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Definisi
Penurunan mendadak faal ginjal dalam 48
jam
Kenaikan kadar kreatinin serum > 0.3 mg/dl
Presentasi kenaikan kreatinin serum > 50 %
(1.5 x kenaikan dari nilai dasar)
Penurunan kadar urin < 0.5 ml/kg/jam dalam
waktu 6 jam
Autoregulasi kidney
Fungsi ginjal untuk mempertahankan
tekanan perfusi di glomerulus, meskipun
ada perubahan tekanan arteri melalui
mekanisme penyesuaian aliran darah di
pembuluh darah intrarenal
Dalam keadan normal, aliran darah ginjal
dan LFG konstan
Kegagalan autoregulasi
Vasokontriksi praglomerulus oleh karena
sepsis, hiperkalsemia, sindrom hepatorenal,
obat-obat seperti inflamasi non steroid (AINS),
adrenalin, noradrenalin, siklosporin, dan
ampoterisin B.
Vasodilatasi pascaglomerulus: di sebabkan
oleh obat-obat penghambat angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE), dan antagonis
reseptor AT1 angiotensin.
Intrarenal Mechanisms for Autoregulation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate under Decreased
Perfusion Pressure and Reduction of the Glomerular Filtration Rate by Drugs
Panel A. shows normal conditions and a normal GFR. Panel B shows reduced perfusion pressure
within the autoregulatory range. Normal glomerular capillary pressure is maintained by afferent
vasodilation and efferent vasoconstriction.
Intrarenal Mechanisms for Autoregulation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate under Decreased
Perfusion Pressure and Reduction of the Glomerular Filtration Rate by Drugs
Panel C. shows reduced perfusion pressure with a NSAIDs. Loss of vasodilatory prostaglandins
increases afferent resistance; this causes the glomerular capillary pressure to drop below normal values
and the GFR to decrease. Panel D shows reduced perfusion pressure with an angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitot (ACEI) or an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB). Loss of angiotensin II action reduces
efferent resistance; this causes the glomerular capillary pressure to drop below normal values and the
GFR to decrease.
Anamnesis dan
pemeriksaan fisik
Mikroskopik urin
Pemeriksaan biokimia
darah
USG Ginjal
Pemindaian radionuklir
Pielogram
Biopsi Ginjal
Penilaian GGA
Kadar serum kreatinin
Kadar kreatinin tidak dapat menilai secara tepat LFG karena
dipengaruhi produksi (otot), distribusi cairan tubuh dan ekskresi ginjal
Volume urin
Pre renal biasanya hampir selalu disertai oliguria (< 400 ml/hari),
walaupun kadang tidak
Post renal/ renal dapat ditandai anuria atau poliuria
Biomarker
Interleukin 18, enzim tubular, N-acetyl-b-glukosamidase, kidney injury
molecule I (KIM I), gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL)
Perjalanan GGA
Sembuh sempurna
Penurunan faal ginjal sesuai
tahap GGK (CKD stage 1-4)
Eksasebasi berupa naik
turunnya progressivitas GGK
(CKD stage 1-4)
Kerusakan tetap dari ginjal
(CKD stage 5)
RIFLE criteria
Klasifikasi AKIN
Pre-renal causes
Glomerular
disease
Tubular injury
Inflammation
(glomerulonephritis)
Ischaemia
Toxins
Thrombosis
Interstitial
nephritis
Post-renal
causes
Vascular
disease
Inflammation
(vasculitis)
Occlusion
(thrombosis
or embolism)
Pre-renal
Hipoperfusi ginjal
Hipovolemia
Menurunnya volume sirkulasi intravaskular yang
efektif
Gangguan hemodinamik intrarenal
Post renal
10 % dari keseluruhan GGA
Obstruksi intra renal
deposisi kristal (urat, oxalat,sulfonamid) dan protein
(mioglobulin, hemoglobin)
Prinsip pengelolaan
Pengobatan
Kelebihan volume
intravaskular
Hiponatremia
Hiperkalemia
Asidosis metabolik
Hiperfosfatemia
Hipokalemia
Nutrisi
Kerugian
*Ketersediaan perawat HD
Lebih sulit kontrol hemodinamik
Dosis dialisis tidak mencukupi
Kurang kontrol cairan
Nutrisi kurang
Tidak cocok untuk pasien dengan
hipertensi intakranial
Tidak ada pembuangan sitokin
Potensial terjadi aktivasi
komplemen oleh membrane yang
non kompatibel (tidak sesuai)
THANK YOU
Gangguan otoregulasi
Hipoperfusi ginjal yang berat (tekanan
arteri < 70 mmHg)dlm jangka waktu
lama otoregulasi terganggu arteriol
afferen vasokonstriksi kontraksi
mesangial dan peningkatan reabsorpsi Na
dan air pre-renal / GGA fungsional
KLASIFIKASI
1. Derajat penyakit
LFG/GFR
Rumus Cockroft-Gault
Klirens kreatinin (ml/menit) =
(140-Umur) x Berat Badan
72 x Kreatinin serum
*) pada perempuan dikalikan 0, 85
ANAMNESIS
Symptoms and overt signs of kidney disease are often absent until
renal failure supervenes.
Thus, the diagnosis of kidney disease often surprises patients and
may be a cause of skepticism and denial.
a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, abnormal urinalyses,
and
problems with pregnancy such as preeclampsia or early pregnancy
loss.
A careful drug history should be elicited: patients may not volunteer
use of analgesics, for example. Other drugs to consider include
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, gold, penicillamine,
antimicrobials, antiretroviral agents, proton pump inhibitors, and
lithium.
In evaluating the uremic syndrome, questions about appetite,
weight loss, nausea, hiccups.
Dikutip dari Harrisons Internal Medicine 17th
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
KU
Kesadaran
Status Gizi
Vital Sign : TD, FN,
Suhu, pernapasan
Kulit
: pucat
Mata
: Konjungtiva
pucat +/+, Sklera
Leher
: JVP
Paru
: simetris,
sonor, vesikuler, rhonki ,
wheezing
Jantung : BN I/II,
Murmur, Gallop
Perut
: nyeri tekan
epigastrik (-),
ballotement (+)
Punggung : nyeri Ketok
CVA
Anggota gerak : akral
hangat, edema
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
should focus on blood pressure and target organ
damage from hypertension.
funduscopy and precordial examination (left
ventricular heave, a fourth heart sound) should
be carried out. Funduscopy is important in the
diabetic patient, seeking evidence of diabetic
retinopathy, which is associated with
nephropathy.
edema and sensory polyneuropathy, muscle
cramps, pruritus, and restless legs are especially
helpful.
Dikutip dari Harrisons Internal Medicine 17th
GAMBARAN LABORATORIS
1.
2.
GAMBARAN RADIOLOGIS
Foto polos abdomen : batu radio-opak
Pielografi intravena jarang
USG ginjal : ukuran ginjal yang mengecil,
korteks yang menipis, hidronefrosis atau
batu ginjal, kista, massa, kalsifikasi
CT SCAN ginjal, Renografi
PENATALAKSANAAN
1. terapi spesifik terhadap penyakit dasarnya
2. pencegahan dan terapi terhadap kondisi
komorbid (comorbid condition)
3. memperlambat pemburukan (progression)
fungsi ginjal
4. pencegahan dan terapi terhadap penyakit
kardiovaskular
5. pencegahan dan terapi terhadap komplikasi
6. terapi pengganti ginjal berupa dialisis atau
transplantasi ginjal.
GFR
> 90
GFR
6089
Estimating progression
GFR
3059
GFR
1529
Kidney
<15 (or
failure dialysis)
Pengendalian hipertensi
Diabetes Mellitus
Dislipidemia
Anemia
Hiperfosfatemia
Terapi terhadap kelebihan cairan dan
gangguan keseimbangan elektrolit
Suwitra K. Penyakit Ginjal Kronik. Dalam: Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Jilid I. Sudoyo AW,
Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, Simadibrata M, Setiati S (eds). Edisi ke-4. Jakarta. Pusat Penerbitan
Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI; 2006. p. 581-584.
Anemia
Table 9. Causes of Anemia in CKD
Relative deficiency of erythropoietin
Diminished red blood cell survival
Bleeding diathesis
Iron deficiency
Hyperparathyroidism/bone marrow fibrosis
"Chronic inflammation"
Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency
Hemoglobinopathy
Comorbid conditions: hypo/hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, HIV-associated disease,
autoimmune disease, immunosuppressive drugs
Infeksi / ISK
Dehidrasi
AKUT pada
KRONIK
Obstruksi
Gangguan elektrolit
Hipertensi berat
MANAGEMEN
GGK
KONSERVATIF
Diet : Air + Garam
Protein
Kalori
Phosphat, K
Obat : Simptomatik
(minimalkan)
TERAPI PENGGANTI
MANAGEMEN
GGK
KONSERVATIF
T E RAPI PE N G GAN TI
DIALISIS
Hemodialisa
Peritoneal
CAPD
IPD
Hemofiltrasi
Hemodiafiltrasi
Indikasi : Seperti GGA
CANGKOK
MANAGEMEN
GGK
KONSERVATIF
DIALISA
CANGKOK
Cadaver Kidney
Living Donor
Related
Un related
CKD St V Overload
Hypoalbuminemia
Poor intake
Impaired Liver
function
1, 4, 5
Palm erythem
Spider nevi
Icterus
Uncontrolled
hypertension
JVP
Dyspnea
ECG: old MCI inferior
dyspnea
Vomiting
bloated
Stomach ache
melena
JVP
Wet rhales high pitch
tachycardia
hypertension
X-ray: cranialization
T inverted
X-ray: heart
enlarge
1, 4, 5
GI disturbances
Lungs edema
1, 4, 5
CHF
Pneumonia
Bone impairment due to
renal failure
Vit D3 prod
Absent
nausea
Intestinal absorption
Sign to PTH
1, 4, 5
CKD St V, Ur , leucocyte
Immune prone to infection
Osteoclast activate
1, 4, 5
Renal Osteodysthrophy
Renal
Banyak penyebab gagal ginjal akut renal yang di
sebabkan langsung atau di eksaserbasi oleh
berkurangnya aliran darah ginjal ke seluruh
bagian atau sebagian ginjal.
Penyebab kerusakan iskemik ini di sebabkan
keadaan prarenal yang tidak teratasi.
Penyebab lain adalah penyempitan atau
stenosis arteri renalis sehingga mengurangi
aliran darah ke seluruh ginjal.
Renal
Vaskular : Hipertensi, Wageners, PAN
Glomerular : Post-strep GN, Lupus,
RPGN, Hepatitis related, IgA nephropathy
Tubular : Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN),
medication toxicity, toxins
Interstitial: Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)
Dialiser
Prinsip Kerja
Hemodialisis
Konvensional
Hemodialiser
Hemodialiser
Hemodialiser
Continuous arteriovenous
hemodialysis (CAVHD)
Hemodialiser
Continuous venovenous
hemodialysis (CVVHD)
Hemofilter
Continuous arteriovenous
hemodialysis plus
hemofiltration(CAVHDF)
Hemofilter
Continuous venovenous
hemodialysis plus
hemofiltration(CVVHDF)
Hemofilter
Dialiser
Prinsip Kerja
Ultrafiltrasi
Isolated Ultrafiltration
Hemodialiser
Slow continuous
ultrafiltration (SCUF)
Hemodialisis
Berkesinambungan
Peritoneum
Intermiten
Peritoneum
Dialisis peritoneal