ZS OCTOBER, 1915 esver poxatnsox sennins | INATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL. SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS, WASHINGTON, 0. 0. THTTMANN sont JONE PLLSBURY .. vicermcent GILBERT H. oR bnecron ano eoron JOHN 10 sna ASUS villian eee FLBLEICHELBERGER “asian tmeasunen JOHN OLIVER LAGORCE . associate to1ton GeoRGe W. HUTERIGOW,asisvant seesetent op. austin = 1 SSSSSpecneranr WILLIAM SHOWALTER "ASSISTANT COTOR BOARD OF MANAGERS s913-1915, 19141916 r91s:1917 PRANKLIN K. LANE AUEXANDERGRAMAMBELL CHARLES J. BELL J. Howano Gore ste aa Jon Joy Epson Davio Parenn.o Gu.newr H. Grosvenor incor e Prepenick V. CoviLue Tir of atonal GeoraphicC. HART MERRIAM. Faxes President ‘aati Member Nations Acalomy of EATERS SEE Gaohte ons Sure ‘sae Jonn E. Puuissuey ‘Diadoy of U. 8. eneseelO, P, AUSTIN (0.11 Trermane ‘Coaei porte Saundec ur" ‘Commigsioner U.S. Bureau of Hexey Wire Gromoe Swinss, 30 ee Wirdectioaoee gnarl ScArmy, GRANT SQUIRES ‘To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-six vears ago, namely, “the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge,” the ‘National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of reography. ‘Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Society can tse, adequate remuner tion is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed re: turn envelope and postage, and be addressed: GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, EviToR ‘CONTRIBUTING EDITORS. A.W. Geeruy ‘ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL ©. Harr Memeian Davin Paecritp ©. H, Trermann Huot M. Saint Rowert Houister CHapman Ne H. Danton Wauren T, SWINGLE RANE M. CHAPMAN eal Gxogrpble Soi, Washington,DC” Alrighs reserved ‘conyigt is 7GREECE OF TODAY home to break their long fast, each house- hold having sacrificed’ lamb for the paschal roasting. For days before Easter the roads leading into Athens are white ‘with the flocks being driven for the festal ORREK LAMOR WELL ORGANTZHD ck labor, though extremely well a is meager paid, day laborers receiving ‘no more than three drachmse day (@ little less than 60 cents), while skilled labor in the trades will average hardly more than twice as much, Car- penters, masons, and mechanics gener- ally use the most primitive of imple iments: yet the amount of work which they perform in a day is astonishing. ‘The guilds, or corporations, which cor- respond. to. our labor unions, embrace practically all the manual pursuits, and ‘one of the most striking scenes that’ re- call from my Athens days was the won derful demonstration of the organized guilds, "50,000. strong, who,_marched through ‘the streets of the city in the carly autumn of 1909 and presented to their King a petition embodying the de- mands of the revolutionary leaders of that year. 929 ‘That revolution for a time threatened the throne. Its leaders sent the Crown Prince into virtual exile, where he re- mained for more than a year; and the himself during that period was often of two minds regarding abvlication. But with the coming of Venizelos from Crete, to extricate the Military Lea from’ the ‘parliamentary pitfalls nto which it had tumbled, began the rejtye- nation of modern Greece. Constantine was summoned home and replaced at the head of the army: military reorganiza- i taken up in all branches of the ministries, too, were purged: the constitution. was rewritten, and the ‘country set in the path which fed to the slories of the Balkan wars. ‘The dread ful assassination at Saloniki cast only a byrief shadow across the sun of Hellenic promise, and the recent general ections wve shown that the Greek mind is now fairly freed from the shackles of jeal- ousy, prejudice, and insubordination Which so Tong have bound it ‘Thus Greece of today looks both to the past and to the future, From the ages that are gone she has derived a splendi tradition. From the days that are to ome she doubtless will take nev glories ARMENIA AND THE ARMENIANS By Hysrex Donanpson Jenkins Aurion oF “HULEARIN AN 1s Woatex,” 1 Tan National Geographic Magazine, “APRIL, O15 RMENIA is a word that has widely At ferent connotation for different peoples, To us Americans it isa Vague territory somewhere in ‘Asia Minor; to the makers of modern it means nothing—there is no such place; to the Turks of a few years ago it was a forbidden name, smacking of treason and likely to bring’ up that buga than which Abdul Hamid IT feared nothing more, antes it were “liberty”; but to nearly two mil- ions of Russian, Persian, and Turkish subjects it is a word filled with emotion, tone that sends the hand to the heart and calls up both pride and sorrow. Armenia is not easy to bond at any petiod of history, but, roughly, it is the tableland extending from the Caspian Sea nearly to. the Mediterranean S Its limits have become utterly tid; the waves of conquering Persians and Byzan- ines, Arabs and Romans, Russians and ‘Turks have flowed and ebbed on its shores until all Hines are obliterated, Ar- menia now is not a State, not even a geographic unity, but merely a term for the region where the Armenians live (see map, Page 359).330 LARGER THAN GERMANY AND FRANCE, At the height of its power and at its agveateat extent the ancleat Kingdom of ‘Armenia consisted of $00,000. square miles of fertile tableland, extending f the Black Sea and the Caucasus tains to Persia and Syria. It rises until reaches 8,000 feet above the sea, then it ascends abruptly to the snow-capped peak of Mount Ararat, which is 1 feet higher than Mount Blane, The land is fertile, rugged, and beautiful. A. native of the country writes of it with pardonable enthusiasm thus: “Armenia is the motherland, the eradle ‘of humanity, and all other Tands are her daughters: but she is fairer than any ‘other, Even her mountain tops of per petual snow are a crown of glory: the Sun ses her brow with the smile of mornin vers Euphrates, Tigris, and many others from the jewels of her crown, ‘These rivers peneirate to every comer of the land, traverse many hun- dreds of miles to give life to the Belds, the vinevards, and the orchards, to turn the mills, and finally close their course in the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Gulf of Persia carrying the bounty and ‘good-will messages of the motherland to her children in remote parts—to Persia, India, and Russia. From the same inex haustible reservoirs she feeds her noblest lakes—Sevan, Urumiah, Van, and the rest.” ‘WO MELONS 4 CAaMEL’S LOAD ‘This country of Asia Minor is a fine grazing land and an excellent agricultural region. It is so fertile that two melons are said to be a camel's load, and it pro- duces grapes, wheat, Indian cor, barley, ‘oats, eotton, rice, tobaeco, and stigar the vegetables that we know in Mesias aquinces, apricots, “nectarines, peaches, apples, iid plums. ‘The Armenians ‘export silk and cotton, hides and leather, wine, dried fruits, raisins, tobacco, drugs, and dyestuffs. Tn minerals, too, the country is rich, Coal, silver, copper, iron, and other min- crals lie beneath the surface, but the Turkish government has not allowed them to be exploited. ‘THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, James Bryce thus speaks of the land: Tees es ced Dek ae or gift of Nature; a fertile soil, possessing variety of ire and situation; smd sad equile. cinete) mikes of silver, and coal in the moun- tains; land of ‘exquisite beauty, which twas once studded with flourishing cities and filled by an industrious population, ibat,now, from the Espira to the phorus all is silence, poverty, [ogi eh ryh ibe Game a village on the shores, hardly a toad by which commerce can pass into the in- terior, You ask the cause and receive from every one the same answer—mis- government, of rather _no government; the existence of a power whieh does noth: ing for its subjects, but stands in the way when there isa chance of their doing something for themselves, ‘The mines, for instance, cannot be worked. without a concession from Constantinople.” NO MRIRY CIVILIZATION Into the soil of this beautiful and his- toric land the Armenians have thrust deep roots, No brief civilization is th dating back to Mayflower or even Nor man Conquest, but one that is almost ‘coterminous with recorded history; and every Armenian feels behind him this vast antaity, giving him personal diz nity and great national They be- Sets hasoey withthe Cartref 1 which they claim was in Armenia, basing the claim on the naive statement that the land is beautiful enough to have included Paradise, and also laughingly asserting that the apples of Armenia vere worthy to tempt a most Epictirean Eve,_ Their first recorded ancestors they find in the book of Genesi ‘Russian Armenia consists of the prov- inces of the Caucasus, and further south the sun-baked plains leading to the base of Mount Ararat, where, in the midst of fields, vineyards, and cultivated fields, lies Etchmiadzin. A taste for the arid red plains of Asia Minor, with their occastonal_ beautiful tree oF still rarer blue lake, is, I think, an acquired one, althorigh T confess to shar- ing the love of the native for this brilliant land, where the soit is so red and the sky334 so blue and each tree is like a distinct personality, I know how homesick for this land the Armenian can be when he gomes to our shores; I know how the iridescent lights fall on rolling lands, and hhow the gay flowers dot the fields in springtime, and how so many” towns nestle in the “shadow of a great rock.” But no one could fail to admire the beauty of the Caucasus at first sight. Te is hard to conceive a more wonderful journey than that over the Georgian road, from the Georgian-Armenian_ city of Tiflis up into the fastnesses of the ‘mountains, culminating in a face-tonface iew of stiperb glacier-clad Mt, Kasbek, then down through the historie Gorge of Dariel to the plains once more. THE ARMENIAN eHURCH SGatnotics It differs from the Greek Church very little in creed, but, unlike the Greeks, the Armenians are not theo- ically inclined, andl lay little stress on They have always beet, how= ever, devotedly trinitarian. ‘The Armenian Church has been perse- ceted not only by Moslem and Fire-wor- shipper, but also by Roman and Greek; yet Its one of the beantiful characteris. ties of this ancient church that it never erscutes in is turn, Te fellowships ith all churches, holding that Chris- ianity means brotherhood through Jesus thrist and gives no warrant for oppres- sion or anathema. ‘The music and ceremonies are natu- rally very primitive, dating back to the time when the courtyards of the church ‘were the dramatic centers of the parishes and moral and spiritual lessons were taught through simple drama, Such services as those of Holy Week, ob- served even in our own time, illustrate this: for instance, the washing of the dis- ciples’ fet and the eral raising of esas by pulleys up a tower. The Greek Church preserves similar primitive trionic services. Armenians love. thei church devotedly, and say that although they may get more instruction from a Protestant sermon, their own services THE NATIONAT, GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE seem, to them warmer, touching their ‘emotions and helping them. ARMENIA’S ROME. ‘The center of the Armenian Church is at Etchmiadzin, in the Caneasts Moun- tains, where stand the fine od cathedral alt eight ha rs ago in res Noavidba, crus caines stuns col or mounted by am octagonal tower, with courtyard and outbuildings, and its altar in the center, has been a model for Ar- tnenian churehes ever since; while the little chapel to Saint Gregory, in form a canopy, has become the type of the pe- culiar porches that are ustally attached to Armenian churches, The cathedral contains a miraculous picture of the Vir- gin, many sacred relies, and the sacer- ‘otal oil, with which every true Arme- nn mst e anointed at his birt, his marriage, and just before his Tia ol ieclbunat to? use to erery Armenian church. There are also at Etchmiadzin, vestments, tanks of celebrated fish, a workd-famed library ‘containing 3,000 illuminated manuscripts, and some oft portraits, Schools and an ecclesiastical college educate the Arme- nian youth for the priesthood. Here under the shadow, of Mount Ararat lives the “Catholicos,” or pope of the Armenian ‘Church, a stately man in splendid robes and hood, accompanied when he goes out, by a bodyguard. in scarlet and gold. The present Catholicos George Vi Sureian, the 127th Catho- icos in regular succession from Gregory he Illuminator. Such isthe oldest Chri tian Chureh, Before we turn to the history of the {Armenians fetus conser their race and characteristics. RESEMBLANCE TO THE FEW ‘Their appearance is definitely eastern: swarthy, heavy-haired, black-eyed, with aquiline’ features: they look more Ori- ‘ental than Turk, Slav, or Greek. In gen eral type they come ‘closer to the Jews than to any other people, sharing ‘with them the strongly marked features, prominent nose, and near-set eyes, as well as some gestures we think of as characteristically Jewish. ‘The type is £0‘The Armenians are the workers of the Nea to that of the peoples around ther, they hav seat capacity for work and well-directed fr pronounced that to those who are akin to them they seem often very handsom« while to westerners they seem a little tor foreign-looking. Of course, the type is not always preserved; white skins, even an oceasional rosy cheek may be’ seen, and there is a small number of fair” haired and blue-eyed Armenians. ‘The resemblance to the Jews does not stop with physical features, for the fate of the two peoples has been sufficiently similar to bring out common traits. Like the Jew, the nian has. been op- pressed and pers and has devel oped a strength of his own people, 335 wi CREAT LOND OF 1 East. Added to a business ability in sharp contrast to their Asatte ne sity rarely seen elsewhere, Like the Jew, he s learned to bend, not break, before the oppressor, and to succeed by artifice when opposed by force. How else had he survived? Like the Jew, he has de- veloped strong business instincts, and like him he has a talent for languages, a power of concentration, and unustial artistic gifts, Both Jews and Armenians are very clever actors ‘These resemblances have made many scholars question whether the two races are not akin; whether the Armenians may not be descended from the lost Ten ‘hes. of Israel. But the philological basis for such an hypothesis is lacking,ARMENIA AND THE ARMENIANS: and the Armenians and their language are adjudged to be not Semitic, but Aryan. ‘My Armenian friends are to be found largely among my Armenian students at Constantinople, some fellow - teachers, and a few faithfl servants, ‘When the present college was founded, a mere primary school called the Home School, its first students were Armenians eager to get an education. For many years the Armenians were the most nu- ‘merous of the nationalities present. S tari, where the college was situated until it moved across the Hosphorus last year, isan Armenian quarter, so that long after Greeks and Bulgarians came in larger ‘numbers into the boarding college the day scholars were predominantly Arme- nian, ARMENIANS AS STUDENTS As students the Armenians differ among themselves, ranging all the way tesa athe gi. Elta, fo averaging high in their studies. Of 1 three students who distinguished them= selves in. philosophy. ima dazen years, tne was Turkish, one was Greck, and one Armenian. In English composition, while perhaps the cleverest and most humorous papers were written by Greeks, and the stories with the most action and vim by the Bulgarians, those showing the most grace and fancy were written by Armenians. Oriental girls rarely enjoy mathematics, butt the one student who craved mathematics that the professor that department had to. form special classes to give her all that advanced American colleges offer was an Arme= nian, The college chorus and choir always contained many Armenians, and in my day the special soloist on all occasions was an Armenian who sang like a bird, with natural style. “She has since studied music in Paris, and is now doing concert ‘work in Constantinople, Like other Ori- cota, the Armenians have. dramatic il well remember one strongly girl who acted the double rile of priest and king in a San- serit play with marked effect. [recall ‘that same year a pretty Armenian git 337 ‘who played the part of Toinette in “Le Malade Tmaginaire” with more charm and piquancy than T have seen in any American production of that classi ‘The pronounced features and splendid eyes and hair of so many Armenians make them extremely effective in tab- leaux. POLL OF SENTIMENT: Armenian women are full of sentiment Ecorse ees gy Inve bah repressed by harsh experience they are unrestrained in expression. When the news of the death of a_ schoolmate reached one of our dormitories, the girls wept and even screamed with sich af don that one of them became actually il anil had to go home, Yet under torture and persecution these women have shown ‘marvelous patience and entrance. ‘Where there is so vigorous a national pride, some personal conceit would nat- uurally follow. That is not always the ‘ase; some of the most modest and hum- He of women are among my Armenian friends; but a characteristic expression of complaceney that one often hears “He is a fine man; he likes me.” In these young girls does one find any reflection of the tragedy of the race? ‘Yes, one does, althongh many. an. Ar- menian girl of prosperous family is as ‘gay and light-hearted as a French girl, Let me tell of a few of our girls, giving borrowed names, Filore was a sparkling girl, with jet ind. shining: eyes and teeth, She was delightfully responsive in class, although her quick appreciation was rather shallow. » She was always. happy and care-free. Her father was high in ‘Turkish favor and she had! apparently no consciousness of her people's sufferings. Zabelle was another happy girl, but of quite a different type. She was small and plump, and maintained a position at the Ihead of her class only hy’ constant hard work, One would never associate her tragedy in the remotest way. But when, it 1908, people's tongues were loosed, “the press freed, and people seemed to wish to express their long pent-up emotions, Zabelle wrote a com position. “She began in her clear roundAN ARMENIAN PAMILY OP VAN swarthy. heayy-haired. black ny other people, shar fas wells some gestures we think of as characters have always wanted to tell about but T did not dare; and there followed a horrible tale of pers mocent young ma Heigoohee was touching in her ex- pression of the joy that it gave her af 1¢ revolttion of 1908 to be able to say wong girls who had es of their own, sich as the Tish and Trkish girls, ‘One of the sweetest souls T ever knew a Protestant from ssion schools in Cilicia She was older than most of the girls, a in character and suffering. was very delicate pealing, and absurdly grateful fi appreciation of beauty was very great ed. w tee sauiline “Greek “Tn genes img with them the strong! mosque Sancta Sophia, in Constantinople, with a class of gitls, “She wandered off by herself, and-when Tf was sitting q her eyes, bee autiful.” Annitza was rls who cam from the district of Adana, where the massacres took place in the spring of ‘or several weeks we gave these ‘a separate place to eat and sit while iting for news of their loved ones. One day I met Annitza in the corridor and uttered a light word, Her face stopped me, and I said quickly news, Annitza?” She made a fort ‘at self-control, then lespite tl girl from familiarities with a teacher, threw her arms around my neck and wept, And that was not the whole tale. The week added four more to the list tims in her family. Patient Annitza, with her soft pathetic eyes, alwaysseemed to me a type of the Armenian that some one has been able to put into vietim, her heart the love and faith in man and A DISILLUSIONED sO God that her cruel childhood seemed to, crushed out Hrypsimé was not a type at all; she was a strangely individualize! girl, but No. account of my Armenian friend the product of suffering and revolution, would be complete without, mention o One would not have thonght it to sec a, faithful servant for 3o years in sehool. eager to learn, docile, appreei- at Constantinople College. Dear’ Ho: ative of all little gaities, patient in zanna, of the beatific name, the Madonna her poverty and humiliation.» She was eyes, and the ample who gave scarcely over 13 years old, a preparatory “my teachers,” as she student, but her compositions revealed att feeling, who sent us tered, disillusioned heart, She also tions with ise fer 1908 and and welcomed us back with and revo- of greeting, began to express herself pottred hution with bitter vindictiveness and hate. To you, F On the day of th devoted service to the Americans, to you, Heypsimé ran off and through you to the Armenian nation When I T send my salaams, she shea ather gave his life f in; why should P ery to save mine?” T do not know what has A typical Armenian town of the better become of her, but T have often lardezag. near the Gulf of Nico anna, living your life « ped class jiARMENIA AND THE ARMENIAN meidea. This isa town of narrow streets, paved with great stones and bordered by dark, narrow houses made of the wn- slaked brick of the Sc jptures, but with the straw much in evidence. ‘The edges of the streets serve as gutters, and the door- steps over them are littered with chil dren, ‘There is one school-house which is'n sort of social center, serving as Tec- jure-room or concert hall at need. ‘There Church, tie fields are filled with mulberry trees wherewith to feed the hungry silk ‘worms. On the edge of the town are an English orphanage, founded ater the massacre of 1856, and an. American col- lege for boys, the latter being the great center for enlightenment for the neigh. orhood. The fields are fertile and well tilled, but beyond them rise beautiful hills,” whence’ descend the -maranding Kuro reap where they have not sawn he people are largely agricultural, though there are many of them engaged in the intellectual and business interests of the town. The women wear Oriental costumes—bloomers, dark bodices folded feross their breasts, hair braided in two tor more braids, often dyed. with henna, tund when on the street a kerchief over the head. Most Christian women in the interior of Turkey find it, safer tov when abroad. In Constantinople the mmenian women dress like Europeans rather more showily,, ‘The men of lezag dress like the ‘Turks, in loose col- less coats and the red fez, but in Con- stantinople dress like Europeans, The ie ‘considerable. intellectual activity Tardezag, and some noted revolutionaries have gone forth from that town, AN ARMENIAN VILLAGE, ‘An, Armenian village of the primitive sort is Chalgara, When an American missionary brought report of this wretch- ced little Separated from its neigh- hors by the impassable roads, where the people were lost in ignorance and dirt, an Armenian lady, grasuate of Constan- ple College, offered to go and. live with the, “Sh ok th ana disgusting life; she is teaching the people to read and write, to be indgctriogs and 843 honest, to grow vegetables and make clothes, to serub their houses and say their prayers. Such is the work a con- seerated Armenian can do for her people. ‘The best-known. Armenian towns are Erzeroum, a fortified town containing ir remains. of the Seljuk. Turk ie sea Bhi, not far from Van; Van itself, on the beautiful blue lake of Ne sti sanads Destboar, Mavast, acer Mately Mount Tareas; Targas and Nia, in the same district of Cilia, and Manavan, Taio thee towne the ealation is partly Christan, partly Stostem, with enough armed Kurs to tify the Armeaians, Oper the from tier, within. Russian Armenia, Hie Exvean find Etshmiadzin with the cy of iis, which i fargely Armenia Ose He gue Armin ok bata heap of ruing, was An in Ci ivich was excavated inthe last centary ind shows traces of a high ciitzation Hore are tobe seen eeaatas of conics roofed churches and massive walls 4010 0. feet high, Ranked by many round erent tee tng os deep, gurges: Yelk Honepor, Black Hsu’ decorative "sculptures inthe churches, rude carvings in the caverns, td faint remains of eblored frescoes i fate an ‘ae development of 'n0 me onier, nayee’s TamUTE James: Bryce, in his “Transcaucasia “Ararat,” writes of Ani (ste p. 331) ites thontments leave no duit that the Armenian people may be foclued in the small number of races who show themseltessuscepble of the highest cu ture. ‘They exhibit the Armenians as able and sympathetic intermediaries. be- tween the civilization of the Byzantine Empire, with its legacies from that of Rome, and the nations of the East. They: fealty to. the traghe suddenness Wilt which the ‘development of the race was arrested at a time when their capacities tine Fone wee cme best fruit.” "The city Of Ani dh not fast long. Tt fel ins the needa of te Bye ad was destroyed not long after. Its fate is an‘Prous by Steen Vas H. Troms LATE PROFESSOR Hy MEZJIAN ren of A and. Professor of Physics in Central Turkey otlexe sadly symbolic of the fate of Armenian hhomes from that time to our own, WOUND ARARAT Emerging from tra a distinct Armenian people appears about 1000 B.C, dwelling on the table-lands near Ararat. Having no ni the State was seldom independent, but vas subjugated in torn by. Babylonia the Medes and. Per eft | felt, however, onal development. Cone (quest meant Hite more than tribute, "The ‘Armenians boast of a proud culture dur- the ancient period and Fines of noble The Armenians w ; and were one of the few re never Hellen- Tt is in the early Middle that we of the West call “dark to the Near East was a period of great attains its highest position, and it is through Christian 's contribution to the worl. In the year 310 A. D., 15 years before the establishment of the Greek Church, the, Armenian Church was founded by or Gregory the Muminator, and Bbc coe tie tabeet of Eine: the East. Gregory was baptized n relatives im his childhood, yy isan interesting one, telling of an early marriage, the birth of two sons: ing’, of iradates’ persecution of Gregory. be- se he would not agcept the old god of years in prison; of his release in sponse to a vision ; his miracles; the con: version of Tiradates and the baptism of Armenians, until in eight ia was fully Christianized m was adopted by the State. 4sA CROWD OF TURKS IN THE MARK! “In the courts of justice the word of an Armenian vill ns ie, his property, (see text, pate 354) Moslem, ss No. Armen site in Turkey for # century ‘The mummied hand of Saint Gregory is still laid on the head of every bishop at his consecration, thus carrying on the most perfect apostolic suce world. TRANSIENT GLORIES. The glories of indepe quickly passed. With 1 th cen tury there arose a power in the East more fatal to Armenia than any of her ancient enemies—the reli € Armenia an people it found a ibstance it could not consume: the menians could not be converted to Islam, although their kingdom could be burned to ashes and their people ens! Like and wa am and Christianity met and struggled, but neither could de- stroy the other, until they settled down in the same land, sullenly’ irreconcilable. ‘The races might long ago have been blended, for they are not temperamen- 7 Stephen Van R. Trobe le taken against that o ‘the honor of hs women has been tally antagonistic, but, on the contrary, well fitted to be friends; but the two clashing religions, each ' claiming the world for its kingdom, could never be reconcile First, as the followers of the Prophet red Syria and the Armenian prov- ceame the Arabs. Sofa armed) the ‘Conqueror had Moslem subjects to fil ns conquered ity, 0 he accepted t bnly of Christian subjects tolerance of thei laws, eustor fig, Many ‘Turks today th he had pursued policy sinilar to that fof modern Russia and Germany, rth lessly Turkfying. and converting tol Jam his foreign subjects, he would have made 2 homogeneous and happy Terk Tht he left the Rayahs, or Christ contemptuonsly” alone, granting them,however, no civil or military advance- iment unless they accepted Islam, The Otto pire was organized into millets, a religious division, there Orthodox millet, a Gregorian Catholic millet, and a Jewish and in the nineteenth century a tant millet, Each of these millets ‘ad, who is its representative OF ‘at the Porte, This is not a purely ecclesiastical position, like that of the Catholicos, but is really a diplomatic and political office, and demands Teetwal rather than spirit tions, PATRIARCH NOT ALWAYS RELIGIOUS "Therefore the patriarch of the Arme- ins is Not necessarily nor religious man, alth ismirlian, is worthy of great reverence, glement with politics, and in its ancient Fitwal in a dead language that lie the Phot by Sten Vas B, Trombeie N OF THE my OF AINTAT dangers to formalit livin testant in Turkey is revivifying this ancient and tioble institution, It will readily be seen that when an Armenian leaves the Gre- gorian to join a Catholic or Protestant Ghurch he in some sense loses touch with his nation, for nation or millet and church are practically. one in. Turkey For this reason, if, for no other, all mis sionary work within the church is better n that done outside Turkey governed very well, as govern ments went, in the of her rile, and the Armenians were not un: happy. They were not admitted to the but paid a head tax + but and_were usefull business men in theHAJE AGHA, \ KINDLY NEIGHHOR AND HOSPITAL In the massacre mob from entering. He represents the the Armenian massacres, coast cities, where they won respect and envy. They have always been loyal citi zens of Turkey, but they have ‘not be- come converts to Islam, nor have they voltntarily intermarried with the Turks. ‘One curious instance of their separate ness from their political masters is in their use of the Turkish tongue. Ale though the Armenians have lived centu: ries among the Turks, and many havé heen brought ap. in the Turkish rather than the Armenian language, they sel- dom speak Tarkish without a very strong, ng to a mispronunciation. ‘ane of the ways in which they have preserved their ail_ individuality. here is litle, 0 f \ MOST LOVAL PRIEND 10 THEE AMERICAS, 1S AINTAD 108 he posted himaclf at the hospital entrance and prevented the type of Moslem, who are not responsible for detween Armenians and Turks, Had re- ligion and politics never come to antago. nize th could Hive together in essential The Armenians boast a Golden Age in literature, when for a brief cycle of fifty years their writers burst into poetry antl song, leaving a precious heritage of liter ature to their descendants. This period was ushered in by Saint Mesrob, himself a scholar in Greek, Syrian, and’ Persian, who took the limited Armenian alphabet I perfected it to express the Armenian language. Tt had thirty-six letters, but two have since been added.by Stephen Van. Trowbeee 1) AND WIS RETAINERS y, not even barring the Jews, have been the victims Armenians in the past thitd of & Storm has abated ite fary, only to start up. again with increased en terrible era in Armenia 2 but the climax of a. gencration of terror. Ti 1893 some'0 {Armenians sought to throw off the Turkish yoke.” The revol lle, "and terealter followed a ch thousands of Hives w ily planed and ena el out el ‘ nol, and from the Turkish, capital. ‘The. actoal perpetrators of the massacre were the local Moslem, aided by Kurds, Circaesians, and a Five best Moslems opposed i hut the ignorant and fanatical masses were strred by a report P ving them out,” Fut tmore, their cupidity wae appealed to by the fact that they thus be able to wip the heavy debts they owed to. Armenian peddlers and merch Armenian massacres of previous years they are str, The world has never seen a more fi im their exeeution, than are now being employed against this unhappy’ race Mesrob, aided by Sahs Jated the Bible into Arm nished the translation t th , next trans- who wrote a history of Armenia which sn and fur- presents tradition, old. stories and. bal is stil used in lads, and some real history. Although it regorian Church, is full of mistakes, it was the only source also. wrote epistles to many of Armenian history for a thot knights and emperors, all of whom, we and has much real value are told, reverenced him and were greatly Another valuable contribution to the influenced by the saint, He wrote alarge learning of the Middle Ages was the part of the Armenian Church history translation from the Greek of many clas- composed many hymns. Another great sics, some of which, notably a part of the name of this period is Moses of Khorene, writings of Eusebius, were lost in the I years 30BEATING UP OLD COTTON tresses, and pillows are made ov every year, ‘The old cotton packing is dae. leaned, and aired hy means of 4 reat bow and a tightly deawn gut which struck with originals ancl preserved to the world only. through the translation, The oud of this classic all their schools, pole part 0 sere aa ain pat on iglish ennler writings "The Armenians have a sense and gutta it is an Indo-Trani ‘unique in its development. But the most beloved of 3 heroes, dearer than the mi or Tiradates, greater than and Mesrob, was Vartan, strong manhood, tested by the fierce pe secation of Christians by Pei military. genius heroic death in Persian tolerance for Christianity, that Armenians never tire of relating. rata here sitions and "in thelr sparkli With what pr: «lid they fil their pride of race st THE ARMENEAN QUESTION ‘The “Armenian Question” was brought about by the entrance of Russia upon the stage. ‘Toward the end of the eighteenth century the province of Karabag, peopled by 200,000 Armenians and 100,000 Mos- 380AN ARMENIAN FARMER'S PAAtILY ‘The purpose of the massaeres seems to have been to reduce the number of Armenians and to take possession of their property” (see texts plue 353) lems, and governed by Armenian chiefs under the suzerainty of Persia, was ct red by Russia, so that Armenia i the Treaty of San Stefano, 9, the grievance divide sia, and 1 key sia i provi ans treated well and are content; and to were enjoying fair Kurds up to 1 When England forced the substitution Bit the trouble had begun, for Russia of the Treaty of Rerlin for that of had framed a policy for the protection Stefano, she divided the responsibi of the Rayahs of the Ottoman Empire toward the Armenians apd weakened and annoyed Turkey greatly by her in. Russia's power to help them. In the tervention and demands for “reform,” Cyprus Convention of the same year, At first it was her coreligionists, the 1878, the Sultan promised Great Britain Orthodox Christians, Shy” or Greek, to introduce reforms for the Protestants, whom Russia sought to protect, but later her Christian subjects of the Porte. it included the Armenians, ‘The Armenians at this time got very In 1876 there came to the throne of strongly the impression that England was ‘Turkey one of the most cruel and abom- their friend and protector. ‘Their disap- inable tyrants whom the world has ever pointment was Very great when they known—Abdul Hamid TI. Shortly after gradually learned that the policy of Glad- occurred the Russo-Turkish War. At stone was not the steady policy of Greatslurueed and said 1 (see tet, paRe 341) id was more anx- ick man” on his to help his. op- One finds considerable ‘against England among the pressed subjects bitterne Armenians, ‘The article in the Bi has mained a dead letter, No reforms were introduced, and the appeals of the \r- ‘menians and their friends in Fuirope have failed to move the Powers to effective action. ‘The ironically named “Concert of ‘been ready to act together. At one time Germany, and at another time Russia, refused to act; but between them they Sharply irritated the Turkish sultan against his Armenian sub- jects, and he began a definite policy of armless and use- assacre of 1895-56, AEMENIAN BRIDESMAIDS Hrypsimé ran off to join the Red Cross “Ay father gave his life for tev When T ed whether her mother knew, mn; why should T try to save 1906, are some of the tions of this policy, and f¢ been proved to have been decreed by authority. ‘The purpose of the ma cefes scems to have been to re umber of Arment session of their pr riven the law-abiding ito revolutionary societies, for the downfall of Abdul Hamid and have earnestly striven for the freeing of the Armenian provinces. Independent of the massacres, which, alas, have been of too frequent occur: what are the grievances of the Armenians against the Ottoman govern ‘ment? : ‘They may be divided into two classes those which arise from the deliberate policy of the government and. thoseARMENIAN JRIDAL PROCESSION TO THLE Like the Jew, the Armenian has been oppressed and persecuted, and has developed a strengih of nationality, a love for his own people, and.a\ persistence of type fare” seen itewhere. Like the Jews he has fearned to bend, wot break, before the oppressor" (sce text, page 338) which arise from the weak 'y of the government. former cliss belong the massacres, the impoverishment of the peasantry by tax- Allon, and. the impunity granted to, the life, his property, nor the honor of his crimes of Kurds against the Christians, women has been safe in Turkey for a c disarming of the latter century. jes to the former. ‘The misgovernment of ‘Turkey has belong disorders, found, of course, other victims beside cof justice, wretched andthe riotie Turks have portation, and brigandage. impoverished, their trees cut" down, ‘undevelopes, ss and in- perhaps the Kurds sweep down from the To the mountains and seize his home for their fer shelter, take his crops, and even ry off his daughters. No Armenian’s Tin the courts of justice the word of an against that Armenian will not be take of a Moslem. ‘The Armeniai their government despised by Europe, trader has to parrsue his call and their patriots and statesmen exiled, that he cannot travel freely in the em- But hard as was their lot, it was not so pire, recognizing that he will be so heav- hard as that of the Christians, and of ily and so unfairly taxed that he can ter the Armenians have’ suffered scarcely make a living, and then when the most, The case of the Turkish peo- the struggle of the year is nearly over ple got so bad that in 1908 there broke 354JING OUT HREAD AS THIS AS mortiNe PAPKR AND RAKING IT ON A DISC OF ‘This isthe universal cus out in Turkey a revolution, in which all the revolutionary societies of the country joined with the Young Turk party to overthrow Abdul Hamid and establish a constitution, ‘The enthusiastic belief of the Arme- nt was very touch ys that followed announcement of the constitution, priest and imam went together to. place Rowers on the graves of ma menians, One of the illustr who returned to Constantinople was the venerable Armenian patriarch Ismirlian, As his boat came through the Marmora it was met by thousands of little boats coming out to welcome him. When they drew in sight of Seraglio Point, where the waters of the Rosphorus meet the Marmora, Ismirlian said solemnly: “Let f baking unleavened bread in Turkish homes uus kneel and pray over the graves of our al. Here below us in the Marmot lie thousands, "Let us pray God for the souls!” and, kneeling, he led his sobbing people Many eagerly to the new Turkish parliament delegate from his hopeful people. It w an Armenian who wrote the song of freedom called “Fatherland.” One of e most moving sights of that wonder- Stamboul singing this song of “ land;” they who for a thousand years hhad not been allowed to feel that they hhad any fatherland, An attempt to break down the civil inequalities of the population of the em- pire was made, All citizens henceforth were to take the name of Ottomans, andMarash is the principal city of the sawiak trae in oriental rage and hae a lars Ae id feniene} to the Kurd were. sadly shaking Prophesying that the sess himself of the preme cunning he p! the Young le p cute the took plac ‘The Armenians, infinitely saddened, andoned their hope of free Emigration be reluctantly a dom throug! gan in consid and jn still larger m i the Turk, rable nu ahs were released from their wved to enter the army. ‘There were undoubtedly a changes for the better made after the ation, but the old habits of cor. ih, of for the Ra and of gener Armenians in. 1909 their heads Young Exrope. the governors refused to exe ‘eres, batt in Cie ‘a sickening succession of sto A mibers to Russia, rk party trou fal when eame the counter-revo ition, Abdul Tlamid's attempt to, repox power With tanned a series of Mnassacres that should forever discredit Aleppo. It is f the same name, not far f Russia had long been the possessor an Armenian questi ‘and had make Russians of its Armenian ibjects in Transcaucasia, Its policy at ye of russification, In. 1806, ss an Armenian priest soul great difficulty we Armenians have today is to get education. We are an ancient race, with literature and 1 great cultural history behind us; but everything is being done to. undermine that culture, to rediice us to the condition brutes, to make us learn Russian, for get and neglect our own language, and thus become assimilated by Russia. But re intellectually, culturally F inferiors, and we mean to II_we can to retain our superiority Th 1903. the Russian government de spoiled the sanctuary of Etchmiadz carrying away coin and plate and taki farms and lands belonging to theTHE HOME oF 8 TURK ‘These local officials often have winked at mass fives the Moslem a chance to divide up the p church all over the land; furthermore, rehies were closed and theit den, ‘The government next attempted to bribe the Armenians to join the: Ortho- dox Church; but neither coercion nor bribe could turn the faithful Armenian from the church of his fathers. This alty can hardly be said to spring from ms principle; for, as we have said, two great Eastern churches differ practically not at all; it was merely an- bother expression of the intense national Randied from other, never know Political independence unity have sought that unity in_their church. When they were thus suTering persecution, a traveling American. mis sionary asked them, “Don’t you wish you were still under Turkey?” "And the re- ply came, “Yes: for Turkey lops off our branches, but Russia digs us up by the feeling of the Armenians. fone political rule to a ing th a7 sacres; the masses defight in them, since it property of the more provident Armenians But in 1904 a new viceroy took the government of Russia and the policy was completely changed. ‘The property taken was restored to its former owners, the Armenian Church was once more free, and with the freedom of the church come the freedom to use their des foved vernacular and to maintain their excellent schools. ‘The Armenians. of Turkey, noting the improved conditions of their brothers in Russia, are emigrat ing thither in flocks, and at the outhreak of the present war in Europe many went over the frontier to offer their services to Russia, and many more are watching with eager hope the progress of the AF Ties at the Dardanelles If the Powers have done little for Ar- menia but raise false hopes, that is not true of the people of Enrope and Amer- ica. French missions are dotted all over Asia Minor, and German societies hATE EXTENT OF ANCIENT ARMENIA. (THE PME IIFTED JANE) AND THE COUNTRY WaHEH 39360 cared for children orphaned by the mas- sacres, while English missions, schools, and orphanages attest a deep interest in the Armenians. But the greatest work dlone among them has been done by the Americans, whose ‘schools and hos- pitals, says an Englishman, “might al- most ‘be called the makers of modern Armenia.” ‘The American mission schools at Mar- sovan, Adabavar, and scores of other places are filled with Armenians, and the men’s colleges at Constantinople, Smyrna, Beirut, and elsewhere, and the women’s college at Constantinople graduate each ‘THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE year numbers of eager, intelligent Ar- ‘menian men and women. ‘The American Board of Foreign Mis- sions, through its hospitals, kindergat tens, schools colleges and. churches, its Bible societies and its press, has. done an enormous work for the Armenians. ‘These institutions have generally been gpen to other dwellers in the land; but the Armenians in their love for educa- tion have always been the first to profit by any school or Hterature at ther doors, Often, also, they have been able to take the work started by the Americans and carry it on themselves, financing and ad- ministering it, ROUMANIA, THE PIVOTAL STATE By James Howarp Gore NTIQUARIANS have for many eats looked upon the county I> ing in the half embrace of the ‘arpaihian Mountains as afield for pleasing speculation. Some find here the hhome, if not the birthplace, of the Aryan race, and while they realize the imposs- bility of fixing dates, even with the accu- racy of a century, the less imaginative, thotigh more cautious, student of race migrations can grein sequence the move ments of peoples for twenty-five cen- tures at est, over the erriory now rically termed the Balkan States.* hey tel ue that this region, in com: mon with the rest of Europe, received its first blessings of civilization from the Orient, brought thither by the Pheeni- fians, the great merchants of antiquit ‘This’ civilization, after its development in Greece, spread westward and north- ward, infusing’ new Tife in its onward sweep, until Macedonia and Rome fell under’ its sway, and the great ex lying immediately north of the Bosphorus and Hellespont, across the Danube, even to the foot-hills of the Carpathians, yielded in lessening measure with each advance to its beneficent influence. For a map see “Map of Europe," 28 x inches colors, published as sepplemene to the August, te, number of the Namonat, Grocnarnie Mi With growth of power, both Greece and Rome sought new lands to conquer Greece spread: over the adjacent coun- tries, while Italy, restrained on the cast by the Adriatic, moved northward and thence to the east until the Danube Valley. was practieally Romanized, and Trajan’s colony became so important that he gave to ita part of his own name and called it Dacia, ROMAN ENVY ‘The fertility of the soil, added to the increasing commerce and its natural forti- fications, proved so attractive that migra- tion thither aroused the envy of mother Rome. Roman life, Roman usages, and Roman civilization covered like a sheet both banks of the Danube and became s0 firmly fixed that the whole region was like-a lesser Ttaly. ‘To this day Latin monuments and in- scriptions are found, the language spoken some of the isolated districts reveals its Roman origin, and the name, Rou ‘mania, acknowledges its parentage; also the people, out of fancied resemblance to the great emperor, have preserved his name in “Trajan’s Table”; and “Trajan’s Prairie” and the “Road ‘of ‘Trajan their designation of the Milky Way ‘A more material road of Roman origin, begun by Domitian, still exists along the