1.

DESIGN OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM

Height of the dam based on ground profile taken as (H) : 4 m
Base width of elementary profile
1. Stress basis:
H
B = Gk
H
If uplift pressure is not consider , K=0 and hence B= G
B=4/

2.4

=2.58 m
2.Stability on sliding basis
H
B
*G

B= 4/0.75*2.4 (adopt value of (coefficient of friction)=0.75)

=2.22 m
Adopt greater value of B for design 2.58 2.6 m
Let us provide free board of 0.2 m (4% to 5% of dam height)
Top width (a) = 0.14H
=0.56 m0.6m
Practical profile of dam is obtained as:

W
1

P1

W2

S.n

Item

1.
2.

W1
W2

3.

P1

Description and
Force KN
Dimension
Fig: concrete gravity dam
(a) weight of the
Vertical Horizantal
dam
4.2*0.6*24
60.48
0.5*2*3.08*24
73.92
(b) uplift pressure
(c) Water pressure
0.5*3.012*9.81
44.44
Total
134.4
44.44

Lever
arm

2.3
1.33
1.96

Moment about toe KN-m

Clockwise Anticlockwise +ve
-ve
139.104
98.31
87.102
87.102

237.414

x=

M 150.312
=
=1.12m
V
134.4

e = B/2- x
=0.18<B/6 (Hence safe in Tension)
MR

Overturning factor Ff = MO
Safety against sliding (SFF) =

237.414
=2.73
> 1.5 (Hence stable)
87.102

V 0.75134.4
=
H
44.44

= 2.27 > 2 ( Hence stable)

2.DESIGN OF TRASH RACK OF INTAKE

Let us considering round bars of 30 mm
Trash Rack coefficient (Rt)
Assuming bar thickness (t)
Taking spacing (b)
Taking total Length of trash rack (L)

= 1.83
= 30 mm
= 70 mm (Recommended 50-200mm)
= 2m

Average Approach velocity of river (v)

= 0.8m/s (Recommended 0.6m/s-1.5m/s)

Now,
Total thickness
N0 of bars required =

Spacing
2000
70

= 29 nos
Now
Tracing angle of inclination from horizontal () = 60 0
Flow deviation in the river ()
= 550
Flow discharge (Q)
= 4800 lps
Ht of trash rack bottom from river bed
=2m

Head loss calculation:

Due to friction (hf)
= Rt *(t/b) 4/3 * (v2/2g) sin
= 1.83*(30/70)4/3 * (0.8/2*9.81) * sin 600
= 0.0175 m
2
Due to bend (hb)
= (v /2g)* sin
= (0.8 2 /2*9.81) * sin 55
= 0.0267 m
Now,
Total head loss (ht)
= (0.0175+0.0267) m
= 0.0442m
Again,
Head loss coefficient (kh) = ht/ (v2/2g)
= 1.355
Now,
Surface area (As) = 1/kh * (t+b)/ b * Q/v * 1/sin
= 1/1.355*(30+70)/70 *(4.8/0.8)* 1/sin60
=7.3 m2
Now,
L*h = A
2*h = 7.3 m
h = 3.65 m
Adopt (h) = 3.5 m
Sloping length = 3.5/sin60

= 4.04m
Adopt length of trash rack = 4 m
Now,
Diameter of settling particles = 11 * RS
= (11 * 0.6*1)/ 300
= 0.022 m
= 22 mm bar diameter of Trash Rack, OK.

Designed Parameters

Diameter of Bar

=30 mm

Spacing of Bar

=70 mm

Length of Trash Rack =4m

Width of Trash Rack =2m

3.DESIGN OF SIDE INTAKE ORIFICE

Design Discharge (Qd) = 4800 lps.
Assume Velocity (V) = 1 m/s
Q
Now, Area (A) = V
= 4.8/1
= 4.8 m2
Assume Orifice height (H) = 1.5m
Now, width of orifice (w) = A/H
= 4.8/1.5 m2
= 3.2 m
Taking width of orifice = 3.00 m above the river bed level so as to reduce the bed load.
Assume the datum to be set at river bed level.
Set water level at headrace canal (hh) = 1.55 m
Normal water level is river (hr ) = 1.80 m
Let us assume roughly finished masonry orifice,
Cd = 0.60
Now,
V = Cd *

2 g(hrh h)

= 0.6 *

29.81(1.801.55)

= 1.328 m/s
Q =A* V
= 4.8 * 1.328
= 6.37 m3/s
= 6.77m3/sec > 4.8m3/sec , hence OK..
(The excess flood flow has to be discharged via spillway at the gravel trap.)
Design Parameters:

Height of orifice (H) = 1.5m

Width of orifice (W) = 3.2 m

4. DESIGN OF FLOOD BARRIER WALL

Annual average daily flow (ADF)= flow in twelve months /12 (m3/sec)
= (23.8+19.83+12.89+9.9+4.76+3.57+2.98+2.57+1.78+1.78+1.313+0.952)/12
=7.18m3/sec
Again,
Largest flow = 10*ADF
=10*7.18
=71.8m3/sec
Now,
Estimated worst flood Qflood) = 50*Largest Flow
=50*71.8
=3590m3/sec
Let us assume broad crested weir then, Cw = 1.5
Length of weir ( Lweir) = 22m
We have,

0.667

Q flood

C w *Wriver

hovertop=
Where Wriver = Lweir + Width of bitch
= 22 + 30 = 52m
3590
1.5 * 52

0.667

hovertop=
= 12.86m
Hence provide 12.86 m flood barrier wall.

5. DESIGN OF HEADRACE CANAL:

a Approach canal from intake to silting basin:
Let,
Bed slope (s) = 1:300
Canal type = stone masonry in cement mortar using dressed stone.
Design discharge (Qf) = 4.8 m3/s
Shape of canal = rectangular
Let us adopt roughness coefficient (n) = 0.02
Now,
For hydraulically efficient rectangular canal
B = 2*H
The discharge formula is given by (Q) =

( BH )5 / 3 * s1/ 2
n( B 2 H ) 2 / 3
(2 H 2 )5 / 3 * (1 / 300)1/ 2
0.02( 4 H ) 2 / 3
Or , 4.8 =
By hit and trial method,
H = 1.11m
B = 2H = 2 * 1.11 = 2.2 m.
Adopt,
H = 1.2m and B = 2.4 m
As we know, Velocity in canal 0.8 * Critical Velocity
Now,
Q
A
Velocity in canal (V) =
4 .8
1.2 * 2.4
=
V = 1.67 m/s

2 Hg
Critical Velocity =

2 *1.2 * 9.81
=

= 3.43 m/s
Now,
1.67m/s 0.8 * 3.43 m/s = 2.745 m/s
Hence OK.
Now,
Wetted perimeter (P) = 2H + B
= 2 * 1.2 + 2.4
= 4.8 m
A
P
Hydraulic radius (R) =
1.2 * 2.4
4 .8
=
= 0.6 m
Again,
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
R s
n
V=
1
( 0 .6 ) 2 / 3 s 1 / 2
0.02
Or, 1.67 =
1
1

454 300
S = 0.0022
Hence OK.
Provide a free board of 0.5 m.
Designed Parameters:
B = 2.4 m
H = 1.2 + 0.5 = 1.7 m
1: s = 1: 300
b Headrace Canal from Silting basin to Forebay:
Same except the bed slope be 1: 500
Now,

( 2 H 2 ) 5 / 3 * s1 / 2
n( 4 H ) 2 / 3
Q=

(2 H 2 )5 / 3 * (1 / 500)1/ 2
0.02( 4 H ) 2 / 3
Or, 4.8 =
By Hit and trial;
H = 1.22 m
B = 2 * 1.22 = 2.44 m
Adopt;
H = 1.3 m
Free board = 0.4 m
Total height = 1.3 + 0.4 = 1.7 m
B = 1.3 * 2 = 2.6 m
Check for Velocity:
Q
4.8

A 1.3 * 2.6

V=

= 1.42 m/s

Vcr 1.3 * 9.81

= 3.57 m/s
Now, 1.42 m/s 0.8 * 3.57 = 2.856m/s
Check for Bed Slope:

V=

1 2 / 3 1/ 2
R *s
n

Or, 1.42=

1 1.3 * 2.6
0.02 1.3 * 2 2.6

s = 0.00143

1
1

698 500

2/3

* s1/ 2

, Hence OK.

Design Parameters:

1 : S = 1 : 500
H = 1.3 m
B = 2.6m
Total Height = 1.3 + 0.4= 1.7 m

Hence OK.

6. DESIGN OF GRAVEL TRAP:

Location of Gravel trap is selected at D/S of side intake.
Design Discharge (Q) = 4.8 m3/s
Velocity in Gravel Trap (V) = 0.8 m/s
Q 4.8

A 0.8
Area (A) =
= 6 m2
Depth of water in the canal (H) = 1.2 m
6
1.2
Width of Gravel Trap (B) =
=5m
Now,
Length of Trap (L) = 3 * Canal width
= 3 * 2.4
= 7.2 m
(Note: For provision of flushing system and accumulation of gravel load, bed of gravel trap
is provided 0.5 m below the bed of the Headrace Canal)
Transition Design:
a For Inlet:
Floor slope () = 11
BTrap BCanal
L inlet =

2Tan
5 2.4
2 * Tan 11

=
= 6.6 m
Again,
b For Exit:
Floor Slope () = 27
BTrap BCanal

2Tan
L Exit =
1.6 1
2Tan 27

=
Designed parameters

= 2.55 2.5 m

Width of Gravel Trap(B) = 5 m

Length of Gravel Trap(L) = 7.2 m
Length of inlet transitions(Linlet)= 6.6m
Length of outlet transitions(Loutlet)=2.5m
Inlet slope () = 11
Outlet slope () = 27
7.DESIGN OF SPILLWAY AT GRAVEL TRAP:
Q Flood = 7.18 m3/s
Q Design = 4.8 m3/s
Q Spill = Q Flood Q Design
= (7.18 4.8) m3/s
= 2.38 m3/s
Adopt height of Spill (H) = 0.5m
Now,
QSpill

Cw * H 1.5
Length of Spillway (L) =

(Cw = 1.6 ,for round edge profile)

= 4.207 m 4.2 m
Free board = 0.2 m

Size of Spillway:

Length (L) = 4.2 m

Height (H) = 0.5+ 0.2 = 0.7 m

8. DESIGN OF SETTLING BASIN WITH PERIODIC FLUSHING SYSTEM:

Limiting size of Particles (D Lim.) = 0.3 mm (Water Conveyance System Design Guidelines
DoED)
Mean river Temperature = 10 C
For mean river temperature 10 C and D Lim. 0.3 mm
Settling Velocity (V) = 2.831 cm/s
= 0.02831m/s
Now,
Surface area of Basin;
KQ
A= V
=1.2*4.8/0.02831
= 203.46 m2
Now,
From Water Conveyance System Design Guidelines DoED
L/B = 4 to 10
Let us adopt the ratio as 4, then we have
A=L*B
Or ,
203.46 = 4B * B
Adopt;
B = 7.13 7.1 m
L = 4 * 7.1 = 28.4 28.5 m
Size of Settling Basin:
L = 28.50 m
B = 7.1 m
Transition Design:
a. Inlet:
Transition angle () = 13 (generally taken between 7 to 15
Now,
BSettling BCanal 7.1 2.4

2Tan
2Tan 13
L Inlet =
L Inlet = 10.17 10 m
b. Outlet:

Transition angle () = 25 (generally adopted between 20 to 30)

Now,
BSettling BCanal 7.1 2.6

2Tan
2Tan 25
L Outlet =
= 4.82 m.
Let us adopt 5 m
Depth of settling zone:
D1 / 2

Maximum horizontal Velocity (V) = 0.44 *

= 0.44 * 0.31/2
= 0.241m/s
Q
4.8 *1.2

BV 7.1* 0.241
Depth (y) =
= 3.36 m
Let us adopt depth as 3.5 m.
Compute the sediment depth in the basin
Let us adopt the sediment concentration of the 1kg/m3
Detention for the sediment 6 hrs
T = 6* 60 * 60 = 21600 sec
Now,
Theoretical value of the sediment load (in kg )= Q*T*C

S Load
S Density* PFactor
Volume of Sediment =

,here pfactor is the packing factor.

From, Water Conveyance System Design Guidelines DoED)

Sdensity= 2600 kg/m3
Let us adopt Packing factor as 0.8
Now,
124416
2600 * 0.8

Volume of Sediment =
= 60 m3

Actual Basin area = 28.5 * 7.1= 202.35 m3

Now,
VSediment
60

ActualBa sin Area 202.35

Required storage depth =
= 0.3 m
Hence, required basin depth = F.B. + y + sediment storage depth
= 0.6 + 3.5 + 0.3
= 4.4 4.5 m

Length of basin considering turbulence effect:

L

D 3 / 2V
W D 0.132V
4.5 3 / 2 * 0.241
0.02831 4.5 0.132 * 0.241

Basin Dimensions:

L = 40 m
B = 7.1 m
D = 4.5 m
L Inlet = 10 m
L Outlet = 5 m

40.12 40m

9. DESIGN OF FOREBAY BASIN:

Let, width of forebay as 4.0 m
Velocity in penstock (v) = 3 m/s
Diameter of penstock (dp) = 1450 mm
Now,
The pipe level is governed by the surge head of

1.5v 2
2g
Submergence head (h)s
Now,

hs =

1.5 * 32
2 * 9.81

hs = 0.69 m
Now,
According to Water Conveyance System Design Guidelines DoED
Height of Forebay = hdownsurge + hsub + h dia of penstock + free board
= 1.5 m + 0.69 m + 1.45 m + 0.5 m
= 4.14m
Thus,
Adopt height of Forebay = 4.2 m
Now,
Detention period = 50 sec
Capacity of forebay,
V = Q*t
= 2*4.8*15 (forebay discharge is taken as twice the design discharge)
= 144 m3
Now,
Area of forebay (A) = B*H
= 4*4.2
= 16.8m2
Now,
V
A
Length of Forebay basin =

144
16.8

= 8.57m
Adopt length of Forebay basin = 9 m
Designed parameters
Length of Basin (L) = 9.00 m
Width of Basin (B) = 4.00 m
Height of Basin (H) = 4.20 m
10. DESIGN OF SPILLWAY FOR FOREBAY:
Since free board in Forebay basin is 0.5 m so that
Adopt Head over the spillway crest (H) = 0.7m
For sharp crested weir, weir coefficient (Cw) = 1.7
Now,
We have
Q = Cw*Lspillway*H1.5
or, 2*4.8 = 1.7*Lspillway*(0.7)1.5
Lspillway = 7.5 m
Designed parameters
Length of spillway = 7.5 m
Design of Trash Rack for Forebay
Provide 25 mm circular bars @ 80 mm C/C inclined at an angle of 60 with horizontal
Now,
Width of trash rack (W) = width of Forebay + 40 mm (for groove at side)
= 4.0+0.04
= 4.04m
Now,
Totalwidth
Spacing diameter
Total no of bars =
4040
25 80
=
= 38.48

Total no. of bars 39

Now,
Providing the trash rack 10 cm above the bed of the Forebay to allow for deposition
of sediments (if any) and maintaining the top of Forebay
4.2 0.5 0.1
0.02
sin 60
Length of trash rack =
{since 20 mm is provided for slot}
= 4.18 m

Adopt the length of trash rack (L) = 4.2 m

Designed Parameters
Length of trash rack (L) = 4.2 m
Width of trash rack (W) = 4.04 m
Bar Diameter () = 25 mm
Bar spacing (b) = 80

11. DESIGN OF PENSTOCK:

Discharge through the penstock (Qd) = 4.8 m3/s
(H g )

Gross Head

= 105 m

Now, from Water Conveyance System Design Guidelines DoED

Velocity in Penstock should be between 2.5 m/s to 3.5 m/s.
(Velocity less than 2.5 m/s results in an uneconomically large diameter and Velocity greater
than 3.5 m/s results excessive head loss and hence uneconomical in the long run due to loss
in power)
So, Adopt Velocity (V) = 3 m/s
Now,
Using cast iron as penstock material;
Now,
Internal diameter of penstock pipe;

4Qd
V

1/ 2

4 * 0.45174

* 3

1/ 2

d=
d = 1.427m 1430 mm
So, Adopt Internal diameter of Penstock Pipe (d) = 1450mm
Now, Calculation for wall loss:
for cast iron, Roughness Value (K) =0.06mm
Now,
K 0.06
d 1450
=
=0.0000413)
VD
Reynolds number = = 4.8*106
Friction factor (f) =0.004

(L =965)

Now,

flv 2
2 gd
Head loss in penstock wall (hwall) =

=
hwall= 1.22m

0.004 * 965 * 32
2 * 9.81*1.45

Now,
Head loss coefficient for intake (Kent) =0.5

Now,

V2
2g
Inlet loss (hinlet) =Kentry*

0.5 * 32
2 * 9.81

hinlet=0.23m
Now,
For bent loss

Bent angle ( )
= 40
Diameter of penstock (d) = 1450mm
Radius of bent (r)
=5m
Now,
r 5000
d 1450
=
=3.45
Now,
K 45 K 20 45 20

K 20 K 40 20 40

0 .2 0 .1
1.25
0.1 K 40

K 40
So,

hBent

= 0.18
32
K Bent *
2 * 9.81

= 0.083 m
Take length of single pipe as 6 m. So total no of joint = 160

K Jo int
= 0.05
n = 160

hJo int n * K Jo int *

V2
2g

hJo int 160 * 0.05 *

3.00 2
2 * 9.81

= 3.67 m

Total loss = 1.63+3.67

= 5.3 m
5.3
*100
105
% head loss =
= 5.04 % 5 %
(Head loss is greater than 5 %.) Hence, ok
Thickness calculation:
Pressure wave velocity 'a' m/s
E= 78.5*103 for cast iron
d = 1450 mm
t = 30 mm (Assume)
1440
a
DK
(1
)
tE

1440
1.45 * 9.81 * 2.15 * 10 8
(1
)
0.03 * 78.5 * 10 3

1228.83m / sec

Surge Head

(hSurge )

av 1
*
g n

Where,
n: Total no of nozzles in turbine.
We have, two Francis Turbines with single nozzle each turbine (n = 2*1= 2)
( hSurge )

1228.83 * 3 1
*
9.81
2

= 187.89 m

hTotal hGross hSurge

= 105 + 187.89 = 292.89m

Effective thickness calculation
As per ASME equation,
PR
+0.15 cm
t = 0.6 P
29.372.5
= 10200.850.629.3

+0.15 cm = 2.65cm < 3 cm ok

Calculation of critical time

Critical time is given by,
2* L
a
Tc =
Where,
L=length of penstock
2 * 965
1228.83

=
Tc=1.57 sec < 2 sec,so adopt Tc greater than 2 sec
Penstock joints
Thickness of joint = 2*t = 2*30 = 60 mm
At site
Maximum temperature = 30C
Minimum temperature = 1C
Thus,
Temperature Variation (Dt) = 29C
Coefficient of expansion () = 10*10-6/m/C (i.e. for cast iron)

Length of the penstock between the joints (L) = 6 m

Now,
Max. Pipe expansion or contraction is given by
DL = *Dt*L
= 12*10-6*36*56.22
=0.024 m

DL = 24 mm
Now,
At installation period
Maximum temperature = 38C
Minimum temperature = 20C
Thus,
Temperature Variation (Dt) = 18C
Now,
Max. Pipe expansion or contraction,
DL = *Dt*L
= 10*10-6*29*6
=0.0017 m
DL = 1.7 mm
Thus,
Adopt joint length = 2*1.7= 3.4 mm
Designed parameters
Diameter of penstock (dp) = 1450 mm
Thickness of pipe material (t) = 30 mm
Time to close valve (Tc) = 5 sec
Length of joint = 3.4 mm
12. DESIGN OF AIR VENT AT THE ENTRANCE OF PENSTOCK:
Design Discharge (Qd) = 4.8 m3/s
Young's modulus of elasticity (E) = 78.5*109 N/m2
Internal diameter of penstock (dp) = 1.45 m
Thickness of penstock pipe (t) = 30 mm
Now,
t
2.0
1.1*1.2
Effective thickness (teff) =
30
2.0
1.1*1.2
=
=20.73 mm

For open pipe,

Factor of safety (F) = 10
Now,
Size of air vent is given by
F dp 3
( )
E teff

d2 = Q

10
1450 3
*(
)
3
20.73
78.5 *10

= 4800*
= 31692.72 mm2

d = 178.02 mm
Adopt Size of air vent (d) = 180 mm
Designed Parameter
Diameter of air vent (d) = 180 mm

13. SELECTION OF TURBINE

Hgross = 105 m.
Discharge (Q) = 4.8 m3/s
Efficiency of Francis wheel = 78% (Fundamental of Hydropower Engineering, Sanjeev
Baral)
Net Head = 100 m.
We have, Power (P) = *Q*H*
= 9.81*4.8*100*0.78
= 3670KW
= 4919.57 HP
For the use of two turbine,
Power from each turbine = 4919.57/2
= 2459.79 HP
Velocity of jet (V) = Cv (2gH)
= 0.98* (2*9.81*100)
= 43.41 m/sec.
We know, Q = A*V
A = Q/V
Number of jet = 1
So, discharge from each jet = Q
= 4.8/2
= 2.4 m3.
A = 2.4/43.41
*d /4 = 0.055
d2 = (4*0.055) /
d = 0.265 m.
Diameter of nozzle = 26.5 cm.
Taking tapered nozzle (d/Cc = 26.5/1 = 26.5 cm.)
2

Diameter of turbine = D
We have,
Specific speed (Ns ) =2400/H
= 2400/10
240 rpm
Rotational speed (N) =(Ns*H5/4)/P

= (240*1005/4)/

2459.79

= 1530.25 rpm
Number of pole (P) =120f/N
= 120*50/1530.25
= 3.92
Let us adopt P = 8 (divisible by 4 for head upto 200 m)
Corrected Synchronous speed N = 120f/P
= 120*50/8
=750 rpm
Corrected(Ns) =(NP)/H5/4
=(750

2459.79 )/1005/4

=117.63 rpm
84.6 H
N

Diameter of turbine =
=0.0127Ns2/3+0.0275

= 0.0127*117.632/3+0.0275
= 0.332
Therefore,
D=

84.60.332 100
750

=0.37 0.5 m
Setting of the turbine Hs
c = 0.625

=0.625

Ns
)
380.78

101.67
)
380.78

Ns (metric) =1.157 Ns(S.I)

=0.13
Again,
c = (Ha-Hv-Hs)/H
Hs = Ha-Hv-cH
=10-0-0.13*100
= 3 m ( So turbine axis should set 3 m above the tail water label )

14. SIZING OF THE POWER HOUSE

Width of the power house = 2.5*0.5 + 3
= 4.25 m.
Spacing between the turbines = 4.25 m.
Length of the power house = numbers of unit*4.25
= 8.5 m
Providing height of power house = 4 m.
Adopting Length of power house = 10 m for convience
Width of power house = 5 m for convience
15 .DESIGN OF TAIL RACE
Discharge in tail race (Qd) = 4.8 m3/s
Providing rectangular channel section with stone masonry for which n = 0.02 ( For
stone masonary .)
Let velocity of flow is kept 1.5 m/sec
Area of flow (A) = Q/V
= 4.8/1.5
= 3.2 m2
For hydraulically efficient rectangular channel section
b = 2*h
So,
A = 2*h*h
2
h = 3.2/2
h = 1.26m.
Adopting height (h) = 1.3m.
Width (b) = 2*h = 2.6 m.
For slope calculation
We have, V = 1/n*R2/3*s1/2
s1/2 = (n*V)/R2/3
= n*(b+2h)2/3*Q
(b*h)2/3*(b*h)
= n*Q*(b+2h)2/3
(b*h)5/3
= 0.02*4.8*(2*1.3+2.6)2/3
(2.6*1.3)5/3

s1/2 = 0.038
s = 0.00143
s 1 in 700
Design summary of tail race

Width of the canal (b) = 2.6

Depth of the canal (h) = 1.3
(Providing free board = 0.5 m)
So, total height = 1.8 m
Bed slope = 1 in 700