij nwljs Computer ds lkFk Connect djrk gSA
tc Internet ls connected Computer ij ge dk;Z djrs gS rks ge ,d cgqr cMs

Computer Networks ls tqM tkrs gS rFkk fdlh Hkh Other Computer, tks fd
Network (Internet) ls tqMk gS] ds lkFk lwpuk dk vknku&iznku dj ldrs gSA
;g lHkh dke Internet ij Telnet Service }kjk miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA
Telnet dk use djrs gq, Host Computer ij login djus ds fy;s loZizFke Internet ls
connection LFkkfir djuk gksrk gSA vkSj fQj Telnet ds }kjk vU; Computer
dks IP Address ds }kjk connect djrs gSA tc gekjk dk;Z lekIr gks tkrk gS
rks Host Computer ls Connection lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
Remote Logging: - Telnet dks Remote Logging ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
Telnet Commands ds }kjk fdlh Hkh Remote Computer eas Login dj ldrs gS
vkSj ,d nwljs computer ds ikl iwjk Data ;k Program Hksts fcuk Services vkSj
Resources dks use djrs gSA
Telnet Session dks izkjEHk djus ds fy;s vius Computer ij Telnet Program dks
run djds vkSj ml Site dk IP Address nsdj ;k Site dk Domain Name nsdj tqMrs
gSA ,d ckj tc Connection establish gks tkrk gS rks Remote site ls Login name
rFkk Password ls tqMrs gS ;k dqN ifjfLFkfr;kssa esa Domain name/ IP
Address rFkk Port Number ls Connection LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA ,slh Sites Login
ugh ekaxrhA tc Client dk Remote Site ds lkFk Connect establish gks tkrk gS
rks Remote site Lor% Program dks Start dj nsrh gSA
Server ;k Remote System ds Connection dks lekIr (Terminate) djus ds fy;s Ctrl
+ ] keys dks nckuk gksrk gSA blls geas Telnet Prompt fn[kkbZ nsxk tks
gekjs Computer ij Run gks jgs Telnet Program dk gksxkA vc blls ckgj vkus
ds fy;s Quit command dk use fd;k tkrk gSA
Telnet> Quit
29 / 60

Connection closed
;gkaW ij Telnet> Prompt gSA
Terminal Emulation: ,sls Computers tks Moniter ls 'kCn] vad okD;kas dks nkkZ ldrs gks ijUrq
Graphics dks ugha nkkZ ldrs] rks os vius vki esa Terminal ds lkFk dke
djus ds fy;s cuk, x, gSA tc fdlh Program dks fdlh Terminal dks
dk;Zkhyrk iznku djuh gks rks Program rS;kj djuk iMrk gSA Terminal
Emulation fdlh Hkh Terminal ;k client dh (Authority) ifjekf.krk dks Check djrk
gSA blds eq[; dk;Z &
(1) Client dks Server ls Connect djuk
(2) Client dh Authority (ifjekf.krk) cheek djuk
(3) Client dks Server ij Access nsuk
(4) Password Change djukA
(5) Server ls dqN E-mails ;k Files dks i<dj Delete djuk
(6) Arrange Web Site files
Message Board
Message Board ,d ,slh Application gS tks fdlh Hkh Firm, Company ;k
Organization eas fdlh Hkh Message ;k Information ds izlkj.k eas Use yh tkrh
gSA Message Board ,slk eap iznku djrk gS ftl ij dksbZ Hkh vius fopkj
O;Dr dj ldrk gSA Internet dh nqfu;k esa Message Board ,d ,slk lkDr ek/;e
gS ftlds }kjk ge vius fopkjkas dks fdlh fo"k; oLrq] O;fDr] oLrq vkfn
ds ckjs esa O;Dr rFkk mUgs Internet ds ek/;e ls vU; yksxkas ds lkFk
Share dj ldrs gS o fofHkUu fopkjksa dks ns[k Hkh ldrs gSA
tc ge fdlh Internet site, tks fd Message Board dh facility provide djrh gS] ij
mifLFkr dbZ Options esa ls fdlh Option ds fy;s Message Board ij click djrs gS
rks og mu lHkh Subjects dh List miyC/k djkrk gS ftu ij gesa vius fopkj
O;Dr djus gS ;k nwljksa ds fopkjksa dks i< ldrs gSA Message Board dh
Facility dbZ Internet sites ij miyC/k gSA tSls: - yahoo.com, hotmail.com Message
Board nks izdkj ds gksrs gS &
1. Urgent MessageBoard
2. Normal Message Board
30 / 60

1. Urgent Message Board: - Urgent Message Board esa company ds Urgent Messages
fn[kk;s tkrs gS ftUgas fd tYnh ls lkjs deZpkfj;ksa dks nsus gSA

2. Normal Message Board: - bleas Normal Messages dks Employees/Employers dks
Transmit fd;k tkrk gS ftls user viuh lqfo/kk ds vuqlkj i< ldrk gSA
Internet Chatting Voice Chat & Text Chat

Internet us iwjh nqfu;k dks ,d Global Village cuk fn;k gSA Internet us dbZ
lqfo/kk;sa iznku dh buesa ls ,d Chatting Hkh gSA Chatting rqjUr

Conmunication djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrh gSA Chatting ds }kjk ge nqfu;k
ds fdlh Hkh dksus eas cSBdj vius Friend ls Chat dj ldrs gSA tc ge fdlh
Chatting Program dh lgk;rk ls Chatting djrs gS rks gekjs }kjk Type fd;k x;k
Message mu lHkh Computers dh Screen ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tks ml ckrphr ds
lanskks dk vknku&iznku dj jgs gSA Chatting ds fy;s dbZ Programs
fofHkUu Sites ij miyC/k gksrs gS ftudks ge Internet ls Download dj ldrs
gSA ex.- Yahoo Messanger, MSN Messanger
Chatting eas Information dk Synchronous Transamission blesa lHkh Hkkx ysus
okys O;fDr;ksa dks rqjUr fd;k tkrk gS] muds chp esa le; vUrjky ugha
gksrk gSA tcfd E-mail esa Asynchronous Transmission gksrk gSA Voice Mail
eas Hkh lwpukvkas dk Asynchronous Transmission gksrk gSA Chatting nks
izdkj dh gksrh gS &
(i) Text Chatting
(ii) Voice Chatting
(i) Text Chatting: - Text Chatting esa lqpukvksa dk vknku&iznku Text ds :i
esa gksrk gSA blesa ,d User Message dks Text ds :i esa fy[kdj nqljs User,
ftlls fd oks Chat dj jgk gS] Send dj nsrk gSA og Message nwljs user ds
Computer ij Display gks tkrk gS vc nwljk user mldk Reply ns ldrk gSA Reply
ds fy;s nksukas users Online gksus t#jh gSsA Chat program eas nks rjg dh
Window gksrh gSA ,d Window esa Messages izkIr gksrs gS rFkk nwljs esa
Messages dks Type djds send djrs gSA Internet ds ek/;e ls Message dk rqjUr
vknku&iznku djuk gh Chatting dgykrk gSA
(ii) Voice Chatting:- Voice Chatting ds fy;s ;g vko;d gS fd tks nks Users vkil
eas chatting djuk pkgrs gS muds ikl Head Phone o Sound Card gks] D;kasfd
blesa Chatting djus okys O;fDr Messages dks Microphone dh lgk;rk ls Wave
(Wav) file ds :i esa ifjofrZr djds vknku&iznku djrs gSA Mike ls tks
31 / 60

Messages ge nwljs user dks nsuk pkgrs gS og Send gks tkrk gS rFkk Head
Phone ls mldk Reply okil Message ds :i eas lqu tkrk gSA
Voice Chatting, Text Chatting ls vklku gS D;kasfd bleas Keyboard dk use ugha
gksrk gSA nksuksa izdkj dh Chatting ds fy;s nksukas users dk bPNqd

vkSj online gksuk t:jh gSA Text Chatting ds }kjk fdlh Hkh file dks Send dj
ldrs gSA
Data Transmission: - Computers vkSj Terminals Non Return to Zero (NRZ) code ds }
kjk ,d nwljs ds lkFk Conmunicate djrs gSA vr% Clocking communicatim esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA Computers ds chp rkyesy cukdj Data
dks nks izdkj ls Transmit djrs gSA
1. Asynchronous Transmission: - bl Method ds }kjk ge Data dks Bytes eas
foHkkftr dj ysrs gSA ,d Byte ,d character dks O;Dr djrh gSA izR;sd Byte
ds lkFk Start rFkk Stop signals tqMs gksrs gSA tks nksukas Devices ds chp
rkyesy cuk;s j[krs gSA igys Data izkIr djus okyh Device dks crk fn;k
tkrk gS fd Data vk jgk gS vkSj fQj Data Send djus okyh Device Data Send
djrh gS rkfd Data vkil esa Vdjkdj u"V uk gksA
2. Synchronous Transmission: - blesa Data Frames ds :i eas Hksts tkrs gSA ;s
frames dbZ Bytes ls feydj cus gksrs gS rFkk izR;sd Byte ds chp eas
dksbZ vUrjky ugha gksrk gS tSlk fd Asynchronous Transmission eas gksrk

gSA Synchronous Transmission eas Receiver Frame dks Bytes esa foHkkftr djrk
gS D;kasfd izR;sd Byte ,d Character dks O;Dr djrh gSA Synchronous
Transmission dks Asynchronous Transmission ls vPNk ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd
blesa Data dks ,d lkFk frame ds :i esa Hkstk tkrk gSA Synchronous
Transmission tfVy rFkk egaxk gksrk gSA
tc nks Computers Network ij Information dk vknku&iznku dj jgs gksrs gS
rks muds chp nks rjg dk Communication gks ldrk gS &
1. Connection Oriented: - bl Communication ds kq# esa Computer vkSj Network
ds chp dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gksrk gS nksukas gh Idle State esa gksrs
gSA Computer ls Network ds ek/;e ls Communication djus ds fy;s igys
Connection LFkkfir djuk gksrk gS] bls Handshaking dgrs gSA blds ckn
Computer Data Send/ Receive djrk gSA Data Transfer iw.kZ gksus ds ckn
Computer ml Connection dks lekIr dj okil viuh Idle voLFkk eas vk tkrk
gSA
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2. Connectionless: - bl rjg ds Network esa igys ls gh Idle fLFkfr esa ekStwn
Computer ;k Network lh/ks Data Transfer djus yxrs gSA ;g Network T;knk
Reliable ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa Data Flow Control, Error Recovery tSlh
lqfo/kk,sa ugha gksrh gSA Connectionless Network dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k

gS E-mail ;k Letters dk vknku & iznkuA
33 / 60

UNIT 2
WORLD WIDE WEB
History of www
Internet ls tqMs gq, lHkh Computers, Files (Document) dks i<us ds fy;s world
wide web dks Architectural Framework dh rjg use djrs gSA World Wide Web dh
kq:vkr 1989 eas Tim Berner Lee us CERN (Central European Research Network)
esa dh FkhA
World Wide Web ,d izdkj dk Database gS tks iwjs foo esa QSyk gqvk gSA
dksbZ Hkh user blds ek/;e ls lqpukvksa dks izkIr dj ldrk gSA World Wide
Web ls igys Internet dks lapkfyr djuk] lqpukvkas dkss izkIr ,oa use djuk
vR;Ur dfBu FkkA lkjh Files dks Open rFkk Download djus ds fy;s dqN
UNIX Skills (Commands) dk lgkjk ysuk iMrk FkkA www ds ipkr~ Internet
Surfing dkQh vklku gks xbZA
Www esa Electronic Web Pages cukrs gS tks fd Information dks Search djus ds
dke esa vkrs gSA 80 ds nkd esa HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
Programming language use esa vkus yxh tks fd web ij vk/kkfjr FkhA blls
igys Webpages eas flQZ Text dk gh use gks ldrk FkkA HTML vkus ds ckn
Text, Graphics, Sound, Animation bR;kfn dk mi;ksx gksus yxkA 1990 esa
Internet dk fodkl rsth ls gksus yxkA vc Millions of Internet Server gks x;s
ftueas ls dqN Information server vkSj dqN Service Server FksA eq[;r%
vf/kdkak Users www dk mi;ksx djus yxs D;ksafd www esa Graphics, Text,
Sound, Animation rFkk Searching available gksrh gSA www Graphically Internet
Server dks Access djus eas lgk;rk djrk gSA www dke eas ysus okys users
Webpages dks Surf djrs gSA ,d Page ls nwljs Page ij tkus ds fy;s oks
Hyperlink ij Click djrs gSA
www dk mi;ksx ge Communication ds fy;s djrs gSA World wide web dks ge
www Hkh dgrs gSA web lkjh lwpuk Hyper Text Tranfer Protocol (HTTP) ds }
kjk crkrh gSA

Home page ds }kjk dksbZ Hkh Organization ;k Company ;k O;fDr vius ckjs
esa ;k fdlh mRikn ds ckjs eas tkudkjh nsrs gSA blds vykok Webpage
gksrh gS ;g ,d world wide document gksrk gSA
34 / 60

Working of the web: - Web software Client Server Design dks /;ku esa j[kdj
cuk;k tkrk gSA Web Client ,d Program gS tks Documents ds fy;s Server ij viuh
Requests Hkstrk gS vkSj Web Server Hkh ,d Program gS tks Incoming Requests
dks izkIr djds ekaxs x;s Documents dk fooj.k Client dks okil Hkstrk gSA
www rFkk HTTP dk mi;ksx ge fuEu dk;Z ds fy;s dj ldrs gS &
;g vkil esa lqpukvkas ds Link cukus ds dke vkrh

gSA ;g Sound rFkk Graphics dk reference nsus ds Hkh dke vkrh gSA blls
nwljs Internet Protocol dks Communicate Hkh dj ldrs gSA
Internet, information dks ,d Server esa Documernt cukdj

Prepare djrk gSA HTML Documents, Special Code Section Document gksrs gSA
;s Special Code Hyper Link gksrs gS ftudh lgk;rk ls ,d Page dks nwljs
Page dks Connect fd;k tkrk gSA www Non-Linear gS vFkkZr~ bldk Top
rFkk Bottom ugha gksrk] blesa ,d Link ls nwljs Link ij tk ldrs gSA blls
ge Directory Resources dk use dj ldrs gS ijUrq mlds fy;s URL dk Address
gksuk pkfg;sA blesa Particular Document ds fdlh Hkh Part ij Hkh tk ldrs
gSA
Web Browsers & its Functions
Web Browsers ,d rjg dk Program ;k Software gS tks fd Internet ij miyC/k lkjh
facilities o Resources dks User rFkk Internet ds chp Interface djrk gSA Browser
dks Hkh ,d www Client vkSj universal Client dgrs gS D;kasfd ;g Hkh Client
Server Principle ij vk/kkfjr gSA Browser functions Hkh Client Programs gksrs
gSA Browser ds Rules user ds mij fuHkZj djrs gSA
1. Browser Web Server ls Connect gksrs gS vkSj Information dks Send djrs gSA
2. Browser Information dks Receive djds user ds computer ij Display djrk gSA
Web Browser Graphics and Text Base gksrs gSA ftlls Internet use djus okys
vklkuh ls use dj ldsA Textbased Browser only Textual matter gh nkkZrs gS

tcfd Graphical Browser Graphics, Photograph, Multi media, Images rFkk links bR;kfn
nkkZrs gSA Browser Program dh vko;drk ds vuqlkj Image dks display djrk
gS] Sound dks lqukrk gS rFkk Animation dks Sequencewise Run djrk gSA
tcfd TextBased Browsers Text dks nkkZrs gS o Hyperlink dks Keyboard dh
enn ls Access djkrs gSA eq[;r;k fuEu Browser gksrs gS &
35 / 60

1. Mosaic: - ;g GUI Based Browser gSA bls National Centre of Super Computing
Application (NCSA) }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA bl Browser dks eq[;r% Window
based OS ij pyk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ,d Client Program gS tks TCP/ IP Network ds
fy;s use fd;k tkrk gSA Mosaic igyk Web Browser software gSA
Functions of Mosaic:
blds }kjk lh/ks mu Resources rd igWaqp ldrs gS tks fd URL Address

dks Represent djrs gSA
Mosaic ds ek/;e ls ge vius Home Page ij vklkuh ls tk ldrs gSA
Mosaic ds }kjk ge Usenet News i< ldrs gSA
Mosaic ds }kjk E-mail send dj ldrs gSA
bllss Document dks Reload o Current Document dks Hotlist ls Connect dj

ldrs gSA
2. Lynx: - ;g ,d Text vk/kkfjr Browser Software gS tks fd Information dks Hyper
Text Manner ls Internet ls izkIr djus esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA ;g Full Screen
Program gS ftls vklkuh ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA
Functions of Lynx: -
Linux dk use webpage dks Full Screen ij ns[kus ds fy;s gksrk gSA
bldk use nqckjk Previous copy ij tkus ds fy;s gksrk gSA
Lynx ds ek/;e ls ge Next link ij Move dj ldrs gSA
fdlh Special Text dks find djus ds fy;s Hkh bldk use fd;k tkrk gSA]
bldk mi;ksx Current Link dks Select djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Netscape Navigator: - ;g ,d cgq izpfyr World Wide Web Browser program
gSA ;g Mosaic dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA blesa dqN special fo'ks"krk lekfgr
gSA Netscape Navigator Graphical User Interface (GUI) based Browser gS tks
gedks Window okrkoj.k iznku djrk gSA bldks Hkh Mosaic fuekZrkvkas }
kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA blesa igyk page, Home page dgykrk gSA
Functions of Netscape Navigator: vxj dksbZ Previous Document gS rks ml ij igWqpkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
Next Document o Starting Home page ij igqWpus ds fy;s Hkh bldk mi;ksx dj
ldrs gSA
Current Document dks Reload djus rFkk word Searching ds fy;s Hkh use fd;k
tkrk gSA
Loading jksdus ds fy;s Hkh bldk use fd;k tkrk gSA
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4. Microsoft Internet Explorer: - ;g Standalone Web Browser gSA tks Internet
connec-tion ds lkFk dk;Z djrk gSA Internet Explorer dks ge Microsoft dh
Website ls Hkh Download dj ldrs gSA tc ge Internet ls Connect gksrs gS rks
Microsoft Homepage Lor% gh fcuk fdlh site dk fooj.k fn;s gq, display gks
tkrk gSA vf/kdkakr% Browser Home page dks Refer djrs gS ysfdu Internet
Explorer start page dks Refer djrk gSA
dqN vU; Web Browser gS& Net Cruiser, CompuServe Mosaic, AOL, NCSA Mosaic,
Net com, Spyglass Mosaic.
Concept of Search Engine

Search Engine ,d Program gS tks Webpage ds ek/;e ls Web sites <wa<us eas
enn djrk gSA Search Engine mu Locations/ Addresses List dks iznfkZr djrk
gS tks gekjs Parameter/ Requirement ls feyrh&tqyrh gS vFkkZr~ Search
Engine ,d izdkj dk Web Server gS tks fd Keyword ds lEcfU/kr Websites dks
Search djds mudh list dks iznfkZr djrk gSA ,d vklku rjhds ls Internet ij
Data Search djus ds fy;s Search Engine dk use djrs gSA Search Engine ds }kjk
fdlh Information dks izkIr djuk cgqr ljy gks x;k gSA fdlh Hkh ubZ Website
dk URL address Search Engine ds ikl tek fd;k tkrk gS rFkk Web site ds Index
page ij Keyword dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA dqN Search Engine dk ,d Fixed
Format gksrk gS vkSj og vkkk djrk gS fd ge nqckjk viuk Keyword Type
djsaA nwljh rjQ dqN Search Engine flQZ URL dh ekax djrs gS rFkk
Keyword Website ls ysrs gSA Website Developer vyx2 Subjects ls lacaf/kr
tkudkfj;ksa dks Webpage ds ek/;e ls Link djrk gSA User viuh t:jr ds
vuqlkj ml Subject dks Search Engine ds }kjk Search djrk gSA Some popular
Search
Engines
are
www.yahoo.com,
www.infoseek.com,
www.hotmail.com,
www.google.com, www.khoj.com
bu Search Engines ij ,d Text Box fn[kkbZ iMrk gS ftlds lkeus Search/ Go fy[kk
gksrk gSA bl Box eas viuk Subject fy[k dj Search dks Click djus ij geas ml
Subject ls Related tkudkjh okyk Webpage fey tkrk gSA
Searching the web: - World Wide Web ij vusd Pages jgrs gSA tSls2 www dk
fodkl rsth ls c< jgk gS ;g vko;d gks x;k gS fd vklkuh vkSj tYnh ls
Webpage search djus ds fy;s Search Engine dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,A Search Engine
ds Front End ij Index Database gksrk gS vkSj ftl Keyword dks [kkstuk gS mls
Type djuk iMrk gSA fuEu izdkj ls web dks Search dj ldrs gS &
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1. Searching Through A Directory: - Address Box esa www.yahoo.com Address Type
djus ij yahoo website search gksdj Open gks tkrh gSA

2. Searching by Topic: - vf/kdrj Website dks Hierarchical laxfBr fd;k tkrk gS
vFkkZr~ igys ,d Simple Subject ls 'kq:vkr gksrh gS vkSj fQj ml Subject ij

cus Link ds ek/;e ls /khjs2s foks"k fo"k;kas dks Search fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Searching by Keyword: - fdlh Hkh Website esa Searching ds fy;s dksbZ Page
;k Subject laxfBr lajpuk esa gS ;k ugh ;g crk ikuk eqfdy gksrk gSA
Yahoo Website search xq.k dks kkfey j[krh gS tks gj Page ds Top esa fLFkr
gksrk gSA
4. Searching ds fy;s ,d ;k T;knk Words dks Box eas Type djus gksrs gSA
Box page ds Top esa cuk gksrk gS vkSj fQj Search Button ls searching djrs
gSA
5. Searching using Search Engine: - Search Engine website ds ek/;e ls iwjs Internet
dks Search djuk vR;Ur vklku gSA www.yahoo.com tSlh websites dk Structure
Hirerachical gksrk gSA vf/kdkak Search Engines ,d Single Webpage izkIr djrs
gS ftls internet ij ykxw djuk vlaHko gksrk gS tcfd nwljh rjQ ge Sites dh
list search djrs gSA ysfdu Search Engine vf/kdkak ifj.kkeksa dks Border pool
ds ek/;e ls okil dj nsrk gSA
Types of Search Engines &
1. General Search Engine: - General purpose Navigator os gS tks Internet o vU;
Resources ij Searching djrs gSA ;s dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA ;s fdlh
foks"k fo"k; ls lacaf/kr {ks= ij Searching djrs gSA mnkgj.k &

altavista.com, exite.com, infoseek.com, lycos.com etc.
2. Uniform Meta Search Engine: - ;g foks"k izdkj dk Navigator gS tks vU;
Search Engines dks Search djrk gSA bUgsa T;knkrj Meta Search Engine dgrs
gSA ;g vfrfokky {kS= eas Search djrk gSA

3. Multi Form Meta Search Engine: - vU; izdkj dk Meta Search Engine gS tks fd
tfVy vkSj Other Search Engines ds fy;s Multiple site ls kq# gksrk gS rFkk
dzec):i ls ,d ds ckn ,d Navigater esa Searching djrk gSA
4. Geographic Focus Navigators: - ;s Navigators fdlh Countary, City bR;kfn eas
Searching djrs gSA ;s foks"k LFkkuksa dks nkkZrs gSA
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
38 / 60

;g ,d ,slk protocol gS tks eq[;r% www ls Data Access djus esa dke vkrk
gSA ;g Protocol Data dks Simple Text, Audio, Video ds form esa gLrkukarfjr
djrk gSA bl izdkj HTTP dh dk;Z{kerk gedks Hyper Text envirment okrkoj.k
eas vf/kd lqfo/kk iznku djrh gSA ge ,d Document ls nwljs Document ij
vklkuh mldh lgk;rk ls vklkuh ls tk ldrs gSA HTTP Hkh Software dk Set of
Rules gS] tks fd Hyper Text dks ,d Computer ls nwljs computer esa Transfer djrk
gSA Hyper Text esa Special Type dh Coding use eas yh tkrh gS ftls HTML
(Hyper Text Markup Language) dgrs gSA
Hyper Text ds }kjk Text ,d Structure ds :i esa fy[ks gksrs gSA HTML code
Links dks cukrk gSA ;s Links Text rFkk Graphics nksukas gks ldrs gSA
T;kasfg ge Link ij click djrs gS rks nwljk Resource tSls fd HTML Document
open gks tkrk gS ftlds vUrxZr Text file Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj Graphics file
Hkh gks ldrh gS blds vykok Animation o Sound Hkh gks ldrs gSA
HTTP Hkh Client Server Principle ij dk;Z djrk gSA HTTP allow djrk gS fd tc
Client fdlh Hkh Server ls Request dks djrk gS rks Server ml Reqest dks HTTP }
kjk Identify djrk gS rFkk Client }kjk Hksth xbZ Request dks Resources rd
igqWpkrk gS vkSj Server dh lkjh lwpuk,sa Client dks nsrk gSA
lkekU;r% HyperText Blue colour ds vkSj Blue Underlined gksrs gSA tc Hkh
ge Mouse Pointer dks Link ds mij ys tkrs gS rks Pointer dk vkdkj cnydj
Hand Shape esa Change gks tkrk gSA HTTP Hkh nwljs Protocols tSls FTP,
SMTP, NNTP, WAIS , Gopher etc. dks support djrk gSA
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
fdlh Hkh Website dks ns[kus ds fy;s gesa Browser ds Address Bar eas ml
Website ;k Webpage dk Address Type djuk iMrk gSA ml web Page dk ;g Address
gh URL Address gksrk gS] bls Uniform Resource Locater (URL) dgk tkrk gSA
URL dk Address http ls 'kq: gksrk gS vFkkZr~ Web address dk uke Protocol
ds uke ls 'kq: gksrk gSA ;g ,d rjhdk gS ftldh ek/;e ls ge Webpage dh
lkjh lqpukvkas ls tqM ldrs gSA vf/kdkakr% ;g Protocol HTTP gksrk gS
bl Protocols dks http:// }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk blds ckn okys address
dks site Subdomains domain }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
blds ipkr~ ge ,d colon (:) vkSj ,d Port Number ftlesa fd Folder list o Directory
ds uke gksrs gS tks fd djrs gS ftldk File extension HTML gksrk gSA HTML
Primany document gS tks fd Web ij miyC/k gksrk gSA gekjs Browser dks fdl
39 / 60

Server ls tqMuk gS rFkk dkSulh lwpuk izkIr djuh gS ;g lkjh tkudkjh
URL }kjk nh tkrh gSA izR;sd izdkj dh Internet lqfo/kk dk viuk ,d vyx
Port number gksrk gS ;|fi gesa URL eas Port number type djuk iMrk gSA ;fn
Default Port number ml Service ds fy;s ugha gS rks Default Port number dks type
ugha djsaxs rc URL Lo;a gh Port number ys ysxkA nks Computers ds chp
Logical Connection dks Port dgrs gSA ;g Logical Connection ,d Number ds }kjk
LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS ftls Port Number dgrs gSA vFkkZr~ Port number og
number gS ftlds }kjk Host (Server), Client ds }kjk dh x;h Request dks igpkurk
gSA bl izdkj URL }kjk fdlh websites dk ge mi;ksx djrs gSA
Web Servers
Web Server, Web Browser dks Webpage vkSj Websites miyC/k djkus eas vge
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;g ,d rjg dh rduhd gS rks User dks vkSj Internet
dks ,d nwljs ls tksMrh gSA dbZ companies dk Lo;a dk Web server gS tcfd
dqN Companies, Internet Access company ls Web server fdjk;s ij ysrh gSA fcuk
Server ds dksbZ Webpage/ WebSite ugha gks ldrhA
Web Server dk ;g mn~ns; gksrk gS fd Home Page dks Web Browser dks
Deliver djs tc fd Browser bldh ekax djs vFkkZr~ Internet ij HTML Page dks
Display djus ls igys Web Server ls Relation LFkkfir djs vkSj tc Browser ;k
Client Request djs rks Web Server ds Hardware vkSj Software feydj ml Request
dks iwjk djsA bl izdkj ;g HTML Page dks Run djrk gSA
Windows Based Web Servers: 1. Commerce Buider
2. Emwac HTTP
3. Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
4. Natscape Fast Track Server
5. Netscape Enterprise server
6. Open Market Secure Web Server
Concept of Web Publishing

gekjs ikl tks Documents Store gksrs gS mUgsa HTML eas ifjofrZr djus ds
fy;s cgqr lkjs fodYi gSA Web Publisher bu fofHkUu Text Formats dks HTML
esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA Web Publisher MS-Excel, MS-PowerPoint etc. applications
dh files dks HTML files eas ifjofrZr djus ds vykok fuEu dk;Z Hkh djrk
gSA
1. File dks Batch (Group) esa Execute djrk gSA
40 / 60

2. Buttons dk fuek.kZ djrk gS rkfd ,d HTML Page ls nwljs HTML Page ij
vklkuh ls igqWpk tk ldsA

3. Graphical Images dks GIF Format eas ifjofrZr djrk gSA
4. Existing Tables esa Links cukrk gSA
Domain Name Registration

tc fdlh O;fDr ;k Company dks viuh WebSite Internet ij iznfkZr djuh gks rks
mlds fy;s loZizFke ml Person/ Company dks WebSite dk Domain Name Register
djokuk iMrk gS tks fd ;g nkkZrk gS fd og Site fdl izdkj dh WebSite gSA
Domain Name Registration dh Service cgqr ls ISP (Internet Service Provider), Web
Hosting Services rFkk Registration Services }kjk Provide dh tkrh gSA fdlh Hkh
user ;k company dks viuh WebSite Internet ij iznfkZr djus ds fy;s Domain
Name Registration djkuk iMrk gSA Domain Name Registration dh lqfo/kk
InterNIC }kjk miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA InterNIC dk dk;Z gekjh Website dks
Register djuk vkSj WebSite Location miyC/k djkuk gSA ysfdu ;g gekjs mij
fuHkZj djrk gS fd ge fdl Company dks Select djsaA Registration Service ds

fy;s Cost nsuh iMrh gSA Domain Name Registration djokrs le; fuEu ckrkas
dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s &
(i)
Registration Costing
(ii) Disk Storage Space

(iii) Other Technical Support by ISP
(iv) Free Limit lekIr gks tkus ds ckn izfr MB LFkku izkIr djus ds fy;s
Payment
(v) Security for WebSite rkfd Unauthorise O;fDr ml Information dks Access u dj
ldsA
Domain Name Registration Method

Domain Name Registration ds fy;s ml Company ds ek/;e ls] tks fd Server ij
Space miyC/k djk jgh gS] viuh Site dks Register djkuk gksrk gSA tc
dksbZ User viuh WebSite dks fdlh Company ds ek/;e ls Register djkrk gS
rks mls Registration Cost vnk djuh iMrh gSA
WebSite Registration dk dk;Z 24 ls 72 ?k.Vs eas iwjk gksrk gSA ftldh lwpuk
E-mail }kjk nh tkrh gSA Domain Name Registration Cost dk Hkqxrku
miHkksDrk ds Credit Card Number ds }kjk Hkh gks ldrk gSA WebSite
41 / 60

Register gks tkus ds ipkr ge viuh Files dks Company Server ij FTP ;k vU;
Tools dh lgk;rk ls Hkst ldrs gSA tc ,d ckj Files Server ij Store gks tkrh gS
rc og gekjs Domain Name dh lgk;rk ls Internet ij miyC/k gks tkrh gSA dqN
Domain Names bl izdkj gS com - Commercial & Personal Sites
net - Infrastructral Company (Network)
org - Organization
edu - Education
mil - Military (US only)
gov - Government
Space on Host Server for web site (Web Hosting)

Web Hosting ,d ,slh Service gS ftl ij fofHkUu Companies vius Server ij
miHkksDrkvkas ds fy;s LFkku (Space) miyC/k djkrh gSA ftl Server ij ;g

LFkku miyC/k gksrk gS mls Host Server dgrs gSA Company Host Server ij
Space miyC/k djkus ds fy;s miHkksDrk ls dqN ewY; izkIr djrh gSA
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;k Company tks bl Service dk use djuk pkgrs gS dks bl
ckr dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd tks company gesa Server ij Space provide
djok jgh gS og geas fdruk Disk Space Provide djk jgh gS rFkk mlds lkFk
dkSu dkSuls Technical Supports miyC/k gSA ge viuh ,d ckj sites Registration
djk ysus ds ckn Files Host Server ij Store dj nsrs gSA vc Internet ds ek/;e ls
Site dks Access dj ldrs gSA
42 / 60

UNIT 3
HTML
HTML ,d ,slh Language gS tks Web page cukus esa lgk;d gksrh gS ;k bl
Language ds use djds Web page cukrs gSA www }kjk Publishing ds fy;s HTML
dks use fd;k tkrk gSA HTML Data ;k Text Formating information ds fy;s ASCII
Characters dk use djrh gS vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh Computer HTML Document dks
ASCII (Text) Document ds :i esa izkIr djsxkA HTML ls Hyper Text Document ds
fofHkUu Hkkxkas dks vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSA HTML dk Purpose fdlh Text
dh Processing dks le>kuk gSA
HTML esa ,d 'kCn Hyper Text tqMk gqvk gS] Hyper Text dk vFkZ gS User
ls Relation ;k ckrphr djukA Web dk iwjk Process, Hyper Text ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA Hyper Text lk/kkj.k Text dh rjg gh gksrk gSA ijUrq bldk Link vU; Data
ds lkFk gksrk gSA HTML ls ,d vU; kCn Hyper Media Hkh tqMk gS tks
fd Text ds lkFk2 Images, Videos, Movies vkfn Hyper Media dks Hyper Text ls
tksMrk gSA
bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd HTML lk/kkj.k Text dks Hyper Text eas ifjofrZr
djrk gSA HTML dk mi;ksx dkQh ljy gS blfy;s Web pages cukus esa bldk
Use c< jgk gSA
Main HTML Editors

HTML Editor ,d platform gS tgka HTML Code o HTML Tag dks O;Dr fd;k tkrk
gSA Main HTML Editor fuEu gS &

1. Front Page Editor: - ;g Microsoft }kjk cuk;k x;k gSA Microsoft Front Page
eass Edit djus ds fy;s File Menu eas New dks choose djrs gSA bl izdkj New
Webpage cukus ds fy;s Editor [kqy tkrk gS] bls Front Page Template dgrs
gSA Front Page esa iwjh WebSite Develop cukus ds Tools mifLFkr gSA
Main Features:
Complete Website Development Tool
Graphical Table and Forms Editing
Comprehensive Set of Wizards to do almost everything
Links and Image Dialogs allow Browsing for Locations
Built-in Tools for Image Map and Image Manipulation
43 / 60

Great support for Active-X, Java and Embeded Objects
2. Web Edit 2.0: - ;g editor MS Window 9x/NT Operating systems editor gS blesa
Hkh Front page editor dh rjg Tag checking gksrh gSA ;g editor HTML 3.0,
Netscape 2.0, Internet Explorer 2.0 dks support djrk gSA ;g editor ,d Link Dialogbox
miyC/k djkrk gSA Web Edit eas Image Map Builder kkfey gksrk gS tks user
dks Clientside ij Image Map cukus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA ;g Customize
Field Bar cukus dh Hkh lqfo/kk nsrk gS rFkk blesa Table editor Hkh gksrk
gSA
3. Notepad: - ;g Microsoft }kjk cuk;k x;k lcls lk/kkj.k Editor gSA lkekU;r%
bl editor dk use HTML document dks fy[kus ds fy;s djrs gSA blesa HTML
code fy[kus ds ckn file dks .Html Extension ds lkFk save djrs gS vc bls fdlh
Hkh Web Browser eas ns[k ldrs gSA
4. Adobe Page Nill: - ;g Editor Macintosh Computer ij HTML page cukus ds fy;s
use fd;k tkrk gSA blds u, Versions Windows esa Hkh pyrs gSA
5. Netscape Navigator Gold: - ;g editor Netscape browser dk Hkkx gS tks fd
WYSWYG (What You See What You Get) HTML editor tool gSA mldk mi;ksx
djuk ljy gSA lkekU;r;k bldk use Intranet ij Webpages cukus ds fy;s djrs gSA
bldh Window simple Window dh rjg gksrh gS ijUrq blesa Tool Bars tqMs
gksrs gSA ,d u;k page open djds bu Tool Bars dh lgk;rk ls HTML page cuk;k
tkrk gSA
mijksDr Editors ds vfrfjDr MS Office Hkh HTML document cukrk gSA
tSls&MS Word, Excel, Powerpoint.
6.
Image Editors
Images dks Web pages ij use djus o Manipulation djus ds fy;s Graphical Program
dh vko;drk gksrh gS ftls Image Editor dgrs gSA ge bl editor dh lgk;rk ls

fofHkUu Images dk Colour, Size cny ldrs gS vkSj mlesa Text tksM o Move
dj ldrs gSA ;g Graphics Image, Drawing, Photo, Picture vkfn gksrh gSA
lokZf/kd dke esa vkus okyk Image editor Adobe Photoshop gSA ;g ,d
mPpLrjh; Image Editing Application gSA ;g Gif, Jpeg, Bmp, Tiff vkfn formats ds
lkFk dk;Z djrk gSA blds vykok Corel PhotoPaint, Macromedia Fireworks Hkh
Image Editor gSA
Issues in Website Creations and Maintenance
44 / 60

tc dHkh Hkh dksbZ Website login dh tkrh gS rks dbZ egRoiw.kZ ckrsa
gksrh gSA ,d vPNh Websitedks create djus ds fy;s fuEu dqN ckrkas
dk /;ku j[kuk t:jh gS &
(v)tc Hkh ge dksbZ Website cukrs gS rks mleas geskk lcls igys
[kqyus okys webpage Home Page ij gh lkjh tkudkjh miyC/k ugha djkbZ
tkrhA Home Page ij ml Website dh [kwfc;ksa vkSj foks"krkvkas ds ckjs
esa short knowledge miyC/k djk;h tkuh pkfg;sA
bl ckr dk foks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd tks Hkh Graphics,
Icons, Sound etc. Webpage esa use esa vk jgk gS mls ml Folder esa store dj
ysosa ftl Folder esa lkjs Web pages dks store fd;k gSA
(vi)
tc Hkh fdlh Website dks Server ij FTP Protocol dh lgk;rk ls

Hkstk tkrk gS rc ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd lkjs Webpages ,d Main folder eas
Store djus ds ckn gh Hkstk tk;s] ftlls og Website vklkuh ls Server ij store
gks ldsA viuh Website dks Better & Popular cukus ds fy;s lcls vly ckr ;g gS
fd ge viuh Website ij mifLFkr Information dks time-to-time Update djrs jgsA
ftlls fd ml Website dks Visit djus okykas dks cksfj;r eglwl u gks vkSj og
gj ckj ubZ tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsA blds fy;s gesa viuh Website dks Maintain
djuk iMsxk gS ftls fd FTP Software ds ek/;e ls djrs gSA
(vii)
FTP Software for upload website

FTP Protocol ls Files dks Send rFkk Receive fd;k tkrk gSA FTP Protocol ij
vk/kkfjr Softwares }kjk Internet ij Files dks Upload, Download ;k Unload dj ldrs
gSA Public FTP Site dks Login dh vko;drk gksrh gS rFkk users ds E-mail ID
o Password dh vko;drk gksrh gSA users FTP Server dks gh Access dj ldrs
gSA Internet ij FTP sites dh lwph miyc/k gSA Files dks Download djus ds fy;s
Compression rduhd dh t:jr gksrh gSA blls large files dks small dj fn;k tkrk
gS rkfd og tYnh ls Download gks ldsA blds ipkr Receive djus okys user
dks Files Uncompress djuh iMrh gSA
;fn gesa fdlh FTP Server ls Files dks Download ;k Upload djuk gS rks WS-FTP
Pro Software dh lgk;rk ls ge vius computer ls Virtual Server Web Space ij Web
Pages dks easily store dj ldrs gSA ;g Software gesa Website dks Internet ij
Publish djus dh facility Provide djokrk gSA tc ge bl software dks Internet ds
ek/;e ls Download djrs gS rc gesa blesa viuh Website ds ckjs esa fuEu
tkudkjh Hkjuh iMrh gS: -
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1. Profile Name: - ;g Reference Name gS blesa ge dqN Hkh ns ldrs gSA ;g
gekjs mij fuHkZj djrk gS fd dkSulk Name Websites ds lkFk tksMuk

gSA
2. Host Name/ Address: - ;gkW ij geas viuh Website dk Domain Name type djuk
iMrk gSA
3. Host Type: - Host Type esa gesa dqN ugha fy[kuk iMrkA ;g software vius
vki irk yxk ysrk gS fd Host Type fdl izdkj dk gSA

4. User ID: - bles gesa vius Account dks iz;ksx djus ds fy;s izkIr user ID
dks fy[kuk gksrk gSA

5. Password: - blesa gesa viuk Password type djuk gksrk gSA
6. Account: - blesa gesa vius Account Type ds ckjs esa crkuk gksrk gSA
7. Comment: - bl LFkku ij gekjs }kjk vius fopkj ;k Comments fy[ks tkrs
gSA
tc ge bl software dks Run djrs gS rks ;g Internet ij Host Server ij mifLFkr Files
dks gekjs Client computer dh vk/kh Screen ij vkSj ks"k vk/kh Screen ij
gekjs Client Machine ij mifLFkr Files dks nkkZrk gSA blds ipkr~ ge
vius Computer ij mifLFkr Files dks Server ij fLFkr Folder esa copy dj ldrs gSA
blh izdkj Internet Host Server ij fLFkr Files dks vius Client Computer ij Copy dj
ldrs gSA tc ge FTP dks use djrs gS rks fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk
pkfg;s: 1. File Name: - ISP Server ij File Name Case Senstive gksrk gS vFkkZr~ blesa
Small vkSj Capital letter vyx2 ekus tkrs gSA tSls ISHWAR.html o
ishwar.html vyxvyx files ekuh tk;sxhA blfy;s Security dh n`f"V ls all files
ds name small letters es gksus pkfg;sA

2. Transfer Mode: - FTP ls File Transfer ds eq[; #i ls fuEu rhu mode gSA
Binary Mode: - Binary mode CGI Script dks NksMdj cgqr lh Files ds fy;s
mi;ksxh gSA Binary Mode Images ds fy;s Hkh mi;ksxh gSA

ASCII Mode: - ASCII Mode vf/kdrj CGI Script dks Transfer djus ds dke
vkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr Text file dks upload djus esa Hkh ys ldrs gSA
Auto Mode: - vf/kdrj vk/kqfud FTP Client Lor% gh ;g fu.kZ; ysrs gS
fd Uploading ds fy;s lgh Mode dkSulk gksxkA

3. Directory Structure: - gekjh WebDirectory root/public.html ds vUnj ls 'kq:
gksrh gSA ;g og Directory ugha gksrh gS tks gedks izFke ckj FTP ls
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Connect gksus ij izkIr gksrh gSA ;g Folder gekjh Home Directory gSA
Home Directory eas vU; Files Hkh gksrh gS tks www }kjk use esa ugha
yh tk ldrh gSA FTP Client Software for Site Maintenance LeechFTP Freeware
wsFTP shareware
FTPvoyager shareware
CuteFTP shareware
BulletproofFTP shareware
3DFTP shareware
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

Intoduction: - HTML (Hyper Text Mark up language) ,d special codes dk group gSA
ftldk use ge vius Document ds Decoration, Image controlling o vU; Information ds
lkFk link create djus ds fy, djrs gSA
HTML dk vkfo"dkj Tim Bernor Lee us 1990 ds n'kd esa fd;kA HTML dks ,d
vU; Language SGML (Standard Generalised Mark-up Language) dk subset Hkh dgrs
gSA SGML 1910 eas IBM (International Business Machine) company }kjk fodflr
dh x;h FkhA 1980 esa bldk uke GML (General Mark-up Language) ls cnydj
SGML j[kk x;kA bl izdkj HTML, SGML ls lEcfU/kr Language gSA
Concepts of Hyper Text: - Hyper Text eq[; :i ls Simple Text dh rjg gh gksrk gSA
bls Simple Text dh rjg gh Read, Store o Search dj ldrs gSA blds vykok blesa
u;k Text add Hkh dj ldrs gSA Hyper Text dh fo'ks"krk gS fd ;g Text dk vU;
Document ds lkFk Relation j[krk gSA
fdlh Hkh Hyper Text Document esa ;fn ge Mouse ls Hyper Text dks Mark djrs
gS rks gesa ,d nwljk Document izkIr gksrk gS vFkkZr~ bl Document ds
Hyper Text dk fdlh vU; Document ls Link ;k Relation LFkkfir fd;k gqvk gksrk
gSA ;s Hyper Text Link dgykrs gSA bl izdkj ge Hyper Text ds ek/;e ls tfVy
ls tfVy Web Connections cuk ldrs gSA web dk lEiw.kZ dk;Z Hyper Text ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA
Versions of HTML: - HTML dk vkfo"dkj 1990 ds n'kd eas gqvk tcfd 1992
eas loZizFke HTML dk Introduction gqvk vkSj 1993 esa HTML ds lkFk
Physical Structure, Form o Table vkfn tksMs x,A blds ckn 1994 esa eq[; :i ls
HTML dk igyk Version vk;k rFkk ckn esa blesa fujUrj fodkl gksrk x;kA
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HTML 2.0: - bls IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) uss cuk;kA bldk mi;ksx
Hkh 1994 esa 'kq: gks x;kA

HTML 3.0: - ;g igys ds versions ls vf/kd le`) o 'kfDrkkyh Fkk ijUrq
Standard Features ugha gksus ds dkj.k u, Features ds lkFk Modification gksrk
x;kA
HTML 3.2: - 1996 esa HTML 3.2 cuk;k x;k o blesa HTML ds compiler Netscape
and Explorer cuk, x,A
HTML 4.0: - ;g version 1997 eas vk;kA bleas ubZ facilities esa Script, Frame,
Anchor, Table, StyleSheet etc. Provide dh x;hA
HTML 4.1: - 1999 esa HTML 4.1 Market esa vk;kA
XHTML: - lu~ 2000 eas XHTML Market esa use fd;k tkus yxkA
Building HTML Document

HTML dk Kku
lkekU;r% Web ij lHkh Documents HTML format eas cus gksrs gSA HTML
gesa Lo;a dk Webpage cukus esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA tc ge Webpage ij
Browser dh lgk;rk ls dksbZ WebSite open djrs gS rks tks WebSite dk igyk
Page open gksrk gS mls Home Page dgrs gSA Home Page dks ge pkj
Hkkxkas esa ckaV ldrs gSA vr% fdlh Page dks Design djus ds fy;s pkj
Hkkx Heading, Paragraph, List o Address dh vko;drk gksrh gSA ;s Hkkx dbZ
Design Tool j[krs gSA ge fdlh Web page dk fuekZ.k HTML Document ls
lqO;ofLFkr rjhds ls djus ds fy, ge HTML ds fofHkUu Tags dks use esa
ysrs gSA fdlh HTML page dks design djus ds fy;s izR;sd Hkkx <Html> ....
</Html> ds chp eas fy[kk tkrk gSA
Switching between Editor and Browser: - ge vius Editor o Browser dks connect
djus ds fy;s igys fdlh Editor dks Load djsaxsA tSlsfd Notepad. blds ckn
ge Editor eas HTML file cuk,saxs vkSj mls HTM ;k HTML extension ds lkFk
Save dj nasxsA vc ml file dks Browser ij Open djds mlds ifj.kke dks
ns[ksaxsA bl izdkj ge viuh Website cukdj mls Internet ij fdlh Browser ds
ek/;e ls ns[k ldrs gSA
Elements of HTML syntax

Web document dks Design djus ds fy;s dqN Elements dh vko;drk gksrh gSA
izR;sd Webpage ;k Web Document dbZ Hkkxkas ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA ;s
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Hkkx HTML code }kjk iznfkZr fd;s tkrs gSA bu Elements dks Tag dgrs
gSA fdlh Hkh Tag dks geskk Single brackets (< >) esa cUn fd;k tkrk gSA
lkekU;r% Tags tksMs esa (Opening Tag o Closing Tag) fy[ks tkrs gSA Closing
Tag Opening Tag dh rjg gh gksrk gS ysfdu ;g Tag ,d Forward slash (/) ds lkFk
izkjEHk gksrk gSA
Syntax: - <Tagname> .... </Tagname>
HTML dk Main Purpose fdlh Webpage dh Formatting dks O;Dr djuk u gksdj
Page dks create djus okys eq[; Hkkxkas tSls& Text Structure, Title, Line Break,
Paragraph vkfn dks O;Dr o iznfkZr djuk gSA HTML esa Tag Hkh nks
izdkj ds gksrs gSA

(i) Container Tag
(ii) Empty Tag
(i) Container Tag: - og Tag tks fd Bracket, Text o Others parts dks j[krk gS
Container Tag dgykrk gSA Container Tag nks izdkj ds Tags j[krs gSA
(ii) Empty Tag: - ;g Tag fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Bracket, Text ;k dksbZ vU; Hkkx
ugha j[krk gSA ;g Tag fdlh HTML Document esa Stand alone part dh rjg dk;Z
djrh gSA
Attribute: - Attribute fdlh user dks ;g crkrk gS fd fdlh Web Browser dks fdl rjg
Tag dk use djuk pkfg;sA End Tag dks NksMdj Start Tag Attribute dks j[k ldrk
gSA
Syntax: - Attribute = Value
Example: - Align= Center
Head & Body Section: - fdlh HTML file dks cukus ds fy;s de ls de pkj Tag
present mifLFkr gksus vko;d gSA ;s Tags bl izdkj gS &
1. Html Tag
2. Head Tag
3. Title Tag
4. Body Tag
1. HTML Tags: - fdlh HTML document dk Starting Tag <Html> gksrk gSA ;g
Container Tag gS blfy;s blds nks Hkkx gksrs gSA (i) Start Tag
(ii) End ;k
Close Tag
vU; lHkh Tags o Text dks bu <HTML> o </HTML> Tag ds chp es fy[ks tkrs
gSA tSls :- Syntax: - <HTML>
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<Head>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</Head>
</HTML>
lkekU;r% <Head> Tag ds Hkhrj dsoy <Title> Tag dks gh fy[kk tkrk gSA
Syntax: - <HTML>
<Head>
<Title>
My First Web Page
</Title>
</Head>
</HTML>
;fn ge <Title> Tag dk use ugha djsaxs vFkkZr~ Title ugha nsrs gS rks
dqN Browsers s }kjk Title Bar ij URL ;k UnTitled iznfkZr gksxkA
2. Body Tag: - <Body> Tag, <Head> Tag ds iwjd dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA ;g Tag
fdlh HTML Document ds Structure esa vkus okys izR;sd fgLls dks nkkZrk
gSA ;g <Head> Tag ds ckn esa vkrk gSA <Head> Tag o <Body> Tag HTML
Document ds ,d vyx2 Hkkx cukrs gSA
Syntex :- <HTML>
<Head>
<Title> My first web page </Title> </Head>
<Body>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</Body>
</HTML>
Tag Case Sensitive ugha gksrs gS vFkkZr~ bUgs cMs ;k NksVs v{kjkas
esa fy[kus ij Hkh ;s leku O;ogkj djrs gSA

<B> - Text dks Bold djus ds fy;sA
<I> - Italic Text
<U> - Underline Text
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<Center> - Text dks Center eas djus ds fy;sA
<Big> - lkekU; vkdkj ls cMs vkdkj dk Text fy[kus ds fy;sA
<Small> - lkekU; vkdkj ls NksVs vkdkj es Text fy[kus ds fy;sA
<Sup> - Superscript Text
<Sub> - Subscript Text
<Marquee> - bl Tag ls ge Text dks pyrk fQjrk fn[kk ldrs gSA
<Address> - bl Tag }kjk fdlh web page ds lcls uhps okys Hkkx vFkkZr
Signature Block dks O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
Heading: - Heading dk use djds Web page dks lqO;ofLFkr rjhds ls O;ofLFkr
fd;k tkrk gSsA

<H1> - First Level Heading
<H2> - Second Level Heading
<H3> - Third Level Heading
<H4> ,<H5>,<H6>
Syntax: - <Html>
<Head>
<Title>
My First Web Page
</Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<H1> First step Heading </H1>
<H2> Second Heading </H2>
<H3> Third Heading </H3>
<H4> Fourth Heading </H4>
<H5> Fifth Heading </H5>
<H6> Sixth Heading </H6>
</Body>
<Html>
;gkaW ij ge <Body> Tags ds vUnj Text fy[krs ftUgsa fd gekjs Webpage ij

O;Dr djuk gSA
Inserting Text and Image: - ge vius Webpage ds HTML document esa Text o Image
Mkyus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj ds Tags use esa ysrs gSA HTML doucment
esa Text o Image <Body> </Body> Tag ds e/; Insert djrs gSA
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Paragraph Tag: - bls ge <P> ls iznfkZr djrs gSA ;g Container Tag gS ijUrq
bls dsoy start tag ds }kjk gh iznfkZr fd;k tkrk gSA bl Tag esa end tag dk
use ugha fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ fdlh Paragraph dks iznfkZr djus ds fy;s
<P> fy[kk tkrk gS rFkk ;g Paragraph end gksus ij </P> ugha fy[kk tkrk gSA
Example: - <HTML>
<Head>
<Title> My First Web Page </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<H1> ISHWAR Publication </H1>
<P> ----------------------------------------------------</Body>
</HTML>
Line Break Tag: - bls <Br> ls Represent fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d Empty Tag gS tks
fd fdlh Line dks Break djds ubZ ykbu cukrk gSA bls Hkh Closing Tag }kjk
cUn ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Example :-
<Br> The Great Indian Comedy Show <Br> Watch Live on 7 PM <Br>
Comment: - ;g ,d Standalone Tag gSA bldk use Webpages eas fofHkUu
lwpuk,sa nsus ds fy;s djrs gS rkfd bl lwpukvkas dsk ckn esa use dj
ldasA Comment Tag- <! .... >
Block Quotes: - ;g Tag Text Margin dks O;Dr djus ds dke vkrk gSA
Example: -
<Html>
<Head>
<Title> My First web page </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<H1> ISHWAR Publications </H1>
<Block Quotes>
<P> ........................
<P> .........................
.........................
</Block Quotes>
</Body>
52 / 60

</HTML>
Preformatted Text: - bls <Pre> ls iznfkZr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk eq[; mi;ksx
Text dks Tabular Form esa nkkZus ds fy;s djrs gSA
Example :-
<HTML>
<Head>
<Title> My First Web page </Title> </Head>
<Body>
<Pre>
ISHWAR & Company
JAN
FEB
MAR
TOTAL
RAM
100
200
400
700
SYHYAM
200
200
400
800
</Pre>
</Body> </Html>
List: - HTML Document ds }kjk fdlh Web pages esa List dk use Hkh dj ldrs
gSA ge nks rjg ls List rS;kj dj ldrs gS & (i) Ordered List
(ii) Unordered List
(i) Ordered list: - Ordered list dks ge <OL> Tag }kjk iznfkZr djrs gSA bls <Li>
Tag ds lkFk iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA <Li> Tag izR;sd List Item ds fy;s use
eas yh tkrh gSA

Example :- <Html>
<Head> <Title> My First Web page </Title> </Head>
<Body>
<Ol>
<Li> MS. EXCEL
<Li> MS. WORD
<Li> MS. POWER POINT
<Li> MS. DOS
</Ol>
</Body> </Html>
<Li> Tag esa end Tag dk use ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Run gks tkus ds ckn bl
izdkj fn[ksxk: 1. MS Excel

2. MS Word
3. MS Power Point
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4. MS DOS
(ii) Unordered List :- bls <UL> Tag }kjk Represent fd;k tkrk gSA <LI> Tag dk
Hkh bl Tag ds lkFk use fd;k tkrk gSA

Example: -
<Ul>
<Li> MS Excel
<Li> MS Word
<Li> MS Power Point
<Li> MS DOS
</Ul>
;g Run gks tkus ds ckn bl izdkj fn[ksxk: MS Excel

MS Word
MS Power Point
MS DOS
Nesting List: - Nesting List dk vFkZ gS fd ,d izdkj dh List ds vUnj nwljs
izdkj dh List dk iz;ksx djukA

Example :- <Ul>
<Li> Software
<Ol>
<Li> MS Word
<Li> MS Excel
<Li> MS Foxpro
</Ol>
</Ul>
Type Attribute: - Type Attribute dks <OL> ds lkFk use fd;k tkrk gSA blds ek/;e
ls <Ol> List dks Represent djus ds rjhds dks fu;fU=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Example :- <Ol Type=I>
<Li> Level One Out Line
<Ol Type=A>
<Li> Level Two Out Line
<Li> Level Three Out Line
</Ol> </Ol>
Run djus ds ckn Result: I Level One Out Line
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A. Level Two Out Line
B. Level Theree Out Line
Start and Value attribute: - Ordered List esa fdlh e dks fdlh fufpr la[;k ls
kq# djus ds fy;s Start attribute dk mi;ksx djrs gSA Value attribue dk use
<LI> Tag ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS blls fdlh e dks iqu% Restart fd;k tkrk gSA
blds fy, fuEu izfdz;k gS &
<Ol Start=3>
<Li> This Should be numbered 3
<Li Value=8> This Should be numbered 8
</Ol>
Controlling Display of Unordered List: - Type attribute dk mi;ksx fdlh Unordered List
esa Bullet ( ) ds Type dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA Unordered List
esa nks izdkj ds Bullets gks ldrs gS & Square, Circle
Example :-<Ul Type=Square>
<Li> SOFTWARE
<Ul Type=Disc>
<Li> Computer Concept
<Li> MS Word
<Li> MS Excel
</Ul>
<Li> HARDWARE
<Ul Type=Circle>
<Li> CPU
<Li> Floppy
<Li> Hard Disk
</Ul>
</UL>
RUN djus ij fuEu izdkj ls iznfkZr gksxk: -
SOFT WARE
o Computer Concept
o MS Word
o MS Excel
HARD WARE
CPU
55 / 60

Floppy
Hard Disk
Creating Definition list: - Definition list dks <DL> Tag }kjk iznfkZr djrs gSA
Definition List Glossary cukus eas dke yh tkrh gSA Definition List esa rhu
Tag elements gksrs gSA
1. <DL> - ;g List dks nkkZrk gSA
2. <DT> - ;g Tag Data Term dks nkkZrk gSA
3. <DD> - ;g Data Definition dks nkkZrk gSA
Example: - <HTML>
<Head>
<Title> Definition List </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<Dl>
<Dt> HARDWARE
<Dd> Examples of Hardware are CPU, Input, Output, Storage devices etc.
<Dt> SOFTWARE
<Dd> It is a Set of programs
</Body>
</Html>
;g Run djus ds ipkr~ Webpage bl izdkj iznfkZr gksxk: HARDWARE

Examples of Hardware are CPU, Input, Output, Storage devices etc.
SOFTWARE
It is a Set of programs
bl izdkj ge fdlh Hkh HTML Documents esa Text Insert djok ldrs gSA ftldks
O;ofLFkr djus ds fy;s fHkUu2 Tags dke eas fy;s tkrs gSA ftl :i esa ge
Document dks O;ofLFkr djuk pkgrs gS mlh ds vuqlkj bu Tags dk mi;ksx
djrs gS vkSj Document esa Text insert djrs gSA
Inserting Inline Images: - Inline Images dks HTML document esa tksMus ds fy;s
ge <IMG> Tag dk use djrs gSA Inline dk vFkZ gS fd Webpage ds fdlh LFkku
ij Image tqM jgh gSA lkekU;r% GIF Format gh Inline Image dh rjg dk;Z djrk
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gSA dqN Browsers JPEG format dks Hkh Webpages eas tksM ikus eas leFkZ
gSA <Img> Tag ,d Stand alone Tag gSA
Syntax: - <Img Src=Image file path>
Src (Source) Attribute: - fdlh Image Filename & path O;Dr djus ds fy;s vko;d
gSA
Align Attribute: - Align Attribute dh lgk;rk ls ge fdlh Webpage ij Inline Image dh
fLFkfr fufpr dj ldrs gSA bl Attribute dh 5 value Top, Middle, Bottom, Right,
Left
Example: - Flowers.gif file dks iznfkZr djus ds fy;s ;gkW <P> Tag dk use New
Block dks cukus ds fy;s fd;k x;k gSA
Example :-
<P> The Image on this line

<Img Align=Top Src= C:\My Documents\Flowers.gif >
<P> The Image on this line.
<Img Align=Middle Src=C:\My Documents\Flowers.gif >
<P> The Image on this Line.
<Img Align=Bottom Src =C:\My Documents\Flowers.gif >
<Img Align=Right Src=C:\My Documents\Flowers.gif >
<Img Align=Left Src=C:\My Documents\Flowers.gif >
Height & Width of Image: - ;fn ge Inline Image dh Height o Width Attribate dk use
djds Height o Width dks Fix u djs rks fdlh Image dks Webpage ij Download djrs
le; gesa rc rd bUrtkj djuk gksxk tc rd fd iwjh Image Download u gks
tk;sA blfy;s ge <Img> Tag esa Height o Width Attribute dk use djds Image dh
size Fix dj nsrs gSA ftlls Browser mruh txg dks NksMdj ckdh Page dks
display dj nsrk gSA
Example: -
<Img Src=C:\My Documents\Flowers.gif Width=100%>

<Img Src=C:\My Documents\Flowers.gif Height=100%>
fdlh Link eas Image tksMuk: - ge fdlh Hyper Text Link eas Text ds lkFk2 Inline
Image dks Hkh tksM ldrs gSA ;g link Blue border esa fn[kkbZ nsxkA ml ij
click djrs gh ;g dk;Z djus yxrk gSA
Example: -
<P> <A Href =C:\My Documents\Ishwar.Html>

<Img Src=C:\My Documents\Flowers.gif></A>
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Image Link Border: - fdlh Image link ds Border dks Hkh Control dj ldrs gSA
Border dh Default Width 2 Pixels gksrh gSA <Img> Tag ds Border Attribute dh
lgk;rk ls Width fufpr djrs gSA

Example: -
<P> <A Href=C:\My Documents\Ishwar.Html>

<Img Src=C:\My Documents\Flowers.gif Border=10></A>
Creating Links HTML Document esa Links cukus ds fy;s Anchor <A> dk
iz;ksx djrs gSA bldh Href property ls Hyper Reference vFkkZr~ Link Source/
File dk Path/ Web Address nsrs gSA By Default Link Text (Hyper Text) Blue Color
esa o Underline iznfkZr gksrs gSA mnkgj.k & <A Href=C:\My
Documents\Nbj.Html> Click Here to view NBJ File </A>
<A Href=http://www.nbj.com> Click Here for NBJ webpage </A>
BookMarks - To add Book in HTML Document, <A Name=Bookmark Name> is used.
Ex: - <A Name=Top>
Create Link for Bookmark One can create Hyperlink for a text towards Bookmark in
following manner
<A Href=#Bookmark Name> Text </A>
Table HTML Document esa Table cukus ds fy;s <Table> dks use djrs gSA
Table esa fuEufyf[kr Tag elements gksrs gSA
<Th> - Table Heading
<Tr> - Table Row
<Td> - Table Data
Ex: - <Table>
<Tr> <Th>S. No.
<Th> Name
<Th> Result
<Tr> <Td> 1
<Td> Meena
<Td> Pass
<Tr> <Td> 2
<Td> Teena
<Td> Fail
<Tr> <Td> 3
<Td> Neena
58 / 60

<Td> Pass By Grace
<Tr> <Td> 4
<Td> Veena
<Td> First
</Table>
Form HTML Document esa Form cukus ds fy, fuEu command dks use djrs
gS&
<FORM ACTION=action base METHOD=method >
ACTION Attribute dk mi;ksx document ds Base Address ij dk;Z djus ds fy,
djrs gSA tcfd Method attribute GET ;k POST gksrs gSA GET dk mi;ksx form
ls data dks ysus ds fy, gksrk gSA tcfd POST Data dks Server ij Post djrk
gSA
Check Box
<INPUT TYPE=CHECKBOX NAME=name VALUE=value>
<INPUT TYPE=CHECKBOX NAME=name VALUE=value CHECKED>
INPUT command ds }kjk Form esa vyx2 Controls dks tksMrs gSA CheckBox
dks tksMus ds fy, INPUT ds vUrxZr~ TYPE attribute esa CheckBox dks
fy[krs gSA
Name attribute dk mi;ksx CheckBox dk uke fy[kus esa djrs gS ftldk Script
Language esa ChockBox ds Data dks Access djus ds fy, mi;ksx djrs gSA
Value attribute esa CheckBox dh Default Value Mkyh tkrh gSA
Checked ds }kjk By default CheckBox dks Check j[kk tkrk gSA
Password
<INPUT TYPE=PASSWORD NAME=name>
<INPUT TYPE=PASSWORD NAME=name MAXLENGTH=length>
<INPUT TYPE=PASSWORD NAME=name SIZE=size>
Password dks Input djkus ds fy, mijksDr commands dk iz;ksx djrs gSA ;g
TextBox dh rjg Appear gksrk gS ijUrq blesa Text, **** ds #i esa fn[krk
gSA
Name attribute dk use Password Box dk uke fy[kus esa djrs gSA
MaxLength attribute ls Password Box esa Input ldus okys Maximum Characters dh
la[;k dks r; djrs gSA
59 / 60

Radio Button
<INPUT TYPE=RADIO NAME=name VALUE=value CHECKED>
Radio Button dks tksMus ds fy, INPUT ds vUrxZr~ TYPE attribute esa Radio
dks fy[krs gSA

Name attribute dk mi;ksx Radio Button dk uke fy[kus esa djrs gS ftldk Script
Language esa Radio Button ds Data dks Access djus ds fy, djrs gSA
Value attribute esa Radio dh Default Value Mkyh tkrh gSA
Checked ds }kjk By default Radio Button dks Check j[kk tkrk gSA
Reset
<INPUT TYPE=RESET>
tc Reset button ij Click djrs gS rks Form ds lkjs Fields dh Values mudh initial
values ij vk tkrh gSA
Submit
<INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT>
Form dks Submit djus ds fy, bls use djrs gSA
Text Box
<INPUT TYPE=TEXT NAME=name>
<INPUT TYPE=TEXT NAME=name MAXLENGTH=length>
<INPUT TYPE=TEXT NAME=name SIZE=size>
<INPUT TYPE=TEXT NAME=name VALUE=value>
Select List
<SELECT NAME=name> option entries </SELECT>
<OPTION> content
blls Drop Down List dks cukrs gSA

Form Text Area
<TEXTAREA NAME=name COLS=# columns ROWS=# rows> content </TEXTAREA>
60 / 60

TextArea dk mi;ksx Multiple Rows and Columns esa Data/Text (tSls&Residential
Address etc.) dks Input djkus esa djrs gSA
FrameSet
<frameset rows="pixels or %" cols="pixels or %">
</Frameset>
Frameset esa Browser Window dks Rows ;k Columns esa ckaVk tkrk gSA
blds ipkr~ Frame Tag ls gj Section esa vyx2 HTML file dks j[krs gSA
Frameset okys Web Page esa <Body> Section ugha gksrk gSA
<frame name="name" src="link.html">
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Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

fdlh Ekk/;e ls ,d nwljs ls tksMk tkrk gS rkfd ,d Computer nwljs Computer

lewg gks ldrk gS ;s Networks% &

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

dks www (World Wide Web) dh lgk;rk ls izkIr dj ldrs gSA

vUnj gethering Information vkrh gSA

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

dk dke djrk gSA FTP Protocol ,d Powerful Tool gSA

fdlh Hkh Account ;k Password dh vko;drk ugha gksrhA ;g E-mail okyk gh

djuk iMrk gSA

dks fix djus ds dke vkrs gSA

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

fofHkUu rjg ds resources Telnet ij miyC?k gksrs gSA tSlsfd& Library

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

djus okys Protocol }kjk nh tkrh gSA lqpukvkas dk vknku&iznku rFkk

ds fy;s ;g vko;d gksrk gS fd ml Computer dk ,d unique IP Address gks tks

Static System Administrator izR;sd Computer dk IP Address flQZ ,d

fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA

fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA

Internet v/s Intranet

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

Growth of Internet (History of Internet)

1971: - yksxkas }kjk Network ij lUnsk Hkstuk (E-Mail dk vkfo"dkj)

lkFk QSyk;k x;kA

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

ISP (Internet Service Provider)

egkuxj VsyhQksu fuxe fyfeVsM, Data Infosys, BSNL Hkkjr

ISP dk Phone Number

Software: - cgqr ls ISP Software CD iznku djrs gSA

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

Interface: - Internet ls tqMs izR;sd Computer dk Interface vyx2 gks ldrk

gSA tSls: - Graphical, Menu Driven Interface

dks dSlh Security Provide djkrk gSA

djus dh facility nsrk gSA

(ii) Dialup IP link

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

gksrs gSA Host Computer Character based Terminal gksrs gS tks fd

bR;kfn Host/ Server ij available gksrs gSA Online dh limitation ;g Hkh gS fd ;g

gesa Dialup Network fey tk,xkA

gSA ;g ,d ,slh Service gS tks fd Computer dks gj le; Internet ls

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

Point to Point: - ;g ,d ;k nks VSATs dks tksMus okyh Two way

iznku djrk gSA

fLFkr gS] ds e/; lh/kk lEidZ LFkkfir gksrk gSA

URL (Uniform Resource Locater)

(ii) Host Computer

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

Organization (Non Profit group)

Military (US only)

fofHkUu nskksa dks O;Dr djrsA

izR;sd Domain name Numeric IP Address ls Correspondence djrk gSA IP Address 4

gksrk gSA DNS Database dk collection gksrk gS tks fd IP Address ds

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT

Services & Employment lEcU/kh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy;s

fdlh Hkh fonskh Language dks lh[kus ds fy;s

World ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa Friend cukus ds fy;s

fdlh izfr;ksfxrk, Examination esa Hkkx ysus ds fy;s

vius fdlh Friend dks Electronic Birthday Card Hkstus ds fy;s

vius euilan fQYeh flrkjksa ds Photographs ns[kus ds fy;s

(vii) Computer {kS= ds ckjs esa ubZ&ubZ tkudkfj;akW izkIr djus ds

Maa Bhagwati Institute of Management & IT