UNIT 5

THERMODYNAMICS

TOPICS

Kinetic Theory

Ideal Gases

First Law of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic Processes and PV Diagrams

Heat Engines

Carnot Cycle

Efficiency

2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy

WHAT WE WILL LEARN

the difference between heat and

temperature

the kinetic theory of gases and

the laws of thermodynamics

how an engine turns heat into

movement

how a refrigerator makes things

cold

SECTION 5.1: TEMPERATURE AND

PRESSURE

Heat: Energy that moves from

an object of high temperature
to an object of low
temperature.

Symbol: Q

Energy is the ability to do work.

Unit: Joules

SECTION 5.1: TEMPERATURE AND

PRESSURE

W = Fd
d

F
Volume = A
d
W = PV

Multiply by
Area/Area
or 1

W = F
Ad

SECTION 5.1: TEMPERATURE AND

PRESSURE

Internal Energy of a Substance

the sum of the molecular kinetic energy of

all the molecules.

plus all the potential energy of the

molecules (forces that act between
molecules/atoms)

plus rotational and vibrational

Symbol: U

Equation: U = Q W

Unit: J

SECTION 5.1: TEMPERATURE AND

PRESSURE
Before

After

W
Work done BY
the system
U=QW

Before

After

+W
Work done ON
the system
U=Q+W

SECTION 5.1: TEMPERATURE AND

PRESSURE

Temperature: A method to measure the

average kinetic energy of all the
molecules in an object.

Common Temperature Scales

Fahrenheit F: water freezes @32Fboils @

212F
Celsius C: water freezes @0C boils @ 100C
Kelvin K: water freezes @273.15K boils
@373.15K

SECTION 5.1: TEMPERATURE AND

PRESSURE
P
Absolute
Zero

There is a limit to how cold things can

get.
There is a point where the pressure

would theoretically be zero and the

kinetic energy of those molecules
would be zero.
Essentially, they would stop moving.

ECTION 5.1: TEMPERATURE AND

RESSURE

Converting between scales

Celsius to Fahrenheit
9/5(C) + 32 = F

Fahrenheit to Celsius
5/9(F 32) = C

Celsius to Kelvin
C + 273.15 = K

ECTION 5.1: TEMPERATURE AND

RESSURE

0 F = _______ C = __________ K
33 C = _______ F = __________ K

Complete Understanding
Checks and Example Problems
for this section

SECTION 5.2: HEAT TRANSFERS

We

will learn about:

1.

how thermal energy goes from an area of

high temperature to an area of low
temperature.

2.

the 3 methods of heat transfer:

conduction, radiation, and convection

3.

how a thermos works to keep thermal

energy in and

4.

how aluminum does the opposite and gets

rid of its heat so fast.

SECTION 5.2: HEAT TRANSFERS

Heat

Transfer Methods

Radiation:

Energy moves in the form of EM waves,

requires no medium for energy to travel. Can
move through a vacuum.

Convection:

Thermal energy is moved from place

to place by the bulk movement of a fluid, hot stuff
rises, cool stuff sinks.

Conduction:

Heat transferred directly through a

material
Elastic

collisions of the molecules transfer kinetic

energy.

SECTION 5.2: HEAT TRANSFERS

Equation:
Q
k

= (kAT)t
L

= thermal conductivity

= cross-sectional area between the two objects that

are touching
= temperature difference from the hot side to the
cold side

T
L

= the length it has to travel through the material.

= time.

SECTION 5.2: HEAT TRANSFERS

Q=
(kAT)t
L

SECTION 5.2: HEAT TRANSFERS

What

would happen to the

rate if the area was twice as
big?
What would happen if the
length was ALSO 4 times as
long?
What if the area was seven
times as large and the length
was only one half of the

Demo

Complete Understanding
Checks and Example Problems
for this section

SECTION 5.3: IDEAL GAS LAW

We
1.

will learn about:

The last thing we saw was a can crushing really fast

when we put an aluminum can in ice water.
The reason it happened so fast was heat transfer.

2.

This section will explain why it crushed at all.

3.

We will use the Ideal Gas Law to figure out how

changing the temperature changes the pressure and
volume

4.

and vice versa how changing the pressure and

volume affects the temperature of stuff.

5.

We also need to talk about this thing called moles.

Its a way to find out how many atoms of a gas are in
a specific volume.

SECTION 5.3: IDEAL GAS LAW

Kinetic

Molecular Theory: The idea that gases can be

understood in terms of molecules having elastic collisions
with each other as well as with the walls of the container
that the gas is in.
Imagine

that you could see each atom or molecule that

makes up a gas. They would bounce around and collide
with each other. The faster they move, the more kinetic
energy they have.

Draw

a picture on the board Mrs. A

SECTION 5.3: IDEAL GAS LAW

We

will experimentally explore how pressure,

volume, and temperature affect each other.

First

lets see how Pressure and Temperature are

related.

https://youtu.be/WUKzERe9p3U?t=3m5s
until

4:24

SECTION 5.3: IDEAL GAS LAW

The

video shows us the pressure and

temperature are directly proportional to each
other. So we can write

P:T
Now

lets see how Pressure and Volume are

related.

Were

now going to see what happens to

volume if we lower the pressure while keeping
the temperature (relatively) constant.

Demo

SECTION 5.3: IDEAL GAS LAW

The

whole point of the bell jar experiment was to

lower the pressure in the jar and se what happens to
the balloon.

As

air was pumped out, it lowered the pressure on

the inside of the jar and the volume of the balloon
got bigger. Thus
Pressure
If

and Volume are inversely related.

pressure drops volume increases.

So

we can now add Volume to our relationship.

P:T
V

SECTION 5.3: IDEAL GAS LAW

P:T
V
We

could stop here. We have the relationships that we need,

but lets check and see how temperature and volume are
related to each other.

Recall

the collapsing can demo showed us that a rapid drop in

temperature caused a rapid drop in pressure that rapidly
decreased the volume of the can.

Last

section we learned that it happened quickly because Al

has a very high thermal coefficient. It has the ability to move
heat through it very quickly.

So

now we know for sure this is the relationship for our ideal
gas law.

SECTION 5.3: IDEAL GAS LAW

P:T
V
Lets

rewrite this in its more common form.

PV: T

We are only missing two things.

The amount of gas that is present, which is measured
in moles of gas, n.

n = moles = a way of measuring a quantity of

something.
A constant to make the units match up. R is called
the gas constant

SECTION 5.3: IDEAL GAS LAW

P V = nRT

R can be measured in different units, but on the AP

equation sheet it states. R = 8.314 J/molK
The entire Ideal Gas Law looks like this.

P V = nRT or

rather than using the # of moles, n and R, we

could use the # of particles, N and Boltzmanns
Constant, kB.

kB = 1.381 x 10-23J/K

nR = NkB

P V = nRT or PV = NkBT

SECTION 5.3: IDEAL GAS LAW

Rather

than just plug in a bunch of numbers,

lets see how changing one or more variables
affects the other.

1.What happens if temperature increases and

the volume remains constant?
2.If pressure doubles and temperature triples,
what happens to the volume?
3.What happens to the temperature if
pressure quadruples and volume is 1/9 as
much.

CLARIFICATIONS

Internal Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential

Energy of the particles that form a system.

It is important to understand that the

internal energy includes both of these types
of energy as it is indeed a standard.

CLARIFICATIONS

CLARIFICATIONS

However, when we talk about internal

energy, it is generally of an Ideal Gas. (That
is why it is highlighted in AP1 and AP2)

Part

of what makes an ideal gas, is our ability

to ignore potential energy (isnt physics
great)

That

is why we generally do not discuss the

potential energy of the gas.

SECTION 5.4: THE LAWS OF

THERMODYNAMICS
Zeroth

Law of Thermodynamics:

IF two samples, A and B, are in thermal

equilibrium with each other.

AND sample B is in thermal

equilibrium with sample C,

THEN sample A must be in

equilibrium with sample C.

This

A
B

law implies that if energy is flowing, then the

samples are not in thermal equilibrium with each
other.

SECTION 5.4: THE LAWS OF

THERMODYNAMICS
First
U
This

Law of Thermodynamics:
= Q + W (on the system)

law can be useful when measuring:

how

much work it takes to add or remove heat

how

much heat it takes to do work

This

law also ties into the ideal gas law. PV = nRT

SECTION 5.4: THE LAWS OF

THERMODYNAMICS
Second

Law of Thermodynamics

This is the law where we hear that word

entropy.

Entropy is the idea that the universe has a

better chance of moving away from
organization and into chaos, rather than
moving towards organization and away
from chaos. A MUCH BETTER CHANCE. SO
much so that we can say that the chances
of the latter is negligible.

SECTION 5.4: THE LAWS OF

THERMODYNAMICS
Second

Law of Thermodynamics

So we say the following:

Thermal energy only flows from hot to cold. NEVER IN

REVERSE. (naturally)

Nothing is 100% efficient.

If a system is used to do work on something, then it will

always transfer energy into the environment into a nonuseful form.

if you want to use a system to do work on something, then

you will always lose some energy to the environment,
somehow.

It is impossible to remove thermal energy Q from a system at

a single temperature and convert it into mechanical work
without changing the surrounding system in SOME way.

Its a measure of efficiency.

SECTION 5.4: THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

Isovolumetric

(used to be isochoric) - there is

no change in volume.

Implications: no work is done

Isobaric

- there is no change in pressure.

Isothermic

- there is no change in temperature.

Implications: No change in internal energy

(U), thus U = Q + W = 0

Positive

Work: +W work done ON system

Negative

Work: -W work done BY system

P-V DIAGRAMS (PRESSURE VOLUME)

P (N/m3)

Assumptions:
A

300,000

The walls and the piston are

insulated

200,000

The piston is frictionless

The

heat sink - heat can flow into

100,000
the system or out of the system
here.

When looking at these

types of problems we
will be using:
U = Q + W

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

V (m3)

and
W = PV

+W

WORK

P (N/m3)

P-V DIAGRAMS (PRESSURE VOLUME)

300,000

Isobaric

Isovolumetric

200,000

No work
C

100,000

0.01

0.02

0.03

V (m3)
It
takes
less
work
to
WORK = AREA UNDER THE CURVE
go from A to C than
from A to B to C

0.04

EXAMPLE 1

P (N/m3)

A 0.4mol sample of gas is taken from point A to point B while

5000J of thermal energy is added.
a) Find the temperature at points A and B.
b) Calculate the work done by the gas
c) Find the total change in internal energy, U

300,000

200,000

100,000

0.01

0.02

0.03

V (m3)

0.04

EXAMPLE 2

P (N/m3)

Compare the work it takes to get from A to B

to the work it takes to get from A to C.

300,000

B
200,000

100,000

0.01

0.02

0.03

V (m3)

0.04

EXAMPLE 3

P (N/m3)

Compare the amount of work it takes to go

from A > B > C with the amount of work it
takes to go from A > D > C
B

300,000

200,000

100,000

C
D
0.01

0.02

0.03

V (m3)

0.04

EXAMPLE 4

P (N/m3)

What is the change in internal energy from

A to B to C to D.

300,000

200,000

100,000

C
D
0.01

0.02

0.03

V (m3)

0.04