a1) Interworking With Legacy Technologies Chapter 11: Interworking With Legacy Technologies14. | Interworking With Legacy Technologies Objectives After completing this module, you will be able to: * Provide example parameters for LTE and Tear non-LTE idle-mode cell reselection * List example parameters for LTE and non-LTE connected-mode handover See ahegeee h eeCEU eaere ; ap paltern configured in the UE by the eN if the UE has been configured to use gap-assised i measurements, the eNB wil inform the UE when to stat | the transmission gaps, how often they occur, and how long | they last (the gap pattern). During each gap, the UE wil y information on the downlink, and will ot 0 wil ast at least one other transmission not receive any send anything on the uplink. A 2 subframe (1 ms), and override any requirement, such as HARQ retransmissions .d will continue the pattern, an figured, or the UE The UE is assigned one g@P n pattern until the connection goes idle.44 | Interworking With Legacy Technologies samsssain a 1 BL ' Time “ae The eNB will configure exactly when measurement reports have to be sent to the network. The eNB can request the eports be sent periodically at regular intervals (every 10 milliseconds for instance), or when certain events (81 or 82) occur. 4. Event 81 refers to the situation in which an inter-RAT neighbor becomes better than a specified threshold, 2. Event B2 refers to the situation where a serving LTE Cell becomes worse and an Inter-RAT neighboring cell is becoming better than the LTE cell at the same time, The UE sends its reports when directed by the eNB and the eNB makes its handover decision based on these reports. The eNB needs the UE's help in making its handover decisions. The help comes in the form of event-driven or periodic measurement reports that the UE sends to its eNB. The eNB has direct control over these triggers. The UE makes measurements on the radio technologies in its environment and sends measurement reports reflecting the prevailing channel conditions to its eNB. Events for LTE and Non-LTE Interworking Si InterRAT Neighbor Measurement Event 82 Time For example, a certain UE observes that an HRPD BTS is seen to have an Ec/I0 = Y dB, and the applicable PN. offset = X. This kind of information will be valuable to the NB in its handover decision making. The eNB configures its UEs to send the messages it needs in an RAC Connection Reconfiguration message, “send your reports when certain events, 81 or 82 occur.”There are, broadly speaking, three phases to Inter-RAT handovers from the E-UTRAN to eHRPD. 4, The first phase js the control of airlink measurements. This is Me responsibilty ofthe eNB 2, The second phase '§ the the measurements format the reports measurement 'eP> 3, The last phase is decision ager"14 | Interworking With Legacy Technologles (ex: Pilot Strength) (for averaging) Site The eNB controls the measurements it needs from all its multi-mode UEs. The eNB needs relevant measurements on the available radio access technologies from the UES 50 that the eNB can get an idea of the prevailing channel conditions that the UES find themselves in. The eNB exercises its control over a UE's measurements with an RRC message, Connection Reconfiguration, which, in the HRPD case, will tell the UE to perform measurements on certain radio carriers in a certain frequency band, and to make those measurements on a specified set of PN- offsets within a certain pilot search window size. UES need time to make their Inte-RAT measurements, and a single-receiver UE needs to have the time reserved for it by the network because a single-eceiver UE cannot be on both radio access technologies at the same time. The network will provide “gaps” in time during which a UE can, for example, go off to another frequency band and make the measurements prescribed by the eNB (pilot strengths on the HRPD system), return to the LTE system, ‘and then send the requested measurement report to the ene. 240 + Filtering Coefficients Control of Measurements =H + Measurement Quantity Frequency Band, Carrier Frequency PN Offuets of Neighbors Pilot Search Window Size Gap Activation Gap Pattern Start Timo (SFN, Subframe) of Gap Pattorn ‘Tho ONB wil (a) activate the gap at a precise instant, (b) doscribe a gap pattern to the UE during which time the otwork will not “bother” the UE with serving network rosponsiblities, and (c) specify the exact start time of the fap pattern - Le., the System Frame Number (SFN}, oF which of the 10 millisecond LTE frames (they are all numbered In the LTE alrink), and the specific subframe in which the gap pattern will begin. The eNB uses the RRC'S Connection Reconfiguration message for this purpose. UEs with multiple transceivers, which would be quite unusual because of the elevated cost, do not need time ‘gaps. Howover, the LTE system assumes all the UES have only one transcoiver, which is a safe assumption given the ‘onormous cost and extravagance of multiple transceivers. The oNB tolls the UE exactly what to measure. In the HRPD caso, the relevant measurements would be the pilot strength (E¢/10) and the filtering coefficients for averaging the measurements.aa) Interworking With Legacy Technologies Exercise: Optimized E-UTRAN to eHRPD Handover 2aaaE esto, 14 | Interworking With Legacy Technologies Non-optimized E-UTRAN-to-HRPD Handover parameters. To enable the UE to exchange messages with the HSGW, the eHRPD eAN/ePCF establishes the main service connection with the HSGW using ALL-RRQ/RRP messages. Here are the basic principles behind the non-optimized handover from the E-UTRAN to eHRPD: a. The UE discovers the eHRPD system and makes a handover decision. b. The handover process is just like the initial eHRPD ‘access except that the UE conveys to the eHRPD network that it is carrying out a handover rather than ‘a new access. This enables maintenance of end-to- ‘end IP connectivity between the UE and the external world, The handover scenario described here assumes that the UE does not have an eHRPD session at the beginning. The UE has an active LTE connection with the E-UTRAN and the EPC. The UE finds a strong eHRPD radio network and decides to handover to the eHRPD network. In this respect the handover appears like the system selection performed by the hybrid 4xEV-DO device. The UE communicates with the eAN to establish an eHRPD session. The eAN can use traditional AN-AAA authentication to authenticate the UE using the A12 interface. The UE next communicates with the HSGW to negotiate PPP 242The Al: Registration Request message indicates if the UE is using the eHRPD radio access. After the main service connection is established, the UE and the HSGW can exchange the PPP messages. The A10 main service ‘connection is like an A10 connection between the AN/PCF and the PDSN in the basic HRPD system, The eAN specifies the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) as the authentication mechanism during PPP negotiation. The EAP-AKA authentication occurs between the UE and the HSGW, and between the HSGW and the HSS/AAA server. The HSGW receives the IMSI-based NAI and the P- GWID from the AAA server for the UE. Next, the UE and the HSGW carry out VSNP processing. where the UE indicates in the VSNP Config-Req message that the type of attach is a handover. This tells the network that the UE has already established a link with the EPC, Recall that the P-GW acts like a PCEF in the POC architecture. The P-GW carries out a PCEF-intiated IP-Can Session Modification procedure with the PCRF with the event report specifying the change in the access tyP°- The HSGW and P.GW exchange Proxy Binding Update/ACK. messages so that the PMIP tunnel can be established wth Non-optimizeg E-UTRAN-to-HRPD me Handover (Continued) atin | Interworking with Legacy Technolog les, the CHRPD as the access technology type. Once the P-GW has switched the path from the S-GW to the HSGW it initiates the release of EPS resources. The UE may now establish connectivity wth additional PONS. 24311 | Interworking With Legacy Technologies LTE-to-UTRAN Handover enue Neighboring BTS UE Serving eNB ‘Similar to LTE-to-eHRPD ig Node B active handover panne Nab ne When the RRC connection is established, the serving eNB sends Measurement Control messages to the UE, informing it of the set of cells to be monitored, and the criteria to be used for measuring and reporting channel strength and quality. The UE then monitors the designated cells as it moves through the network. When any of the specified reporting criteria is met, the UE sends the results to the network in a Measurement Report message. If the Measurement Report indicates that a neighboring cell is better than the current serving cell, the serving eNB can request that the UE hand over to the new cell. 244concn SSS Cece nein Nye echt) oo eC ee csct Re eee cone ‘A hybrid UE can learn about its HRPD neighbors by examining SIB type & (SIB8), and recording its contents for future reference. SIBB contains things like the folowing: 1. CDMA System Time for PN synchronization, 2. Optional HRP pre-registration information (required or not), 3. Zone ID (HRPD or 1x€V-00 sessions belong to an RNC and apply to certain zones), 4, Coll reselection thresholds for _ LTEYo-HRPD transitions (the UE will look at 1x£V-D0 control resources when certain thresholds are satisfied), and 5. A neighbor list used for monitoring potential HRPO target cells. Ceeneeiceeee een quired or not, zone 1D) Cet) SIB: System Information Block 245SCAN TANNERY BLE AT 14 | Interworking With Legacy Technologies Tieton Seen ents RC connection ona eee ii No UL ed This diagram shows the main characteristics of E-UTRAN- to-eHRPD cell reselection. Coll reselection occurs when the UE is in the mode where there is no RRC connection between the UE and the eNB, In dle mode, the UE monitors the strongest DL cell as part of the Discontinuous Reception (DRX) mode of operation. During the “On” period of the DRX cycle, the UE looks at the Physical Downlink Contro! Channel (PDCCH) to see if there is a page message present in the subframe. The UE is not required to read the POCCH during the “Off” period of the DRX cycle. Such DRX operation increases the battery life. ‘The UE keeps its information about the system current by observing the MIB on the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) and the System Information Blocks (SIBs) being sent on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). The E-UTRAN controls the overall cell reselection process by sending relevant parameters in the SIBs. Specifically, E-UTRAN-to-eHRPD cell reselection is influenced by the Parameters defined in SIB Type 8. The UE stores the cell reselection parameters to make a 246 E-UTRAN-to-eHRPD Cell Reselection Inter-RAT Cell eh Reece fence to EUTRAN cell Pec oe) Fall Weel See cair ene Py Eee *CDMA2O00: 1x and HRPD decision to stop monitoring the E-UTRAN air interface and start monitoring the eHRPD interface. The UE does not send a message to the E-UTRAN that it will cease observing the E-UTRAN. The cell reselection Process applies to both optimized and nonoptimized mobility scenarios in the idle mode.11.1 Interw: /orking With Ley ACY Technolo les E-UTRAN SIB Types Cell reselection to HRPD Pee Cee SIBB specifies the parameters that are used by the UE to perform E-UTRAN-toeHRPD cell reselection. SIBB also includes additional parameters that facilitate interworking between the E-UTRAN and eHRPD. For example, it provides the information that is useful to the UE to search for the eHRPD sectors. Specifically, SIB 8 provides the carrier frequencies, the pilot PN offsets of the eHRPD sectors, and the search window size. SIB 8 also indicates Whether the E-UTRAN cell supports pre-registration oF not. If the pre-registration flag is set, the UE performs pre- registration with the eHRPD system using the LTE alr interface. The registration zone ID of the eHRPD system is The E-UTRAN can prioritize the selection of the by the UE by setting the cell reselection parameters properly. The main idea behind the coll reselection is technology that the UE performs E-UTRAN-to-eHRPD cell reselection if the serving E-UTRAN cell drops below a thres! hold and the eHRPD sector exceeds another threshold. These thresholds can effectively be made dependent on the speed of the mobile. Timers are also available t 10 reduce the ping-pong effect. 28714 | Interworking With Legacy Technologies Exercise on Cell Reselection Pretend that you are a hybrid LTE/eHRPD UE in the idle mode. How do you know whether you should do eHRPD pre- registration or not? How will you get the eHRPD Neighbor List? What condition will make you perform cell reselection? . From the perspective of cell reselection only, will the UE with a dormant eHRPD session resort to a different message flow based on the scenario being optimized or non-optimized? p oN — 5 elds iis naieNB ‘The cell reselection parameters that are relevant to IRAT are as follows: «Cell Reselection Priority: This specifies the absolute priority for the E-UTRAN frequency, UTRAN frequen or group of GERAN frequencies. This information flement contains more detailed cell-specific information for cells in each type of RAT. This would include scrambling codes for UTRAN cells for example, and the ARFCN and Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) for GSM/GERAN cells, respectvel- + Qoffsetis;n): This specifies the offset petween two cells (serving and neighboring). + Qhyst: This specifies the hysteresis value for ranking, criteria. « Qalevmin: Tis spectes the minimum recuires Rx level in the cell in dBm. is specifies the cell + Treseleetion (RATtype): Th! aA EUTRA. reselection timer value for the RAT NP UTRA, or GERAN). + Thresh (freq, high, low): This fs the reshold used bY Ke y SIB IRAT Parameters in LTE SIBs: 1,3,6,7 11] Inter working With Legacy Tech nologies, the UE when reselecting @ higher or tower-priority frequency (freq) than the one used in the current serving cell. There may be different thresholds defined for each IRAT frequency. + Thresh (serving, low): This is the threshold for the ering frequency and is used in the reselection ‘evaluation toward a lower priority RAT «+ s{nonintraseare): This isthe threshold in for the EUTRAN —interfrequency and inter RAT measurements. in addition tothe above parameters LTE defines speed: dependent reselaction parameters corresponding to each fof the parameters inabove: These parameters are used t0 avoid excessive call resetections for a mobile that is 19 @ high-mobiity state- 249ik aE aE 11 | Interworking With Legacy Technologies Cell Reselection from LTE to UMTS/GSM UE does not need to search = : MS Higher prionty RATs are searched atleast ars ay fo Serving NB. oo ene, inherea lower XI Onigrent 7 lovest priority fs assumed + sib 6 for UTRAN for UTRAN/GERAN. + SIB7 for GERAN f RRC_Idle UE + RATS have non-equat prirties s, Treacher Stare | Sronseringcata Threstesow Sprinter THreSP sen Atleast 1sec on een serving cel pee] time =~ ‘Search IRAT The RSRP of the serving cell is measured and evaluated every DRX cycle (320 to 2560 ms) for an idle UE, and will be used for evaluating inter-RAT cell reselection criteria. When camping on the serving eNB, the RRC-\dle UE will search for higher priority RATs at least every GO*N seconds, where N is the total number of higher-priority RAT layers for UTRA and GERAN (generally a layer can be fan interfrequency or Inter-RAT). The absolute priorities are numbers between zero and seven, with zero being the highest priority. Each RAT type can be given a certain priority value for the purpose of cell reselection. This information can be conveyed to the UE through SIBs 6 and 7, or dedicated signaling (e.g, RRC Release) in the E- UTRA. Equal priorities between RATS are avoided, In this scenario, we assume the other available RATS have a lower priority than the E-UTRA. In this case, itis generally desirable for the idle UE to ignore lower-priority RATS when the signal quality of its serving E-UTRA cell is above a certain threshold. This strategy reduces the probability of unnecessary cell reselections and keeps the LTE-capable UE in the LTE domain. The UE may choose not to measure lower-priorty RATS if Seningces > Sponnuosanen 250 The reselecton criteria for lower-piorty RAT reselecton depend on parameters —Seevnycow Swntenngpan Tracetonnary TWESP gq ANd THESHgeurion Cel reselection occurs when the serving.ell signal tovel Scrnngza iS BEIOW THES yy ANd the lowerpiory RAT Gell MS Srrsowmgone ON frequency x greater than Threshjpy fOr Frequency x for 2 duration of Tuyssaane and more than one second has passed since the UE camped on the current E-UTRAN cell (to avoid rapid ping onging) The S values in general are the evaluated asin the case for Srxev for cell selection criteria. It is worth mentioning that cell reselection parameters Such as the ones described above can be scaled (changed in value) depending on the ground speed of the UE.41.1 Interw orking With L Gacy Technol logles eHRPD-to-E-t E-UTRAN Mobility (Active/Idle) Prov Binding Uoate | aa “HO temo sects Teen. Proxy Binding ACK TUEIP Aaa create Default Bearer Response *UEIP Address ‘The UE initiates an eHRPD-tOLTE handover ane ‘sends an Attach Request message to the MME with the Attach Type field get to “Handover Attach.” when the UE context is not found in the EPC, authentication is mandatory. The MME works with the HSS to authenticate the UE. The UE Suthenticates the network, The HSS ‘sends the P-GW IP ‘address to the MME during the ‘authentication process. In tne case of a first attach, oF 2 change 1 the MME, the MIME sends an Update Location messogh to the HSS. The HSS replies with the Insert Subscriber successful authentication, the MME creates @ context for the UE ‘and returns an Insert Subscriber Data ACK message tO the HSS.AAO LEN VE RRR 11 | Interworking With Legacy Technologies Which Does not Belong Here? Circle the items that do not apply to non- optimized connected or idle handoff from eHRPD to E-UTRAN. . Preservation of the IP address . Attach via eHRPD . Handoff decision by the UE . Attach via E-UTRAN . $101 tunneling . Handoff decision by the network OAaRWNR ition* Measurement Command * Reporting Mode + Measurement Type = Inter RAT + Measurement ID * Event results x Event ID, Phys Cell 1D In UMTS, the measurement procedure is triggered by an RRC Measurement Control message. Here, the UE understands that it elther has to start or modify the measurement procedure, how to report, and the fact that it is an intrafrequency (most common case), inter- frequency, or Inter-RAT measurement. The other measurement types are: UE positioning, traffic volume, quality and UE internal measurements. An identity number {one to 16) is picked to link the reports from the UE to this message. The serving RNC (SRNC) can also command the UE to set, modify, or release a measurement using tne Measurement Command information element. Te reporting mode indicates whether the measurement & to be reported periodically or based on event (dee Reporting criteria will give more details for specific measurement type such as the number of repetitions, the event {D, thresholds, time-to-trigger, etc: For the Inter-RAT measurement type, the RNC specifies @ group of parameters, including the following: a complete list of EUTRA. The list .dwidths over which * The E-UTRA frequency list. measurement objects for te contains the frequencies and ban IR, iS ‘AT Measurement in UMTS Meas. P urement Control SRNC Measurement 1D J + IRAT Reporting Criteria: Event. Ti E-UTRAequeoy st Carter, andthe IRAT measurement quantiy: RRP, RSRQ or Both Measurement Report '* E-UTRA Measured Results la | Interworking with Legacy Tech, chnologies imeto-Trigger, Thresholds — Phys Cell ID, Frequencies, RSRP, RSRQ. the UE should do measurements, the physical cell identities (0 to 503), and, optionally, a blacklisted cells list, which will not be used. «Te Rat messes quay wie or EU Pt (0 vl) RRQ (We) oe ing Reon aoa tow te avenge restates be coe, The EUTRR cn request RSRP, RSRQ, or both. «maton abet ne esis and eet (528 thresholds). Then, the UE, based on ‘the command from the RNC, The gr gan esenet EP mea rea ood ut wet Seen Te ery tne ress tee ett ee SE th en aver ee the UTRA to EUTRA. 25311 | Interworking With Legacy Technologies Inter-RAT Reporting Event 3: Send a measurement report only after the UMTS quality drops below a threshold and the E-UTRA quality/strength is above a threshold. Measurement Quantity E-UTRA Event 3A, Tine Four measurement report events have been defined to support inter-RAT measurements. The first event, 3a, is the most sophisticated of the four and is shown in the slide. The 3a event is defined so the mobile reports when the total UMTS signal strength drops below a threshold and the best E-UTRA signal quality/strength goes above a threshold. These thresholds are independent. Similar to the LTE case, there are hysteresis, time-to-rigger and offset parameters associated with this event, Typically, the UE needs to be in the compress mode to carry out these measurements, unless it is a UE with dual- radio front-end capability. it is normal to use other events such as inter-frequency event 2d (when the currently used frequency drops below a threshold) to force the UE into compressed-mode operation, and then carry out the inter- RAT measurements that need the compressed mode in any case. If such a strategy is not used, the UE will need to be in the compressed mode during extended periods of time, which can severely affect the performance of the network and the UE. 254Besides the commonly used and important event 3a, three more events are defined in UMTS for additional flexibility in network optimization. These events can be seen as simpler subsets of event 3a, which is a ‘comparison of the serving UMTS cell and the neighboring LIE cell. The other events are: + Event 3b; The E-UTRA RSRP/RSRQ has moved below a fixed threshold. «Event 3c: The E-UTRA RSRP/RSRQ has moved above a fixed threshold. + Event 3d: There was a change of the best cell among the E-UTRA cells. * Event 3b . cone Tl quality has moved below a threshold . on hl quality has moved above a threshold = ae ete cranes in the order of the best 141 Inter tworking With Legacy Techy nologies Ot her Inter-RAT Reporting Events 255Node B *tilbabne The list in the diagram shows some of the most relevant cell search parameters that are broadcasted in a UTRAN Cell for the purpose of cell or PLMN selection. PLMN lists indicate the available PLMNs in case of RAN-sharing. AS many as six PLMN IDs may be broadcast from the same cell. There is an option for not broadcasting the Mobile Country Code (MCC). It is possible to influence the choice of PLMN by the. UE based on the mode of the UE. Thus, there are two different PLMN IDs for neighboring cells for (RRC) idle and (RRC) connected cases. Frequency bands are indicated in SIB 6. S parameter values for cell reselection on different radio access technologies, a5 well as hysteresis, offsets and timers, are indicated in the SIBs, ‘An important option in controlling the inter RAT cell reselection is the broadcast of Absolute Priority criteria. SIB 19 in UMTS will provide these reselection parameters for intor-RAT. Only cells for which a priority and thresholds (hysteresis, timers, etc.) are 256 Key IRAT SIB Parameters in UTRAN SIBs: 6,18,19 defined will be considered for reselection. As an ‘example of priority information for GSM, we find the ‘Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN), the band indicator, and the starting and ending ARFCNs. A priority value is associated with the cels, with zero indicating the lowest priority and maxPrio-1 as the highest. For the UTRAN, we have the normal cell reselection parameters as well as the priatity value, and for E-UTRAN we find the EARFCN, measurement bandwidth and priority value for the RAT. The network should ensure that priorities for different RATS are always different.Srilev Atleast 4 sec on ‘serving cel ¥itine In inter-RAT reselection from the UTRA to E-UTRA, the UE will receive RAT priority information on SIB 19 (or on dedicated signaling messages) with relevant frequency- band information for each RAT type. No explicit neighbor list with cell IDs is required in this case and the LTE- capable UE is required to have the ability to decode the cell IDs in any case. If no absolute priorities are given to the UE, then “normal” cell reselection criteria apply similar to the inter-frequency criteria that exist in UMTS. For reselection to E-UTRA, the UE can be in the UTRAIdle mode, or in the sleeping RRC connected modes in the UTRA, namely the CELL_PCH and URA_PCH modes. Inter- RAT cell reselection is also supported for the UE in the RRC connected mode called CellFACH, which is considered a low data-rate/signaling mode in UMTS. Cell reselection does not occur in Cell_DCH mode, where handovers are the main cause of inter-RAT procedures. In this example, we assume that the E-UTRA the MEN priority RAT. This is a likely scenario for an LTE-capal Gevice, which should, by defauit, strive to pe in the LTE domain. The parameters required for cell reselection #8 the Solev of the nonserving LTE cell, the thresho Idle/PCH/FACH estecion ase THIESH ig, Cell Reselection occurs time Thresh.ng, and a statedependent reselection timer, Tresweciensute: Cell reselection occurs when the S value of the non-serving cell (Srev) is greater than Threshx.high for a duration of Treselection state, which depends on the RRC state of the UE. For good measure, the UE must have been camping on the current serving UMTS cell for atleast ‘one second before attempting cellreselection to LTE. 2571 | Interworking With Legacy Technologies Seat Summary Seamless mobility is supported between LTE and non-LTE networks such as UMTS and 1xEV-DO. Both active-mode and idle-mode mobility are supported. To support E-UTRAN-to-UTRAN/1xEV-DO cell reselection, the E-UTRAN provides UTRAN/1xEV-DO neighboring information in the SIBs. For an E-UTRAN-to-UTRAN/1xEV-DO active handover, the E-UTRAN provides UTRAN/1xEV-DO neighboring information in an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message.