Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SP 90020
Version 1.8
10/2006
Contents
Page 1
2/344
Contents
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Contents
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Contents
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Contents
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Mr.
Ernst Ammon
(Project manager)
Phone: +49(9132)82-2587
e-mail: ernst.ammon@schaeffler.com
Mr.
Gerhard Schorr (Design)
Phone: +49(9721)91-4911
e-mail: gerhard.schorr@schaeffler.com
Mr.
Karl Bywalez
(Quality assurance)
Phone: +49(9721)91-4237
e-mail: karl.bywalez@schaeffler.com
Mr.
Otmar Hartling
(Design)
Phone: +49(9721)91-3062
e-mail: otmar.hartling@schaeffler.com
Mr.
Christian Bahrmann
(Design)
Phone: +49(7223)941-421
e-mail: christian.bahrmann@luk.de
Mr.
Erich Sick
(Quality assurance)
Phone: +49(7223)941-3640
e-mail: erich.sick@luk.de
Mr.
Walter Scharf
(Quality assurance)
Phone: +49(9132) 82-1152
e-mail: walter.scharf@schaeffler.com
10/344
Multiplicator Training
SP 90020
11/344
Main title
ISO1101 / ISO1132
12/344
Dimensional and
Geometrical
tolerances
to ISO 1132-1
Hardness and
heat treatment
indications
Form rigidity
indication
Surface
roughness
according to
FAG standards
13/344
Drawing comparison
INA Outer ring AU 6000-2Z-0011
Surface
roughness
to ISO 1302
Hardness and
heat treatment
indications
Dimensional and
geometrical
tolerances
to ISO 1101 and
INA standard
Form rigidity:
no indication
14/344
FAG
uses
- standardized rolling bearing tolerance symbols
to rolling bearing standard ISO 1132-1 and -2
- the symbols to ISO 1101 for dimensional and
geometrical tolerances if there is no external
standardization
15/344
INA
uses
- the symbols to ISO 1101 for standardized
(external and internal) dimensional and
geometrical tolerances
- additional symbols to INA standard for
important functional dimensions
16/344
General
considerations
and
design basics
Tolerances
Drawing illustration
Number ranges
Tolerancing principle
Materials
Form rigidity
Dimensional and
geometrical tolerances
Heat treatment
Standard texts
Waviness
Noise specifications
Dimension,
dimensioning and
tolerance entry
Dimensioning indications
Surface indications
Title blocks
Specifications according to
characteristics
(such as roughness maximum
value, tolerance on shape, coating)
Not-to-scale presentation
Edge structure
17/344
Overview
Standard priorities
Drawing layout
S 102500
S 102001-5
Form rigidity
S 102503
Drawing illustration
S 102001-7
Edge structure
S 102001-8
Description of surfaces
S 102001-6
Dimension, dimensioning
Tolerancing principle
S 102501
S 102001-11
18/344
S 102001-10
Introduction timing
The new rules shall be applied to
product line (PL) and product group (PG)
within the segments and plants
Quality assurance
19/344
Agenda: day 1
08:00
09:00
09:45
Break
10:00
12:15
Lunch break
13:00
Tolerancing principles
14:00
Exercises
14:15
15:00
Break
15:15
17:00
Finish of day
Agenda: day 2
08:00
Welcome
08:15
10:15
Break
10:30
12:00
Lunch Break
20/344
14:45
Dimensioning indications
16:15
Break
16:30
Surface indications
17:30
Agenda: day 3
08:00
Welcome
08:15
08:45
Edge structure
09:30
Break
09:45
10:30
11:00
12:00
Lunch Break
12:45
Organizational issues
13:15
Test
13:45
Finish
21/344
Implementation Concept
Overview
22/344
Basic conditions
The Project team UP12 is responsible for the technical harmonization of
drawing illustrations and drawing indications. The results are specified in
design guidelines.
The Project team UP12 plans and conducts the training for the
multiplicators from the products lines. Additionally, the team supports the
multiplicators.
The Product lines are responsible for the technical content of a drawing
(such as tolerances) and the interpretation of a product.
The Product lines are responsible for planning the end user training
timely since this training depends on the change-over date of a drawing.
The Personnel development (central and local) supports the
multiplicators in the organization of activities and in the tracking of end
user trainings.
23/344
Multiplicator Training
Target: all the areas concerned are informed and ready for change-over
E. Ammon
G. Schorr
E. Sick
O. Hartling
K. Bywalez
C. Bahrmann
W. Scharf
Training
UP 12 instructors
2 days/group
Multiplicators
per product line
Multiplicator
Design
Multiplicator
Scheduling
Multiplicator
Quality assurance
24/344
Instruments:
Group standards
Overall training documents
Training plan
Checklist for multiplicators
In the first step, the application engineers and design engineers per product line/divisions are trained
Target: The users shall be able to create product drawings according to the new design standards
End user
per Application Engineering
and Design
Application
Engineering
Product
Design
25/344
Instruments:
Group standards
Part training document
Training plan product line
Checklist for multiplicators
Folding map
In the second step, the users are trained per product line in Master Segment, Segments and Quality Assurance.
This takes place before the new drawings are handed over from Design.
Target: All users are able to prepare the dimensioning and manufacturing of components, basing on the current as
well as on the new standards.
Multiplicator
Quality Assurance
FAG: approx. 1,5 days/group
INA: approx. 1 day/group
LUK: approx. 0,5 day/group
End user
Scheduling, Production,
Quality Assurance
Master Segment
Segments
Quality
Assurance
26/344
Instruments:
Group standards
Part training document
Training plan product line
Checklist for multiplicators
Folding map
Handing-over Meeting
Design - Production
The handing-over meeting shall ensure a trouble-free transition from Design to Production
Requisite: Prior to the meeting, the participants have attended a training on the new design standards
The engineer in charge explains the new sample drawing to the scheduler, the production manager and QA
engineer. Possible difficulties that might occur in production or measuring are identified and solutions are
developed. The UP12 project team supports the handing-over meeting in particular cases .
Product Design
Engineer
Scheduler
Instruments:
Group standards
Sample drawing new
Checklist drawing hand-over
Handing-over
meeting
Quality
Engineer
Segment
Manager
27/344
Further Hints
28/344
Multiplicators
Tasks and Rollout
29/344
Multiplicators - Tasks
Preparations
Attending the multiplicator training (three days)
Selecting product line specific contents from the design standards
Reducing the training documentation tp product line specific contents and
adding individual application examples
Coordinating Design, Scheduling and Quality Assurance in regard to the
training documentation
Translating the training documentation into the national language (except for
German or English)
Timely organization of the end user training dates
Organizing several end user trainings with the support of the Human resources
departments in charge (dates and participants)
Optional: Training for trainers
30/344
Multiplicators - Tasks
Implementation tasks
End user training, end users from Design, Scheduling, Production and
Quality Assurance
Documentation and feed back of training participants and contents
First level support for end users on site in case of questions and
problems
Involving the UP 12 project team or HQ Design (ST/HZA-KR) in the
second level support
Review of drawings and CAD templates together with a member of the
project team or HQ Design (ST/HZA-KR)
31/344
Feb
Mar
Apr
Mai
Jun
2007
Jul
Aug
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
...
44. Product line Y
45. Product line Z
Multiplicators
End users
32/344
Training - Checklist
Please prepare your task with the help of the following checklist:
Schaeffler Group
|-- Projects
|-- Harmonization of Basic Data and Standards
|-- 010 Teilprojekt Zeichnungen Gruppenstandards
|-- Toolbox
|-- english
33/344
Drawing Layout
to S 102001-5
34/344
Definitions
The following document types are defined for technical
drawings:
EAD
Engineering Aftermarket
Document
EDA
Auxiliary drawing
EDD
EDM
EDP
EDS
EDA:
-internal studies on installation space, not for customer
-supplements, sketches
EDD:
-at INA Angebots- und Lieferzeichnung (Au L) [customer delivery drawing]
-at FAG formerly Offertzeichnung [offer drawing]
-at LuK formerly A-Zeichnung [quotation drawing]
-the customer delivery drawing (document type EDD) is designed to inform the customer,
describing important technical characteristics (e.g. assembly dimensions).
EDP:
-assembly drawing: only dimensions necessary for the assembly and fitting dimensions
(inspection dimensions), see EDD
-at INA and FAG, finished-part drawing: all dimensions that describe the part completely
-at LuK, manufacturing drawing: all dimensions for the last process step
EDS:
-e.g.: casting drawing, turning drawing or drawing for forging blank
-only specifications necessary for the respective process step (e.g. turning, grinding, ...)
-at INA and FAG: derived from EDP; is mostly created at the production plant; several
EDS' based on one EDP possible
-at LuK: usually only one EDS for one EDP (cast part finished part)
General:
-appropriate title blocks for the respective document type automatically adopted
-title blocks related to document type automatically contain various information
35/344
Width
Height
A4
210 mm
297 mm
A3
420 mm
297 mm
A2
594 mm
420 mm
A1
841 mm
594 mm
A0
1189 mm 841 mm
A0-2
2378 mm 841 mm
A0-3
3567 mm 841 mm
A0-4
4756 mm 841 mm
Comments
36/344
Man
uf ac
tur i
ng
C on
stru
ctio
n
S 123456-7 Standard
acc. to Schaeffler Group
S 123456-7 Standard
acc. to Schaeffler Group
1. Title block:
language selectable
bilingual version possible
layout is allocated to the document type
to be selected and filled in according to S 102001-2, -3 and -4
Note:
There are separate training courses on the title block available. See standard training courses.
2. Projection method and unit symbol
projection method 1 is to be used as standard method
3. Drawing views, projections, sections, details
as few as possible, but as many as needed to describe the part completely
take into consideration the projection method
arrange details and sections next to the original object
4. 3D view
if possible 1:1 as enlargement factor in order to get a feeling for the component in the original
printout
true-to-scale view obligatory
5. Legend
surface symbols
dimensions of edges
Continued on next page:
6. Standard texts
7. Table data
37/344
There is a separate training course on the standard text application available, which can
be booked via SAP (ESS).
----------------------------------Continuation ---------------------------------------6. Standard texts
-monolingual, right alignment
-bilingual version possible
-leading language = language of country with design authority
-standard text application in ProE
-same font and size
-first language (design authority): LEFT
-second language (production): RIGHT
-two languages per drawing at the most
-in case of three languages => additional sheet with duplicated geometry
7. Table data
-to be arranged directly above the title block along the side of the title block
-e.g. bill of materials on EDD documents
Specification of S......-. in EDD document
-only permissible if the respective S is released for the customer
38/344
Selection via
assigned
text groups
the search
function
39/344
40/344
Texts in drawings
Text
[dimensions in
mm]
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
h = 10 d
3,5
2,5
0,35
0,25
Texts in drawings:
-DIN EN ISO 128-20 applies
-the minimum line width is 0,35 mm in order to ensure the legibility of
scaled-down A0 and A1 drawings
Font size:
-must be legible in scaled-down documents
-maximum shrinkage: 2 format steps
41/344
w
Ne
ns
ig
s
de
d!
e
k
oc
bl
BOM insertions:
-not permissible in EDP documents
-in EDD documents allowed in consultation with the customer
42/344
Item specifications
Item numbers
-various types of item specifications possible
-BOM item no. as symbol according to DIN ISO 6433
-specification of a (13-digit) material number
-document number without document type and version number
-same font and size
-various types of specification possible within one drawing if
unambiguousness is guaranteed
Reading direction
-generally, horizontally and from below or vertically and from the right
-no diagonal nor any other arrangement permissible
Note: In the case of basic assemblies (e.g. standard rolling bearing) the
item specifications may be dropped if unambiguousness is guaranteed.
43/344
Specifications in drawings
44/344
45/344
Change display
- in text fields
- change symbol in drawings
- no change symbol for automatic changes
AB
AA
Change specification:
-the change is described by means of the change number in the text field.
-the change indicator is inserted at the respective point in the drawing.
-there is no change indicator inserted in the drawing for collective or
automatic change.
-in each case, only the last change status is specified in the drawing and
in the title block.
-drawings of basic version 00 do not contain any references to the
change status.
46/344
Drawing illustration
S 102001-7
47/344
Pictorial representation
48/344
Scales
Full-scale
Enlargement scale
Reduction scale
1:1
X:1
1:X
100:1
80:1
50:1
40:1
30:1
20:1
15:1
10:1
8:1
5:1
4:1
3:1
2:1
1:1,5
1:2
1:3
1:4
1:5
1:8
1:10
1:20
1:30
1:40
1:50
1:80
1:100
Magnifications
Reductions
49/344
Not-to-scale representation
E or F
Raceway
Good Solution
not concave
Bad Solution
50/344
Projection method 1
The most informative view of an object shall be used, taking into account
the components position with regard to functioning, manufacturing or
mounting.
Projection method 1 shall be used as standard procedure.
The projection method symbol is located at the filing margin.
With reference to the front view (a), the other views are arranged as
follows:
the view from above, (b), is placed underneath
the view from below, (e), is placed above
the view from the left, (c), is placed on the right
the view from the right, (d) is placed on the left
the view from the rear, (f), may be placed on the left or right,
as convenient
51/344
Projection method 1
Drawing area
52/344
Projection method 3
Drawing area
53/344
Exception
The first angle projection method is the appropriate one to be used within
the Schaeffler Group.
Projection method 3 on the EDD is permissible on customer request.
Projection method 1 and 3 according to standard are the only methods to
be used.
The marking symbol is bilingual by default.
If different projection methods are used in the document types EDD and
EDP, a note above the title block in the standard text area indicating this
change is mandatory.
The symbol size is predefined by the CAD system.
54/344
55/344
Example 1
Example 2
56/344
Center holes
57/344
Explanation
58/344
Springs
View
simplified
Cylindrical
helical compression spring
Double-tapered
helical compression spring
Disc-spring assembly
(here: multi-layer)
59/344
DIN 39623962-3
DIN 3963
DIN 39653965-1
DIN 3964
DIN 39623962-1
DIN 39663966-1
DIN 3961
DIN 39663966-2
DIN 3960
DIN 39663966-3
DIN ISO 2203
DIN 3967
DIN 3960
Definitions, parameters and equations for involute
cylindrical gears and gear pairs
DIN 3961
DIN 3962-1
Tolerances for Cylindrical Gear Teeth; Tolerances for
Deviations of Individual Parameters
DIN 3962-2
Tooth Trace Deviations
DIN 3962-3
Pitch-span Deviations
DIN 3963
Working Deviations
DIN 3964
Deviations of Shaft Centre Distances and Shaft Position
Tolerances of Casings for Cylindrical Gears
DIN 3965-1
DIN 3966-1
Information on Gear Teeth in Drawings; Information on
Involute Teeth for Cylindrical Gears
DIN 3966-2
Straight Bevel Gear Teeth
DIN 3966-3
Worms and worm wheels; information to be given to the
manufacturer by the purchaser in order to obtain the gear required
DIN 3967
System of Gear Fits; Backlash, Tooth Thickness
Allowances, Tooth Thickness Tolerances; Principles
60/344
61/344
Breaking edges
62/344
Details
Special case:
without scale
63/344
64/344
= inspected to S 2xxxxx
65/344
Relief grooves
grinding allowance
Shaft
grinding allowance
Hub
66/344
Relief grooves
Relief groove
Relief groove
Or:
Relief groove
67/344
Materials
100Cr6 S130000
100Cr6 S130000
68/344
Heat treatment
Customer delivery drawing
(EDD)
1)
69/344
Hardened
Component tempered entirely
Hardened
Component tempered entirely
Figure 1:
Localized heat treatment of the represented part is required. The heat
treated area is identified by a thick long dashed dotted line, the position of
the heat treated area is indicated as well. The measuring point is also
indicated.
Figure 2:
When a component is heat treated it may be better to harden a lager area
than actually required due to procedural reasons. As far as this is
permissible, the area that has been additionally hardened is identified by a
thick long dashed dotted line. The position of the heat treated area is
indicated on the drawing.
70/344
Eht
CHD
(Einsatzhrtungstiefe)
(Case-Hardened Depth)
71/344
ISO 15787
English
DIN 6773
Deutsch
CHD
Eht
Einhrtungstiefe
(einsatzgehrtet)
CD
Carburization depth
At
Aufkohlungstiefe
(aufgekohlt)
CLT
VS
Verbindungsschichtdicke
(nitrocarburiert)
FHD
Sht
Schmelzhrtetiefe
NHD
Nht
Nitrierhrtetiefe
(nitriert)
SHD
Rht
Einhrtungstiefe
(randschichtgehrtet)
FTS
RSP
Randschichtschmelzplan
HTO
Heat-treatment order
WBA
Wrmebehandlungsanweisung
HTS
Heat-treatment specification
WBP
Wrmebehandlungsplan
72/344
Design standards
Tolerancing principle
S 102501
- Principle of independence according to ISO 8015
- Envelope requirements according to DIN 7167
73/344
Drawing example
74/344
Tolerancing principles
Tolerancing principles
without drawing specification
Envelope requirement
Principle of independence
Drawing specification
Drawing specification
Envelope requirement:
The envelope requirement applies if there is no drawing specification (in
German-speaking countries).
In order to identity the envelope requirement in German-speaking countries
clearly, the indication Tolerancing DIN 7167 should be stated in the
drawing or title block.
Independence:
The principle of independence only applies if Tolerancing ISO 8015 is
indicated in or close to the title block.
In general: the independence principle to ISO 8015 shall be applied to all
technical drawings and models as the appropriate tolerancing principle to
use.
The specification ISO 8015 is the default value within the title block
application ZEBRA.
Geometrical tolerancing to S 102502 shall be used for technical drawings
and models for which the tolerancing to ISO 8015 applies.
Each of the dimensional, geometrical and positional tolerances specified in
the drawing must be adhered to independently from each other.
As per ISO 8015, the envelope requirement or the maximum material
principle to ISO 2692 may additionally be applied to individual dimensions.
75/344
Tolerancing principles
Envelope requirement
Principle of independence
Envelope requirement
= Marking
Maximum material principle
MMR
(ISO 2692)
= Marking
76/344
Tolerancing principles
Envelope requirement
Drawing specification
Envelope requirement:
Each of the dimensional and geometrical tolerances must be within the
permissible tolerance (t).
77/344
Tolerancing principles
Independence principle
Radial runout
Straightness runout
Independence system:
Each of the dimensional, geometrical, and positional tolerances in the
independence system must be adhered to independently from each other.
78/344
Tolerancing principles
Independence principle
79/344
Tolerancing principles
Gage
Taylor principle
Note:
The expressions gage side and no-gage side have been used formerly.
MML = Maximum Material Limit (gage side)
MML
LML
Gut
80/344
Ausschuss
Design standards
Tolerancing principle (S 102501)
Envelope requirement according to DIN 7167
All customer delivery drawings and models for which ASME Y14.5M -1994 applies shall
be clearly identified by the following standard text above the title block or in the model:
(special case):
2_72
The usage is only permissible if demanded by the customer. In this case, the envelope
requirement for technical drawings and models has to be applied (Tolerancing DIN
7167).
81/344
Drawing example
82/344
83/344
be
o
t
t
use
or
df
new
ign
des
s!
84/344
EDP/EDS:
Exceptions:
Tolerances cannot be indicated for theoretical dimensions (there are no
tolerances).
Tolerances can be indicated for dimensions of clamping equipment.
General indications:
Product line managers approval is a prerequisite.
EDU:
Exceptions:
Tolerances cannot be indicated for theoretical dimensions (there are no
tolerances).
Tolerances can be indicated for dimensions of clamping equipment.
The applying general indications are indicated in addition to the nonstandard tolerances.
85/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols
Datum feature:
86/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols (Point)
o
tt
o
N
be
d
se
fo
ew
n
r
g
si
e
d
87/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols (straight line)
88/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols (plane)
89/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols (plane / Global Gau)
The datum feature refers to a plane which is located inside the measured
profile in such a way that the square sum of the profile deviations
becomes minimal (least squares).
Newly added to ISO 5459.
If all datum features of a drawing are to be evaluated using the LS
method, this symbol can be replaced by a standard text.
Standard text:
The evaluation process based on the least squares method
applies for all dimensions and references that provide no
additional information.
90/344
Datum symbols
Global Gau (Least Square)
Max. point
Min. point
91/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols (straight line / Global Gau)
The datum feature refers to a straight line which is located inside the
measured profile in such a way that the square sum of the profile
deviations becomes minimal (least squares).
Newly added to ISO 5459.
If all datum features of a drawing are to be evaluated using the LS
method, this symbol can be replaced by a standard text.
Standard text:
The evaluation process based on the least squares method
applies for all dimensions and references that provide no
additional information.
92/344
Datum symbols
Global Gau (Least Square)
Max. point
Min. point
93/344
20 +0,005 (dmp)
20 -0,004 (Dmp)
Standard text:
dmp, Dmp, mp: Mean value acc. to ISO 1132
Dimensional and geometric
tolerances acc. to DIN 620
94/344
No
o
tt
be
us
ed
r
fo
w
ne
s
gn
i
es
No
Finished-part drawing
(EDS/EDP)
o
tt
be
e
us
r
fo
w
ne
s
gn
i
es
95/344
Vp/2
2)
VdP/2 or 3) VDp/2
96/344
Averaged: 13
11,000 + 15,000
Mean value:
2
+0,006
-0,008
(Dmp)
12,988 + 12,996
= 12,992
2
= 13,000
97/344
Measuring principle
98/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The test piece is inserted in the two-point outside gage and rotated by 180.
(fixed stops right and bottom. The part is attached to the stop at bottom
opposite the moveable stylus.
The deflection of the dial indicator is observed and the diameter value is
determined accordingly.
Example:
the diameter of the calibration ring with which the measuring
device has been set is 60,0 mm. The dial indicator oscillates between 0 m and
-12 m. The mean value is -6 m. That is the reason why the diameter mean
value of test piece is 59,994 mm.
99/344
Roundness
Standard indication
Scope of application:
Drawing specification:
100/344
Roundness
Standard indication
Drawing specification
Referring to filter value, filter type, and analysis method, the following has
been defined for this standard indication in group standard S241011-2
(draft):
The profile is filtered by a profile filter phase corrector as per DIN ISO
11562 (Gau-Filter). The transfer characteristic is 50%.
A filter with a limit value of 500 W/U is defined as standard filter. Other
filters (depending on the function of the tested surface, for instance) is
also permissible. At least 7 touch points per object are required for proper
use of the filter.
The MZC is defined as two concentric circles positioned to just enclose
the measured profile such that their radial departure is a minimum The
appropriate evaluation procedure is MZCI (Minimum Zone Circle). The
MZCI is defined as two concentric circles positioned to just enclose the
measured profile such that their radial departure is a minimum. The
tolerance zone is enclosed in the measuring plane, which is perpendicular
to the axis, by two concentric circles at a distance t.
Other requirements to the measuring procedure shall be represented
according to the special indications as follows.
101/344
Roundness
Special indication
Filter value
Filter type
Analysis
Tolerance value
Scope of application:
Drawing specification:
If a specification does not indicate clearly the values to be used for one or
several operators, the specification is imprecise (see ISO/TS 17450-2)
and a supplier may use any, not specified, values to prove conformity.
Indicated characteristics always apply to a specific filtering procedure. A
center line filter (e.g. Gau, spline, wavelet etc.) or a non-linear filter (e.g.
morphologic filter) may be additional filters.
Standard indication:
The reference procedure as per MZCI applies if there are no further
indications on the drawing.
102/344
Roundness
Special indication
If the test parameters (filter value and filter type) show compliance with the
indications given in group standard S 241011.
Test parameters that comply with the standard parameters given in S
241011 are not explicitly indicated; the position reserved for them remains
empty.
103/344
Roundness
Analysis method / Filter value
Analysis
MZCI
MICI
LSCI
MCCI
Filter value
without
1-15
1-50
1515-150
5,11 m
2,88 m
3,98 m
3,61 m
104/344
Roundness
Filter types
Filter name
G = Gaussian
S = Spline
Filter
Type
Class
L = Linear
F = Filter
W = Spline Wavelet
CB = Closing Ball
CH = Closing Horizontal
segment
OB = Opening Ball
OH = Opening Horizontal
segment
AB = Alternating series Ball
AH = Alternating series
Horizontal segment
105/344
Roundness
Outside diameter
Measuring principle
Parallel light
Pick-up
Light source
Measuring length
Test piece
Operating distance
Lens
Receiver
Measuring procedure:
The part is placed on the lathe chuck and measurement is started. The
shadow of the diameter is projected in parallel to the beam on the
photosensitive receiver by using the shadow projection method.
According to a changeable rotating angle, the change of shadow width is
evaluated and thus roundness is calculated.
106/344
Roundness
Outside diameter
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The test piece is clamped to the turning table of the roughness
measurement device.
The roughness measurement program is started via the connected
measuring computer.
The measuring computer asks the workman to align the test piece. The
workman centers the test piece with the help of the adjusting screw below
the turning table.
The computer starts the measuring program, the turning table is
automatically rotated by 360.
The computer represents a diagram showing the actual roundness of the
test piece compared to an ideal circle. Additionally, the roundness value in
numbers and the individual parameters are printed.
107/344
Two-point roundness
Outside bearing diameter
Bearing bore
Other diameters
Scope of application:
Drawing specification:
108/344
Two-point roundness
New drawing specification
Outer ring
Inner ring
= 1,33 x Vdp/2)
109/344
Two-point roundness
Measuring principle
110/344
Two-point roundness
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
Then, the test piece is inserted in the measuring device and rotated by
180 (the stylus right is fixed and serves as stop, the stylus below is also
fixed and serves as counterpart to the moveable stylus on top).
The deflection of the indicator is observed and the two-point roundness is
determined accordingly.
Example:
During rotation, the dial indicator oscillates between 0 m
and -12 m. The difference of the values is the two-point out-ofroundness of the test piece.
12 m 0 m =
12 m. On this, the two-point roundness is 12
m/2 = 6m .
111/344
Drawing comparison
Roundness (FAG old!)
t
No
to
be
e
us
w
ne
r
fo
s
gn
i
s
de
112/344
Drawing comparison
Roundness (Schaeffler Group new!)
113/344
Parallelism
114/344
Parallelism
Line
Drawing specification
115/344
Parallelism
Plane
116/344
Parallelism
Plane to line
117/344
Parallelism
Two axes
Drawing specification
Definition of the tolerance
zone
118/344
Parallelism
Measuring principle
119/344
Parallelism
Measuring principle
Pick up
Holding
prism
Air slide
Measurement of parallelism
to S 241014-1
Measuring process:
The test piece is inserted in a holding prism.
The stylus moves to the bore of the test piece.
The deepest point of the bore is determined by setting the lateral
adjusting screw of the air slide. The reversal point of the numerical value
on the measuring computer represents the deepest point of the bore.
Now, the stylus traces the top and bottom sides of the bore.
The printout represents the traced sections graphically; on this, an optical
representation of parallelism is shown.
120/344
Drawing comparison
Parallelism (FAG old!)
121/344
Drawing comparison
Parallelism (Schaeffler Group new!)
B1IR
t7
t5
t4
FW
d (dmp)
v1
v2
t4
t3
t6
b1IR
t2
t1
122/344
t2
Parallelism
Diameter variation (axial)
Outside bearing diameter
Bearing bore
Other diameters
123/344
Diameter variation
Cylindrical shaft / bore (VDmp/Vdmp)
124/344
Diameter variation
Cylindrical shaft (VDmp)
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The calibration ring is inserted in the two-point outside gage in such a way that the
largest diameter is placed between the lower fixed tip and the upper moveable stylus
(=reversal point of the dial gage).
The left stop is aligned.
Turning the bottom adjusting screw adjusts the dial gage to the size of the calibration
ring.
The test piece is inserted and rotated by 180.
The diameter mean value (Dmp) is determined at this measuring point.
The test piece is moved by cranking the axial adjustment on the rear part of the
measuring device; due to this, the moveable measuring tips are tracing a new axial
measuring plane.
Measurement is repeated as described above
The smallest measured Dmp value determined from all measuring planes is deduced
from the largest measured Dmp value determined from all measuring planes.
Example: the largest Dmp value measured is 60,001 mm. The smallest Dmp value
measured is 59,998 mm. On this, the VDmp value of the work piece is 3m.
125/344
Diameter variation
Cylindrical bore (Vdmp)
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The test piece is inserted in a two-point inside gage and rotated by 180 .
The gage has already been adjusted by a calibration ring (the stylus top
left is fixed and serves as a stop, the stylus on top is also fixed and serves
as a counterpart to the moveable stylus at the bottom).
Now, the diameter mean value dmp is determined.
The test piece is moved by turning the axial adjusting screw on the rear.
The moveable stylus tip and the fixed counter tip are now in the middle of
the test piece.
Again, the test piece is rotated by 180 and the diameter mean value
(dmp) is determined.
The smallest dmp value is deduced from the largest one.
Example:
The largest dmp value is 30,003 mm. The smallest
measured dmp value is 29,998 mm. On this, the Vdmp value of the test
piece is 5m.
126/344
Drawing comparison
VDmp (FAG old!)
b
to
t
No
w
ne
r
fo
d
se
eu
s!
n
g
si
de
127/344
Drawing comparison
VDmp (Schaeffler Group new!)
128/344
Parallelism
Special indication: without geometrical defects
129/344
Parallelism
Special indication: without geometrical defects
130/344
Straightness
Standard indication
131/344
Straightness
Standard indication
132/344
Straightness
Special indication
Filter value
Filter type
Analysis
Tolerance value
Scope of application: At the time when all test parameters (analysis methods, filter
value and filter type) differ from standard S 241012
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS)
Test parameters that differ from standard S 241013 in terms of filter value,
filter type, and analysis method are to be represented as shown above.
133/344
Straightness
Special indication
If the test parameters (filter value and filter type) show compliance with the
specifications given in group standard S 241012.
Test parameters that conform with the standard parameters given in S
241013 are not explicitly indicated. The position reserved for them
remains empty.
134/344
Straightness
Measuring principle
Pick up
Holding
prism
Measurement of straightness
to S 241012
Measuring process:
A holding prism is placed on the air slide of the straightness measuring
device.
The test piece is placed on the holding prism.
A dual tip stylus is now clamped in the pick-up.
The stylus is retracted in the test bore and roughly adjusted.
The deepest point of the bore is determined by adjusting the lateral screw
on the air slide. The reversal point of the numerical value on the
measuring computer represents the deepest point of the bore.
The stylus now traces the bottom side of the bore.
The graphical printout shows the traced section and thus represents the
straightness of the sampling section.
135/344
Cylindricity
t
Scope of application:
Drawing specification:
136/344
Cylindricity
Drawing specification
137/344
Waviness
Standard text:
Waviness acc. to
S103207-ff:
Overview of product groups
S 103207-1
General indications
S 103207-101
Waviness
Cylindrical roller bearing
139/344
Waviness
Special indications
140/344
Waviness
Special indication example
Standard text:
= waviness
100 / L1 / 3-4 / 700
100 / L2 / 5-8 / 700
100 / L3 / 9-25 / 700
200 / L / 3-25 / 700
200 / M / 26-154 / 700
150 / H / 155-923 / 117
The eye catcher symbol behind the waviness symbol is used to define the
applicable test specifications for the standard concerned.
141/344
Waviness
Measuring principle
142/344
Waviness
Measuring principle
143/344
Drawing comparison
Waviness (FAG old!)
d
se
u
be
o
t
t
No
s!
n
ig
es
d
w
ne
r
o
f
144/344
ot
to
be
ed
s
u
fo
ew
n
r
s
gn
i
s
de
Drawing comparison
Waviness (Schaeffler Group new!)
B1IR
t7
t5
FW
d (dmp)
v1
v2
t4
t3
t6
b1IR
t2
t1
145/344
Flatness
Standard indication
146/344
Flatness
Standard indication
Drawing specification
147/344
Flatness
Special indications
Filter value
Filter type
Analysis
Tolerance value
Test parameters that differ from standard S 241013 in terms of filter value,
filter type, and analysis method are to be represented as shown above.
148/344
Flatness
Special indications
Test parameters that differ from standard S 241013 in terms of filter value,
filter type, are to be represented as shown above.
Test parameters that conform with the standard parameters given in S
241013 are not explicitly indicated. The position reserved for them
remains empty.
149/344
Flatness
Measuring principle
The measuring and test procedure are defined in group standard S241013
Measuring process:
The stylus retracts the side surface of the test piece. The test piece has
been aligned roughly on the turning table of the roundness measuring
device.
The necessary parameters and/or setting for determining the flatness are
selected from the measuring computer.
The measuring process is started. The turning table rotates repeatedly
around its own; at the same time, the stylus is displaced horizontally.
The measuring computer now determines the flatness of the traced
surface and displays it on the screen as a two-dimensional diagram.
150/344
151/344
e.g.: 1 : 7,5
Referring to a length of 7,5mm, the cylinder diameter changes by one
millimeter.
Measuring method:
2 two-point gages are required; the knife edges must have an exact
altitude difference of 13mm.
The finished size the or setting master serves as a setting normal.
152/344
153/344
154/344
Measuring principle
1. Starting position with added basic slip gage (derived from the length of
the sinus bar SL)
2. Add slip gage 1 (E1=EBasis+sin*SL) and trace first side
3. Add slip gage 2 (E2=EBasis+sin*SL) and trace second side
155/344
Measuring process:
The test piece, with its datum point showing upwards, is inserted
(clamped) in the measuring device.
The sinus bar of the fixture is now applied to a parallel slip gage that has
been calculated in advance. Due to this, the taper top side, that shall be
traced, is horizontally aligned according to the target taper.
Now, the stylus traces the upper side of test taper.
The gauge block is replaced. The taper bottom side is aligned in
horizontal position according to the target taper.
Now, the stylus traces the bottom side of the taper.
The necessary measuring parameters and/or settings are entered in the
measuring computer.
Start up and run-out of the traced section are cut .
The screen shows both traced sides as ideal parallel lines in a graphical
representation. The corresponding ATD value is represented in the table
above the diagram.
156/344
Drawing comparison
Tolerance indication taper angle / inclination angle (FAG old!)
No
o
tt
157/344
be
e
us
ne
r
fo
ns
g
i
s
de
158/344
This symbol is allowed with a cylindrical shaft that may taper on one side
(conically).
159/344
160/344
161/344
162/344
Two-point measurements at
a distance L (on one side)
163/344
Measuring process:
The test piece is inserted in the measuring device. The measuring device
has already been adjusted by a calibration ring. (the fixed stop is on the
left, the two moveable probes are arranged in the upper area, the fixed
counter tip is arranged at the bottom.
The measuring device is calibrated and the ring is rotated by 360.
The two upper probes determine the difference to the calibration ring and
the connected measuring computer displays the inclination angle
tolerance in the diameter NTD and the inclination angle tolerance NT.
164/344
Drawing comparison
Inclination angle tolerance of a taper (FAG old!)
t
No
to
be
165/344
e
us
w
ne
r
fo
s
gn
i
s
de
In contrast to the inclination angle tolerance of a lip face (NT), the entire
measuring length L is evaluated in this context.
NT only uses start point and end point of L (measuring length) evaluation
purposes.
166/344
167/344
Measuring process:
The pick-up fixture is adjusted in such a way that the angle for both test
surface is approximately the same.
The stylus traces the taper and rib surface of the test piece.
Parts of the pick-up area are also traced; due to this, the connected
measuring computer uses the complete profile to determine the angles.
Now, the screen displays the complete profile of the traced measuring
section.
The workman can now make the measuring computer run to determine
the angle.
168/344
169/344
Two-point
measurements at a
distance L
170/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
A parallel slip gauge that has been calculated previously is placed under
the bearing area (sinus bar) of the air slide in such a way that the test
taper is horizontally adjusted to the ideal measure.
The test piece is placed and the stylus traces the rib surface.
The computer cuts the start-up and run-out lengths out of the measuring
section.
The screen displays the entire measured section graphically. Only the
start and end points of the measurement are taken for evaluation
purposes.
The NT value is indicated in the table above the diagram.
171/344
Drawing comparison
Inclination tolerance of a lip surface (FAG old!)
Rib:
o
tt
o
N
be
e
us
172/344
ew
n
r
fo
s
gn
i
s
de
Scope of application:
Drawing specification:
173/344
No
t
to
be
us
e
fo
r
ne
de
si
gn
s
Old drawing
specification
Specifications Ki, Ki.1, Ke, Ke.1, KeJ and KiJ to ISO 1132 are blocked for
new designs!
174/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The test ring is inserted as far as it will go (in the bore).
The test piece is adjusted by moving it back and forth (reversal point on
the dial gage)
A fixed stop is attached to the left side to guide the test piece.
The test piece is rotated by 360 and the indicator deflection is observed
at the same time. The radial wall thickness deviation to be tested is
directly read off the dial gage. There is no need to align (set to zero) the
dial gage.
Example:
With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 m in one
direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 2 m.
175/344
Drawing comparison
Variation of wall thickness in radial direction
t
No
to
be
ed
s
u
ew
n
r
fo
s
gn
i
s
de
176/344
Drawing comparison
Variation of wall thickness in radial direction
B1IR
t7
t5
3
t6
FW
d (dmp)
v1
v2
t4
t3
t6
b1IR
t2
t1
177/344
Old drawing
specification
No
to
be
ed
s
u
fo
ew
n
r
s
gn
i
s
de
178/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The test piece is placed on the two stops (on the rear measuring plate).
The measuring tip of the dial gage is inserted in the raceway. The
moveable tip must be placed precisely opposite to the bearing side
(support border) of the measuring plate.
The fine adjustment serves to align the indicator. It is not required for the
dial indicator to be set at zero.
The test piece is rotated by 360 and the indicator deflection is observed
at the same time. The wall thickness deviation to be tested is directly read
off the dial gage.
Example:
With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 m in one
direction. On this, the axial wall thickness deviation is 2 m.
179/344
t
No
to
be
ed
s
u
fo
ew
n
r
s!
n
sig
e
d
180/344
V-Block
Measuring process:
The test piece is placed on the two stops (on the rear measuring plate).
The measuring tip of the dial gage is inserted in the face. The moveable
tip must be placed precisely opposite to the bearing side (support border)
of the measuring plate.
The fine adjustment serves to align the indicator. It is not required for the
dial indicator to be set at zero.
The test piece is rotated by 360 and the indicator deflection is observed
at the same time. The wall thickness deviation of the ring width that shall
be tested is directly read off the dial gage.
Example:
With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 m in one
direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 2 m.
181/344
Drawing comparison
Ring width
tt
o
N
d
se
u
e
ob
w
ne
r
fo
!
ns
g
i
s
de
182/344
183/344
No
t
to
be
us
ed
fo
r
ne
w
de
sig
n
s!
184/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The test ring is inserted as far as it will go (in the bore). A fixed stop is
attached to the left side to guide the test piece.
Turning the axial adjustment in the rear of the measuring device
displaces the test piece in axial direction.
The test piece itself is not rotated with this measurement
When tracing, the deflection of the indicator is observed at the same time.
That wall thickness deviation of the cross-sectional plane that shall be
tested is directly read off the dial gage.
Example:
With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 m in one
direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 2 m.
185/344
Variation of inclination
Outside surface to side face
on both sides
186/344
Variation of inclination
Outside surface to side face
us
ed
fo
rn
ew
de
si
gn
s
ot
to
be
t
No
Inner ring
to
be
e
us
r
fo
w
ne
ns
g
i
es
Outer ring
187/344
Variation of inclination
Outside surface to side face
188/344
Variation of inclination
Outside surface to side face
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The test piece is pushed to the fixed stops, that are mounted on a
measuring plate.
The dial gage is now placed on the test piece, opposite to one of the fixed
stops, and finely adjusted. It is not required for the dial indicator to be set
at zero.
The test piece is rotated by 360 and the indicator deflection is observed
at the same time. The inclination deviation of the outside surface to the
side face that shall be tested is directly read off the dial gage.
Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 m in one direction.
On this, the wall thickness deviation is 2 m.
189/344
Drawing comparison
ot
to
be
us
ed
fo
rn
ew
de
si
gn
s
190/344
Drawing comparison
ot
to
be
us
ed
fo
rn
ew
de
si
gn
s
191/344
Drawing comparison
Perpendicularity of outside surface with respect to the side face
(Schaeffler Group new!)
192/344
193/344
to
t
No
be
d
se
fo
e
rn
s
gn
i
s
de
194/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The test piece is placed on a slightly tapered plug check gage.
The plug gage is clamped between both centering tips of the clamping
bench.
The test piece must be adjusted in case of smaller rings.
The dial gage is placed on the side face of the test piece. As far as
possible, the measuring tip angle shall be at right angles with the side
face.
The plug gage is rotated by 360 and the indicator deflection is observed
at the same time. The runout of the side face that shall be tested is
directly read off the dial gage.
Example:
With one revolution, the indicator moves 5 m in one
direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 5 m.
195/344
Drawing comparison
Radial runout of inner ring (FAG old!)
No
e
ob
t
t
w
ne
r
o
df
e
us
s!
n
g
si
de
196/344
Scope of application: For rings with more than one race where the running
tolerances relative to each other must be met.
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing
(EDP/EDS)
197/344
198/344
not concave
199/344
Point support
Measuring principle
200/344
Drawing comparison
Measurement of radial runout difference (Schaeffler Group new!)
201/344
202/344
203/344
Measuring process:
The assembled bearing is placed on a slightly tapered plug check gage.
The plug gage is clamped between both centering tips of the clamping
bench.
The dial gage is placed on the bearing outside diameter and roughly
aligned by using the fine adjustment. It is not required for the dial indicator
to be set at zero.
The plug gage is fixed by hand and the outer ring is turned at the same
time.
When turning the outer ring, the indicator deflection is observed. The
runout of the outer ring of the assembled bearing that shall be tested is
directly read off the dial gage.
Example:
With one revolution, the indicator moves 5 m in one
direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 5 m.
204/344
Measuring process:
The test piece is placed on a slightly tapered plug check gage.
The plug gage is clamped between both centering tips of the clamping
bench.
The dial gage is placed on the bearing outside diameter and roughly
aligned by using the fine adjustment. It is not required for the dial indicator
to be set at zero.
The plug gage is fixed by hand and the outer ring is turned at the same
time.
When turning the outer ring, the indicator deflection is observed. The
inner ring runout of the assembled bearing is directly read off the dial
gage.
Example:
With one revolution, the indicator moves 5 m in one
direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 5 m.
205/344
Drawing comparison
Radial runout of inner and outer ring
of assembled cylindrical roller bearing (Schaeffler Group new!)
206/344
207/344
Measuring process:
The assembled taper bearing is affixed (screwed) to the measuring plate
by using a clamping fixture. The fixture must be designed in such a way
that only the bearing inner ring is attached. The outer must be easily
moveable.
Two spacers and a ball are now placed on the outer ring to simulate the
test weight F.
The stylus is placed on the side of the outer ring and aligned (set to zero).
The outer ring is rotated via test ball until each point of the raceway is
over rolled by each roller/needle.
Now, the bearing taper runout can be read off the connected the digital
measuring instrument. The difference between the largest and smallest
value displayed corresponds to the runout of the assembled taper bearing.
Example:
The digital display ranges between -3 m and 1 m. On
this, the runout is 4 m.
208/344
Measuring process:
The test piece (flange bearing) is inserted into a test fixture.
The stylus is placed on the outside surface of the inner ring.
The connected measuring device is adjusted. It is not required for the
indicator to be set at zero.
The inner ring is rotated by 360 and the indicator deflection is observed
at the same time. The inner ring runout on the assembled bearing that
shall be tested is directly read off the measuring device.
Example:
The indicator moves 5 m. On this, the runout of the flange
bearing is 5 m.
209/344
Drawing comparison
Radial runout of inner and outer ring
25 -0,008(dmp)
210/344
211/344
o
N
o
tt
be
ed
s
u
ew
n
r
fo
ns
g
si
e
d
212/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The inner ring of the assembled bearing is weighed down with a ball to
simulate the test force F.
The stylus is placed on the inner ring of the bearing.
The connected digital measuring device is aligned (set to zero).
Now, the inner ring is rotated by 360 and the digital display is observed.
The difference between the smallest and the largest value display gives
the axial runout on the inner ring.
Example:
The measuring device ranges between -1 m and +3 m.
On this, the axial runout is 4 m.
213/344
214/344
o
N
o
tt
be
ed
s
u
ew
n
r
fo
ns
g
si
e
d
215/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The inner ring of the assembled bearing is weighed down with a ball to
simulate the test force F.
The stylus is placed on the outer ring of the bearing.
The connected digital measuring device is aligned (set to zero).
Now, the outer ring is rotated by 360 and the digital display is observed.
The difference between the smallest and the largest value display gives
the axial runout on the outer ring.
Example:
The measuring device ranges between -1 m and +3 m.
On this, the axial runout is 4 m.
216/344
Drawing example
Axial runout of inner ring
217/344
218/344
219/344
220/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
The test piece is clamped into a fixture. The vice has a slightly beveled
arrangement to allow the radius, that shall be tested, a centered position.
The stylus is placed on the radius and the clamping fixture is aligned by
using the lateral adjustment screw.
The stylus starts to trace the measuring section of the radius that shall be
tested.
The measuring parameters are now entered in the connected measuring
computer.
The measured part of the radius is presented on the screen as a straight
line. With the help of this graphical representation, the line shape
tolerance of the radius can be compared with to parallels.
221/344
Drawing comparison
Line shape tolerance for radii (Schaeffler Group new!)
222/344
223/344
224/344
Additional indications
Envelope requirement
Marking
Marking
Marking
Envelope requirement E:
E may be omitted if DIN 7167 applies.
The dimensions with envelope requirement are composed as
follows:
Outside diameter
Outside geometric element (outside diameter)
Envelope requirement = minimum circumscribed size + two-point
dimension
Inside geometric element (bore)
Envelope requirement = maximum inscribed size + two-point dimension
225/344
Additional indications
Marking
226/344
Additional indications
Marking
Marking
Definition of GN:
Minimum circumscribed size
Value of the measured feature evaluated acc. to the minimum
circumscribed method.
The minimum circumscribed size can be applied to cylinders and to
parallel surfaces.
In case of external features the minimum circumscribed size was also
called "internal fit size".
Cylinder type feature minimum circumscribed diameter
Parallel surfaces feature minimum circumscribed distance
The minimum circumscribed size of an internal feature can be used for
tolerancing a rough part which will be processed in a further step.
Definition of GX:
Maximum inscribed size
Value of the measured feature evaluated acc. to the maximum inscribed
method.
The maximum inscribed size can be applied to cylinders and to parallel
surfaces.
In case of internal features the maximum inscribed size was also called
"external fit size".
Cylinder type feature maximum inscribed diameter
Parallel surfaces feature maximum inscribed distance
227/344
228/344
229/344
Dimensioning
As a rule, the dimensions and tolerances
that must be indicated on drawings shall
be taken from the design guidelines
(D standards).
Note :
The final state represented in the drawing can be the raw,
intermediate or finished state of the product .
230/344
Standard unit: mm
Decimal
separators
Comma
Inch system
Angle dimensions
Generally in degrees []
Angle fractions can alternatively be expressed in minute and
second or as decimal value (alternatively)
Module
Additional indications
Linear
dimensions
The standard unit for linear dimensions is mm. Deviating units must
be indicated in the drawing.
Decimal
separators
According to ISO 31-1, only the comma is used. This applies also
to USA! This must be observed with inch indications !!!
Inch system
Angle
dimensions
Module
231/344
Number format:
Using thousand separators or grouping of numbers is not permissible.
Example:
Permissible
Not permissible
1000
1.000
Special characters:
Character sets for special characters according to the CAD system
232/344
Writing rules:
Alternatively
Multiplication
1x1
5x45
Greater or equal
>=
<=
Not equal
Plus/minus
Infinite
Approximately
Diameter indication
35
Ratio
5:7
Representation of Pi
Negative values
-20C
Radius
R20
max. / min.
21min.
Copyright
Set of standards
S 123456
Et cetera
etc.
233/344
Definition:
Value
Mazahl
Arrow head
Malinie
Termination dot
Malinienbegrenzung
Dimensioning line
Mahilfslinie
234/344
Explanation
60
Diameter
DIN 406-10
R50
Radius
DIN 406-10
Applications
235/344
Explanation
SR50
Spherical
radius
DIN 406-10
S35
Spherical
diameter
DIN 406-10
<2,10,1>
Tooling
dimension,
such as cage
cross piece
N 021002
Application
236/344
Explanation
SW19
Width across
flats
DIN 406-10
t=5
Thickness
DIN 406-11
h=4
Depth or
height
DIN 406-11
Application
* only EDD
*
35
Theoretically
exact
dimension
DIN 406-11
DIN ISO 7083
237/344
Explanation
[20]
Raw or
preprocessing
dimension DIN
406-11
50
Application
Arc dimension
DIN 406-10
DIN ISO 7083
238/344
Explanation
50
Square
DIN 406-10
( 30)
Auxiliary
dimension
DIN 406-10/11
Application
Taper
14%
Inclination
DIN 406-10
50
Effective length
(developed
view)
DIN 406-10
239/344
Explanation
Application
Measuring
point with
measuring
point number
DIN 406-11
D
Nominal size
1
2
3
Dimension
D w1
D
D w2
D w3
Shell-hardened
Measuring point1: 54+6 HRC
Measuring point2: 50+4 HRC
240/344
Explanation
Application
Measuring
point without
measuring
point number
DIN 406-11
= 54+6 HRC
241/344
Explanation
R0,2min.
Limit deviations in
one direction min.
or max.
DIN 406-12
3x100,1
Amount of identical
elements
such as 3 bores
DIN 406-11
Application
Marking of
characteristics
CC, SC
S 102012
242/344
Explanation
Application
Check dimension
DIN 406-10
Circumferential
Example for sealed
seams, surface and edge
specifications
243/344
Explanation
Application
General indication
(note symbol)
DIN 30-10
Function surface
Symmetry symbol
DIN 406-10
244/344
Specific dimensioning
Do not use anymore!
Arithmetic mean value 50 mm
new, see S102502
Harmonization dimension 50 mm
Not-to-scale 50 mm
ed
s
u
w
e
n
r
fo
s
de
!
s
n
ig
be
Classification of characteristics
acc. QV 0 811 243 1D
to
t
Symbol for the classification of
characteristics
No
A characteristic (2x)
B characteristic (4x)
245/344
Tolerance indications
Nominal size
Nennma
Upper limit
deviation
oberes
Abma
unteres
Abma
Lower limit deviation
Nominal size and tolerance
should preferably have
the same size
Special case:
one size smaller
The representation below should be avoided and is
only allowed in exceptional cases:
Special case:
dimensions written in
the same line
246/344
Tolerance class
30 H7
Nominal size
Fundamental dimension
Tolerance grade
Tolerances as per ISO tolerance system are indicated on the drawing with
lower and upper limits. The tolerance class (such as B.H7) should not be
indicated.
However, if the tolerance quality of a toleranced dimension should be
visible in the drawing (e.g. customer delivery drawing EDD), the tolerance
is indicated as shown above.
Nominal size: The size from which the upper and lower limits are derived
(may be an integral or decimal number).
Fundamental dimension: Deviation that specifies the position of the
tolerance zone with respect to the zero line.
Tolerance grade: Tolerance grades are identified by the letters IT,
followed by a number (e.g. IT7). The letters IT are omitted if the tolerance
grades are associated with a fundamental deviation, e.g. H7.
247/344
248/344
The standard does not demand the indication of the corresponding DIN or
ISO standard in the designation of the screw thread type
World-wide, there are 204 different screw thread types that are marked
with different code letters! That is the reason why the corresponding DIN
or ISO standard shall be indicated on the drawing, preceding the
designation.
Example: The designations to DIN 202 are used for standardized screw
threads. The designation is composed of:
designation for the screw thread type, e.g. M, R, Tr
nominal diameter (screw thread size)
flank lead or pitch if necessary
additional indications, e.g. tolerance, multiple threads, left-handed
threads and conicity
249/344
250/344
Note:
Dual dimensioning (inch and mm) is not permissible with screw thread
indications.
Some customers demand inch only.
251/344
Description of surfaces
S 102001-10
252/344
253/344
Scope of application
The surface quality shall be selected in
such a way how it is required for the
functionality of the part.
A detailed description shall be used to
specify the function-relevant surface
properties
Rx = f(F,p,A, n)
254/344
Surface indication
Upper and lower
limit U or L a
Transmission
characteristic
Filter type
Evaluation
length
Surface
parameter
Profile
Parametere
Limit valueh
Specifies the
limit:
16% or max. 9
ground
Machining
procedure
used i
Position of
surface score
marks j
Machining
procedure k
Definition
U
X
Filter type placeholder (see PowerPoint presentation on
dimensional and geometrical tolerances roundness measurement)
s:
0,08
c:
0,8
Rz:
Parameter
8:
max:
3,3:
Parameter value in m
255/344
Roughness profile
Run-out length
The traversed length, lt, is the full distance over which the stylus
instrument is drawn for a data collection operation, including the start-up
length, evaluation length and run-out length.
The cutoff wavelength, c, of a profile filter is used as a means of
filtering or separating the wavelengths according to roughness or
waviness.
The sampling length, lr, for roughness is part of the traversed length lt.
The sampling length corresponds to the cutoff length lc. Sampling length
lp or lw for the P profile or W profile corresponds to the evaluation length
and represents the reference length for evolution purposes.
The (overall) evaluation length, ln, is the part of the traversed length
that is subject to evaluation. Five consecutive sampling lengths, lr, are
taken as standard .
The start-up length represents the start-up transient of the filters.
The run-out length represents the stop transient of the filters.
256/344
Surface roughness
Non-periodic profiles
(grinding, eroding ...)
Measuring conditions
to DIN EN ISO 4288:1998
and DIN EN ISO 3274: 1998
Mean width of
roughness
profile elements
Cutoff wavelength
Sampling length
Evaluation length
Traversed length
Stylus tip radius
Digitalization distance
c
lr
ln
lt
rSp max
xmax
257/344
Arithmetic
mean deviation
or
Max. roughness
profile height
c Filter
258/344
Surface indication
Upper and lower
limit U or L a
Transmission
characteristic
Filter type
Evaluation
length
Surface
parameter
Profiled Parametere
Limit valueh
Specifies the
limit:
16% or max. g
ground
Machining
procedure
used i
Position of
surface score
marks j
Machining
procedure k
Definition
U
X
Filter type placeholder (see PowerPoint presentation on
dimensional and geometrical tolerances roundness measurement)
s:
0,08
c:
0,8
Rz:
Parameter
8:
max:
3,3:
Parameter value in m
259/344
S Filter - Impact
Profil: R [LC GS: 0,25 mm]
= 0,0 m
= 2,5 m
= 8,0 m
= 25,0 m
0,5
[m]
0,0
-0,5
1,25 mm
[0,25 mm/Skt]
Profil: R [LC GS: 0,25 mm]
0,5
[m]
0,0
-0,5
1,25 mm
[0,25 mm/Skt]
Profil: R [LC GS: 0,25 mm]
0,5
[m]
0,0
-0,5
1,25 mm
[0,25 mm/Skt]
Profil: R [LC GS: 0,25 mm]
0,5
[m]
0,0
-0,5
1,25 mm
[0,25 mm/Skt]
S cuts off noises when profiles are recorded. Using the S- filters is not
permissible according to VDA standard.
260/344
Surface indication
Upper and lower
limit U or L a
Transmission
characteristic
Filter type
Evaluation
length
Surface
parameter
Profiled Parametere
Limit valueh
Specifies the
limit:
16% or max. g
ground
Machining
procedure
used i
Position of
surface score
marks j
Machining
procedure k
Definition
U
X
Filter type placeholder (see PowerPoint presentation on
dimensional and geometrical tolerances roundness measurement)
s:
0,08
c:
0,8
Rz:
Parameter
8:
max:
3,3:
Parameter value in m
261/344
16% Rule
If the interpretation of the surface limits is not specified, the 16% rule to
EN ISO 1302 applies.
Such as
NumberAnzahl
of measured
der gemessenen
surfaceOberflchenkennwerte
parameters
262/344
Normalverteilung
Normal distribution
der gemessenen
of measured
Oberflchenkennwerte
surface parameters
Surface
parameter
geforderter
required
Oberflchenkennwert
Deviation
Standardfrom
abweichung
standard
MeanMittelwert
value
16 16%
% of all
measured
values
aller
Mewerte
der gemessenen
of measured
Mewerte
> Grenzwert
values
> limit value
OberflchenkennwerteMeasured
surface
parameters
Surface indication
Upper and lower
limit U or L a
Transmission
characteristic
Filter type
Evaluation
length
Surface
parameter
Profiled
Parametere
Limit valueh
Specifies the
limit:
16% or max. g
ground
Machining
procedure
used i
Position of
surface score
marks j
Machining
procedure k
Definition
U
X
Filter type placeholder (see PowerPoint presentation on
dimensional and geometrical tolerances roundness measurement)
s:
0,08
c:
0,8
Rz:
Parameter
8:
max:
3,3:
Parameter value in m
263/344
Tolerance limits
264/344
Ra =
1
z( x) dx
l 0
265/344
Ra Explanatory power
The different surface structures
and corresponding component
properties always result in the
same Ra value.
Ra = 2 m
Ra = 2 m
Ra = 2 m
Ra alone is not sufficient to serve
as a surface quality
characteristic!
Ra = 2 m
The Ra value is historically most common and preferred with nonperiodic profiles that have been created by grinding, for instance. Due to
the increasing requirements, especially in the rolling bearing industry, this
parameter alone does not suffice to describe surface quality sufficiently.
266/344
lr
1 2
Rq =
z ( x) dx
lr 0
The arithmetic mean deviation Rq is the root
mean square value of the absolute values of the
roughness profile.
267/344
268/344
Rsk - Skewness
269/344
Rku - Kurtosis
270/344
"Burr area"
Core area
"Scratch area"
Material ratio
271/344
Selectable bandwidth
Measurement
Measured
Plane
value 4
Measured depth
Measured
value 2
value 5
Measured value 6
Measured
value 8
Measured
value 7
Measured
value 3
Measurement plane
Height
HSC
HSC The high spot count is the number of complete profile peaks (within
an assessment length) projecting above a horizontal reference line, in
other words, parallel with the mean line. The reference line can be set at a
selected distance above or below the mean line or in a certain plane as
desired.
272/344
Profile depth - Pt
P profile
Reference length
The profile depth Pt (= total profile height) is the total distance between
the highest peak and the lowest valley within the sampling length. The
reference length shall be indicated.
273/344
Drawing indications
for raceway surfaces
Amplitude density
curve
Abbott Curve
(ratio curve)
Ra or Rq
Rsk
Rku
Rk
Rpk
Rvk
274/344
1)
Rpk
<1
Rvk
1)
Rsk < 0
Note:
The indications according to the Abbot Curve are only proven with honed
and ground surfaces. Defects may occur with other surfaces.
275/344
Rq
=
= 1.25331
Ra
2
276/344
Cutting depth in m
Material ratio %
Symbol explanation:
Any processing procedure permissible, evaluation length consisting of five
single sampling sections with c = 0,25. Upper limit arithmetical mean
deviation Ra of 0,02m.
Reference line starts at 5%;
Bearing ratio (basing on the reference line) may not exceed 95% at a
depth of 0,6m.
Reference line starts at 5%;
Ratio of bearing contact area to total area (basing on the reference line) of
80% max. at 0,3m.
The 16% rule applies to all parameters.
277/344
Reference line
Reference level
c:
value in
L:
Rmr(0) 10:
is the length of material surface at a depth
(10% material ratio) below a reference linel
Rmr(0,35) 80:
278/344
This figure shows a surface for which no ratio (ratio of bearing contact
area to total area) curve value can be evaluated since the best-fit straight
line does not include 40% of the measured points.
279/344
Designation indication
or Abbott Curve:
280/344
Surface indications
for general requirements
281/344
282/344
Figure 1
Figure 2
283/344
Drawing header
284/344
Machining
method
Test
standard
285/344
100 100 90
90
75 50
75
Torn
Burr
Chipping
material thickness
hS1/S
hS2/S
bA
ba max
required
E
torn permissible according to surface comparison normal no.
1, 2, 3 or 4 according to VDI
286/344
Drawing specifications
Dimensioning of a fine-cut surface
Example:
Ra
h1
h2
E
287/344
Symbol
Explanation
Min. flush-cut proportion 50% of material
thickness s with chipping.
Arithmetic mean deviation Ra = 2,4 m
Flush-cut proportion h1 90% of material
thickness with chipping. Bowl-shaped
chipping (h2) permissible to 25% of s. On
this, the flush-cut proportion is 75%.
Arithmetic mean deviation Ra = 2,4 m
Flush-cut proportion h1 100% of material
thickness s with chipping. Bowl-shaped
chipping (h2) permissible to 10% of s. On
this, the flush-cut proportion is 90%.
Arithmetic mean deviation Ra = 1,6 m
Component precision cut across the entire
thickness s (100%).
Arithmetic mean deviation Ra = 0,4 m
Torn E permissible to surface comparison
normal no 2.
.
288/344
Example:
289/344
1 = coated
2 = coating permissible
3 = coating impermissible
Meaning
Surfaces which are to be coated acc. to the
spec; main surfaces
Surfaces which may be coated optionally
Surfaces which must not be coated within
04.2 and 02.2
290/344
Coating to size
as per DIN 50960-2
z A coating to size e.g. in the case of fit dimensions shall be indicated
as shown.
z The unfinished size and the finished size shall be specified.
Example:
ground
291/344
292/344
Edge structure
S 102001-8
293/344
Vocabulary
State of an
edge
Edge
Burr
Corner
Undercut
Passing
Designation
Meaning
Edge
State of an edge
Edge of
undefined shape
Corner
Burr
Undercut
Passing
294/344
Edge dimensioning
Possible edge dimensioning methods by indicating
an exactly defined geometrical shape to DIN 406 Part 11
295/344
Series 2
Series 1
2,5
3,5
0,25
0,35
3,5
Series 1 shall be used preferably. Other heights than those stated in Table 1
are not permissible.
296/344
Drawing
specification
Drawing
specification
Meaning
Explanation
Edge with burr
acceptable from 0 mm
to 0,3 mm;
burr direction
undefined
Meaning
Explanation
Edge without burr;
undercut from 0 mm to
0,3 mm
Edge without burr;
undercut from 0,1 mm
to 0,5 mm
Edge without burr;
undercut undefined
297/344
Drawing
specification
Drawing
specification
Meaning
Explanation
Meaning
Explanation
298/344
Meaning
Standard text
Tangential transition in
axial / radial direction
Note:
Indications referring to asymmetrical undercut directions on an edge are
permissible. The individual indications are always maximum dimensions,
whereas the minimum direction may be 0 in each direction.
Two dimensions per direction are also permissible and specify a tolerance
zone.
299/344
Detailed method
Simplified method
300/344
Drawing header
301/344
Ring face
D
r
rs
r1, r3, r5
r2, r4, r6
r4, a, r6, a
limits)
max.
min.
302/344
Note:
Care must be taken to ensure in the 3D model of the finished part that the
edge is represented in a realistic way, indicating the radius alone is not
sufficient.
Representation on in-process drawings
rrad
rax
SAPlan
SAX
diameter
303/344
Form rigidity
S 102503
304/344
Form rigidity
305/344
Basics
The form rigidity is based on the elasticity theory
F~f
F=c*f
Proportionality relation
(stiffness and/or spring
rate according to
Hooke)
F is the force.
f is the resilience of the ring.
Stiffness alone is not sufficient to describe form rigidity properly. On this,
another parameter the ring size is required.
306/344
C/D
This parameter is a measure for the stiffness of the component
307/344
Scope of application
308/344
Classification
Assessment aid (Extract from S 102503):
Class
C/D
(daN/mm * mm)
up to 0.2
extremely
soft
0.2 to 0.5
very soft
soft
Ring is
II
0.5 to 1.0
III
1 to 2
IV
2 to 5
normal
V
VI
5 to 10
10 to 30
stiff
VII
VIII
30 to 100
> 100
very
extremely
sift
309/344
Drawing specification
310/344
Drawing examples
FAG old!
311/344
Interpretation rules
Link to formulary:
312/344
C /D =
47 B
(2 D D 1 F ) 10
2 D + D 1 + F
2D
313/344
D = 180
D1 = 154,94
F = 165,4
B = 34
314/344
Class
C/D
(daN/mm*mm
)
Ring is
IV
2 to 5
normal
315/344
Form rigidity
Calculation in BEARINX
316/344
Classification of characteristics
S 102012-1
317/344
Classification of characteristics
Terms
Explanation
Special characteristics
Critical characteristics
Significant characteristics
Inspection characteristics
Characteristics requiring
documentation
Terms
Description
Special characteristics
Critical characteristics
Significant
characteristics
Inspection
characteristics
Characteristics requiring
documentation
318/344
Marking of characteristics
to be applied on purchased parts and on manufactured parts
319/344
Marking of characteristics
Who defines the characteristics?
Customer
Construction, manufacturing process,
Legal terms
320/344
Marking of characteristics
321/344
Marking of characteristics
322/344
Marking of characteristics
323/344
324/344
On both sides
On both sides
On both sides
Tolerance
Tolerance (dmp)
Tolerance
Tolerance
S103207-60
325/344
On both sides
S103207-60
On both sides
On both sides
Tolerance
Tolerance (dmp)
Tolerance
Tolerance
Measuring dimensions
Chamfer dimensions
Surface indications
-Roundness
-Parallelism
Tolerance
Tolerance
326/344
crowned
hollow
Recess
Without scale
Symbols:
Indications to ISO 1101
Measuring dimensions
crowned
hollow
Chamfer dimensions/
Relief grooves
Surface indications
Roundness
Parallelism
327/344
Marking:
not marked
not tolerated angles: +-2
Surface texture
to S102001-10
Darstellung n.
S102001-7
Tolerancing principle
to S102501
Form rigidity
to S102503
Housing washer
Machining before hardening
328/344
Comparison:
Axial spherical roller bearings
housing locating washer (old)
Raceway radius
with tolerance indication
Detail X
Surface indications
to FAG guidelines
Variation of wall
thickness
Se.1
in pressure angle
329/344
Comparison:
Axial spherical roller bearings
housing locating washer (new)
Indication
VDmp/VDp/2 to DIN ISO 1132
Symbols to DIN ISO 1101
Measuring dimension
Edge structure
Surface description to
Abbott Curve
330/344
Comparison:
Axial spherical roller bearings
shaft locating washer (old)
Detail X
331/344
Comparison:
Axial spherical roller bearings
housing locating washer (new)
Measuring dimension /
Measuring range
Surface description to
Abbott Curve
332/344
Po
ck
et
pit
ch
cir
c
le
333/344
Mean value
with roughness indication
Edge representation
334/344
Positional tolerance
Perpendicularity
of pocket
et
pit
ch
cir
c
le
Po
ck
of pocket
Theoretical dimensions
Limit sizes
335/344
Appendix
336/344
This checklist shall help you when preparing the trainings for youre the end users of your product line.
Please process from top to bottom.
If you have any questions or need support please contact Mr. Ernst Ammon, ST/HZA-KR, or +49 9132
82 2587.
(Note for filling out the form: please check the box when task is completed. Enter answers in the grey
boxes in column Comments).
#
Task
Comment
Training organization
Ask your local HR department to get to know
who will support you in organizing the end
user trainings (participants, rooms, dates).
Name of conctact:
No one responsible ?
Please email to Andreas Diehm,
FH/SWE-HCD
Yes, the following persons:
Construction:
Segment:
Quality:
No:
Please ask Mr. Ammon via mail.
Departments:
# of end users:
# of trainings:
Discussed with:
Date:
Yes.
No.
Please mail to Ernst Ammon.
337/344
o.k.
Task
Comment
Yes.
No.
Please mail to Ernst Ammon.
Yes.
No.
Please get the written confirmations.
338/344
o.k.
Task
After the training
Forward the attendance list to Mrs. Vera
Cremers or Mr. Ernst Ammon (as Fax or
scanned as E-Mail), so the participants can
be registered.
Discuss with your product group leaders for
which products the drawings will be created
newly or have to be changed.
Where will the products be manufactured?
Comment
Products:
Manufacturing plants:
Participants transfer talk:
339/344
o.k.
Trainer education
Harmonization of drawing standards
Target group
Goal
Multiplicators know
which preparations are necessary
They are able to
manage their training,
encourage participants to cooperate,
use media target-oriented,
recite presentations in understandable manner,
adjust the training material to the target group
They know
which activities can be suitable in difficult training situations.
Content
Method
Trainer
Number of
participants
Duration
2 days
Notes
340/344
Notes
341/344
Notes
342/344
Notes
343/344
Notes
344/344