7

Anatorny' and Physiology Exam

All questions rvorth 1 point unless otherwise noted.

\tob

II

(1pt)

Name

/.-"--*\
_\
I / }\
l
\'. .'/

3"t

Essay qilestions are worth 2pts unless othent'ise noted.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) E?gib{ tlie foilou-ing is a fr-urction of the ner\ious svstem EXC,EPT one. Identifv the exception
f*r.t
that condnue for extended periods such as gror,r,th and prggn3n.,'

kA#ret+n-activiiies
El-eeerdin a trne v o lurta n' and inv o 1ul tan, a ch vifies
oi the iretemai and extemal environments
@1gArrgjGdtign
'-ffiteslellng sensorv idormaiior.t
E) regLrlating or controlling peripheral stt-uci.rtres and svstems
es of myeLinated nen'e fibers appear

g)+raftsparen+-*
3) The gliai ce1Is responsible for maintairLing the blood-brain barrier are the
lrocytes.

$S*rv'.ann-cefls:
D) fiber cells.

4) \{}ren

neuron is at resf it'hidr ion

passe-c

through its membrane most easily?

A) chloride
B) sodium
C) sul-fate
*.5-:-*--

<:qgglPSJyrn__;
-T)proteins
5) The part of the brain that functions to control skeletal muscles is the

A) thalamur_ __
;.-:-'.
t'
.=:#--- l5l medulla ofrlor

il::-:'-":lo:'

!*ImrdDrau:r.

/6i}".ubrul
\2..

cortex.

L) drencephalons.

6) After suffering a stroke, Cindy finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the sitoke
damage is in the area of 'll:re
--"----=
gQ[eft

ftottaUobe.:-

B):xciPitalJohe.
fighmemp-orai-lobe.
D) left temporal lobe.

-EfrShMJebe.

7) The most rapid action potentials are conducted on

A) thin, mtelinated axons.

B) thin. unmvelinated axons.
C) dendrites.
E) thick, ul:nr-elir-rated axons.
8)

\\tLich of the follou'ing is NOT a function ol the hr,pothalamus?

A) temperature regulation
B) thirst
3"C) hormone produe(on
rmgcaostural reilexes

9) Major centers concemed r,r'ith autonomic control of breathing, biood pressure, heart rate, and digestive activities
are located in the

edulla obloneata

10)

If the sodium-poiassium pumps in the cell membrane fail to functioru

A) ihe irrtracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase.
B) the extracellular concentration of potassiuin ions u'ill increase.
C) the inside of the membrane rn'ill hat'e a resting potential that is more positirre than normal.
pthernembrane -y:1ll Iose its capacitv to generate action potentials.

r) al of the aboys--}
<---;:-*_--'

12) \A,hich of the follovr'ing is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

-Alacteas-a. tr ansport medium f or chemi caI messengers

a:B)- FrovidG tEEdrurR

tt4

for nen e impulse transmission

-QT-i6VIdesbuol-ant suprport for the brai:r
D) acts as a transport medium for nutrients
-nlproviaes cushioning for delicate neural tiszues

13) O2@qng of sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in

('e))depoiurization.

-9) hvperpoiariza

ti on.

14) Reflexes heip to control

geegs'b

B) blood pressure.
C) heart rate.

D)-diseshon.
"f\\l- a/il o1 the abor
l(E)

\_/

i 5 ) ln creased paras).mp athefi c si-imujation

-AJjncrensesneari rate.
-.$-ases-the pupils to dilate.

C) causes su'eat glands to release s\ -eat.

D) causes blood vessels in the skil io dilate.
t".treEimegenelal lei'el of activit),of tire digestit,e svstem.
15) An autonomic motor neuron u.hose cei-l bodr' lies in the CNS is cailed
( e) eesansE-qrrt n e ur o1'l
<--E) an upper mstflieuron.

+---A:
-t)-a-sema.b motor neuron.
D)

postgangiionic neuron,

:fu-ilTgtof{teuron.
\Ahidr of the follor.r.ing lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?
Af,lqgg$qr;irteffieurory senson/ neuron, motor neuron, effector
intemeu-ron, motor neuror! effector
@uror!

17)

wfuljTeePtot=sensory

neuron, intemeurOn, motor neuron

p).reeepto4-seruef neuron, effeciot intemeuron, motor nellron

E)ire@'-gffuol,

sensorJ/ neuron, intemeurorL motor nelLron

18) The ion needed to injtiate the release of acetylcholine into the symaptic cleft is

A) chloride.
--<----;--

un>
C) ootassium.
z>{\

(D)'lalcium.
\3
E) zinc.

19)

Whicl type of synapse domirates the nervous system?

-D)+adieaetive

$processsg20) Ascending ftacts

A) carry sensorv irformation from the brain.
B) carry motor jniormation from the brain.
C) carry motor information to the brain.
<-.- D) carry senSorvi:{ormafion to the brain.

ffi

21) For eadr statement belon' indicate if it corresponds rt

Timapathetic nen:ous s)'steAns. (3pts)

A) arises from

lth the (A) paras)zmapaihetic nen'ous svstem or

Ti-L2

B) neurotransmitter acetvlclroli-rie
C) collateral ganglion
D) neurotransmitter norepin ephrine
E) arises from the Lrrain of sacral spinal cord
F) associates r,r'ith adrelral medulla

/-t

22) Taste receptors are

a-A
ealnilrctial cell s
# b) ;odrE
lound onlv on the tonSiue.
C) rnod.ified neural cel1s.
D) r'en' diverse u.itir hundreds of different receptors.
E) none of the above

23) Oifactorl'receptors are examples of

A) proprioceptors.

D) thermoreceptors.

--.-Bltiieln6iaaegto

rs.

24) The fading_qf_.a smell some tirne after you enter a room is an example of experiencrng
sensory ade&i9n.
(--A)
--*__=:_--G+
B) a drange in temperattire.
C) a chLange jn concenlration of the odor.
D) damage to receptors.
E) aJJ of the above
25) The lens focuses light on ihe photoreceptor cells bv

A) dilating and consfricting.

CJm6rhgin-and out.
D) opening and closing.
E) mor.ing up and dou.n.

25)

\ /i',hin the

e1'e, electrical impulses pass

from

cells to biPolar cells

i)anglion-eels+sSipolar cells to photoreceptors
hotoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion ceils.
toreceptors to gangJion cells.

@on

27) Tlne transparent portion of

A)pupil.
B)iris.
mea.

fie

eye is the

(B)

28) Each of the follon,ing statements concemjlg r,.ision is true EXCEPI'one. ldentjJv the exception

gf3beE

=r1--_tte

optic nen'e s\napse ai the lateral geniculates of the ihalamus.

f-- d Depth peleGftian is improved r'r'hen one eve is closed.

--trflre-\Tsual cortex of the brail'r conlains a sensola? map of the fieid of r-ision
- E) TJre inrage -that is formed on the retina is inverted.
29) \\tLich of the follou,ing is part of ihe inner tumc of the eve?
A) rectus muscle
B t conjunctiva

_-,.--

<!ljggra-->
T-), iric
ir<\"-

f r /eti,ra

\_-/

30) \4ovement of the sensory receptors in the ampuiiae of the

9-e4i,circu1{!ryi!

-A I allorr-s us to hear soulds.

ffifti*rrtutes the receptor cells, alerting us to rotatlcnal mo'ement'
Ystimulates tl'le receptor.c.ells to a change in bodv position r,,-iih respect to gravitlr.
511olns us io perceirte ljnear acceleration'

E) produces sound
31) TTre hearing receptors are located in the
F"'

grg.T1

i,:--;

of

eom-r'

B)utricle.

C) saccule.

D) ainpulla.
E) semicircular canals.
32) The frequencrr of a sound is irrdjcated to the nen'ous s)rstem by the

A) frequency of hair cell vibration.

B) frequenry of vibration of the tectorial membrane.
C) movemeni of the peril1'rnph in the coctrlear duct'
of
of |_rair cells that are stimuiaied.
?l "Tb-* 1ory9
Corti that is stimulated'

.@
33) A

'
virai jnfection involving t1lu139bsk-IlJ]4 mav 1gtul,
A) high blood pressure.

B) loss of sight.
C) local paralysis.

ifr;c;rha;;G)
fA\-----------L:)a
i4)

sense ol drzzmess.

_deafness

can result from conditions in the middle ear'Jrat block the normai transfer of vibrations to

the inner ear.

A)Tunnel
i
-+.
Sensorineu-ra},
(-:F)
C) Cochlear

DICorti

Gkondu.tion

35) Sterold hormones

A) are structuraliv similar to cholesterol
B) are Lipids.

#$#:iil'ff:,
have

e
f-

receptol's.

of both A and B.
cly:racienstics of all of the above

36)

\\hen a hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell.

A) ihe hormone receptor complex moves ilto the clrtoplasm
comes inactl\'e
membrane
becomes depolarized.
$re
isecond messenger appeais in the c1'tsp]156
ce}1

ne is tralsported to ti-ie nucler-ts it.here

it alier-. the acijvitV oi tire DNA

37) Hormone concentration iertels are mosi commonht coutroijeci br

A) ihe quantitl of cilculating hormone.

firre feedback

D) cellular demands.
E) bodv temPeratlrre.
38) \Atdch of 'Jre folloin'ing is released by axon endings in fr

" f_gtt9lgl

gituitan'

) melan ocyie- stimulatin g horm one

39) In studf ing a grorip of cells it is nodced that i,,'hen stimuiaied by a particular hormone, there is marked increase
in the quanti[, of adenyiate ryc1ase in a cel]. The hormone being studied is probably

A) a steroid.
B) estrogen.

E) testosterone.
40) The hypothalamus conlrols the secretions of the anterior pituitan' b1'ra,6y sf

direci medlanical control.

irect-nmra I sti-bu] a ii on
ieasing and inhibiting honnones.
D) aitenng ion concenlrations in the alterior pituitan'.

f)

E) gap ju-nctions
41) \Ahen biood glucose levels fall,

.dgt"cag".Gl"iAXa.
C) protein s;mthesis decreases.

D) peripheral cells take up less glucose.

E) a1-1 of the above

42) Tlre release of parathvroid hormone is controlled bt'

A) ti,r.roid hormone.
B) the hr'l'othalamus

E) all of the above

43) The adlenal medulla produces
A) steroids.
CI n.ireralocorlicoids.

Cftpurephrine
\/:t; gjucocorucoros.
44) The beta ceils of the Pancreas produce
-{ t glucagons.

-@4!b

C) rennin.

P|*P+l-=
E) p arath,r'roid h ormone.
45)

Dffig

the alann phase of the general adaptation slmdrome (GAS) to stress, there is

(' ry)houitrzation of energ), resen

:B) increased urine production.

es.

C) decreased blood flor.r' to skeletal muscles and skin.

+eased mentalhhrtness.

E) all of the above

FiII-IN-THE-BLANK. I{rite the word or ohrase,that best compleies each statement or ans}\'ers the question.

The )
,--|-..

45)

-',PL, , fl

muscle, and

,
\

glaldular

Au#no*rn

r<

o.
actirriqr.

nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardjac

?aJl- ( yn lY, \
rhe
a.
r

47)

the major sensory/ cortex of ihe cerebn:m is located lin

$.rus.

48) The minimu:rr amount of siimghrs required to depolarize an excitable membrane and generate an action
potential is knon'n as ttre 'l-h-+ sV..-rld '
49) The "rest and digest" division of the ANS is

{rh"

venk"A't

or

tne

Ar a .".ia,aQrt{h.c h

the,o*"*;;otor

t-

axons

51)Thepreceptionof paininapartof thebodythatisnotstimulatediscalled -l'.J,nSr\.,c L

' nn'oreclfts Ve6$!gfif$r*,.information

,r
pressure, lurig inflation, and biadder fullness.

"t

pult'l

essential for auionomic regutation of biood

53) Each gustatory cel extends arrr)

dLA A^r,L

into the surrounding fluids through

narrou, taste

Pore.
54) Our sense of smel and taste rellz

or,

Cfrto ,',rr;, a

receptors

55) The receptors of the retina that are the r.nost sensitive to light are
lr.n n \
less sensitive but can detect color are called

called r od S

and those that are

Z(?r occurs u'hen the e,r.eball is too short and the image is focused
F arsightedness also called
behind the retina and can be correMd n'ith a con\?erging lens.

--/,4 tF.e outennost

Cttro,tt

and utricie are part of our

{*"saccule

tunic of the eve consists of the comea

f,eshhnlor

ar-rd sclera.

sJ,stem that help us maintain equiiibriurn and

balance.
59) Cells of the thyroid giand are the only cells in the body n ith a need for the

a{V"$neral

ceIls sensitive to the presence of hormones are genera}l1'

mineral

t***

; U d'nA

6u11"U

(''t,'

{*"

ehal

SJtuSS

'hu.!
gland located in the brain is responsible for setting our sleep/n'ake rycles.
is the name given to any condition that disrupfrhomeostasis.

3(

\
ft

:at
'32

**

,-"

;
a

*-?*
Saat
*
'.*a

*F"*

"*- A.
*

-z

't,

:*
'"4F &

a<

{#

t.
t
t

+l
t/

t-l{

tx

II

tz

J\\/r \_,
:.

LJ.sing

tirc,figure abaoe. ider,fifit ihe la-beied part.

..\
53)Labele' .Nr,,r C'r '
54) Label B:

l-1
,\ ,'
/.. ,.
fij' \.,., ,,1 (r I il i Ld.J
r,)

56) Label D:

A
f-i

, IPIE:E

'!K
;ffi

'ffii

'lJila -

l.
g.

E\,
*:..J

!.-

r)

Using iirc.igt:r abo',,:, ideniift ri.'e Is-beled ea-rl

69) Label

A: !'i'l < ! i " ,,-' ",

70) Label

B'

71) Label C:

72) I-aoel D

- ')t:

;/\)

t -tt

t t ,'

t \ it.

,1j

t.,,,.!',Li,i

10

r'\

H,

d-

-* -">, & a
*a._ &
&.

:9

B
.::

7:t
t

7..

:{
1t ''-.-'o-,-.
tr

B---

L
1,

:
using

the

f gure above, idenrify

75\ r ab,er

nu

,,oo^rg,o,r::1ry

ro:,no,u

;-)

0,,

76)Labere

o,nr

I' l'\l

secreied by the

u"y6

\ a^n. t {^+.", ' r

6

Hormone

gland.

:\

n
ia /

+S

c^L f ; h,'

1I

-..)
Cdlr,h-r,,.^
i

Hormone

77)LabelC:
78) Label D:

ar.

,i{

Hormone a.,rli^ii,^t

ds,

Hormone

79)LabeIE:

11

- A,5

SHORT ANSWER Write Srour answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
80) The tollc'u'ing are the mai:r steps irr the generation of
1. Sodium channels are inacfir-ated and close.

al

action potenfial. (3pts)

2. Potassium cirannels open and poiassium moves out of the cel1,

3. Sodium channels regaln their

ar(

initiating repoiarization.

nomal properdes.

4. A graded depolarization bnngs an area of an excitable rneml,.rane to tlu'eshold.

5. A temporalv hvperpolarizatioir occul's.
-,-t l
6. Sodium channel activation occul's.

i.e

/2
"-)

.)

7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarizatjon occurs

The orooer sequence ol tite-. i'r'cllts i:.

,-.

L(

V,l

-r L\lt I I j? I Jt-)
4
',

mulliple sclerosis. there is progressive ard intermittent damage to the m1'elin sheaih of peripheral nen'es.
This results il poor rnotor contlol of fie affected area, \A/Jlv does deslruction of the n'.1'elil sheath affect motor

81) In

conirol?

-\\r

.,lLr',-.

i (fll\

, $u 0-h
. b:i " i.i;1. \tf
;,. ,\ .ltl-., i.K )hclrt
1it
.""-Y
q$'" r\i*L\rd+"e-'45'"'
q$."
L\ro-f"d'nr-t'z''{+"-:
d^.\ d %t,,,kr ud Snc'{Lr au i.a>u Mi*up
fu<P
#+
d
+
.1\
t oo]'
,'a.
-, 'J
^
,,'{1..-ro\ i-,.r, c-rafaq or) '+t* ,.J,,,-.t,+{.* ll} ) -io'..^x-. 3ad ^. i d-3
\*-..\i], ( o-i.* ih" ) *t,. ll.r1 t rcr( ,.no^L ft "Ik -' CR 'wtrf<
!/1,-xr Sun
"^ "p:5'ble
+r!' 1.'
,
\n-1
la:o t- n I-r.labl<- ,,?*'--,i
;\-;.,u'c\';-.=b.:.J.s;;'{q"r\
,^
^ pir,ut" tu-tn"ts
\-r J, c\ t.,,.\0.,..rt'..., u"d J\qe&\ ii\-"',-l',.10tr.,4-':J,ii;i
,Y LA( \ ,

,^\.e

82) Describe the eyents that occur at a tvpical sl'rrapse beginning

it.ith the action potential on the preslmaptic cell

a:rd ending n'ith the action potential being produced on'Jle postslmaptic cell.

dron t\ {-{'* pr'r\r lnar)h c

. (..lo,; '* S"i;
q # ,:(\l A+ .ihr l..,r.-.ly l{n .,';; . )oJt ^)",;l , oflr'
m-(L'
61as't' 'Slr
a M,,(r V.r^,:m,$l<, " \';')" sv.f ,gh t .le$ Th{- H
\
{'*s Y+" *:}550t\: t * U' }5
#.a^ ,'ncis .-*''. 1+ te $'-^r t ''^'['i c[,'.,& '
t b;"
(
/.}
d''') +" +l'^ g d:-''tJ'' *:
a\d
V*o i5 rzttet.,{n t\'(14(t)lrorr sr",','i'k,, 'a !"-t

Th-(

/lc1.

'An cclon

-pi,po
p I 's
*!.,,h
". '

),-l/lal ,,-,li bt"

\dlr

tJ Ll.,*'r' *l*

,.t |l,L'prsfs.lna-)ic

c".-ll

\r/

83) hr some severe cases, a person s'Lrffering from stomadr ulcers may have surgerJ/ to cut the branches of the vagus

nen'e that imervates the stomach. Hou' rt'ou1d this help the problem?

{1"u'r '-t:x.(J ;A t'{:'$ }hnnr"la{tu..'

r-.dc^c'n;
'7o}n,hall'r ,{de^ Ltn,s +{^{ r--n'\c'-t':, ac &-e

Cr,#;.5 $.-r. ,dff'\

z\

{QU*'\}*,''ilq-h,
$t.*. 1 t, n b \1'

n4

Ivt- c.:.'".td

'[*-' f*'-

Ho",

"

12

-(,{

of
Ba)_Cbq_org_Sn":*E_Xelern$e interactions of parathvroid hormone a-nd calcitonin. Or explain the inieractions

glucagon and ilsulin.

.r\r

li \ I\)
cr{ cr5e I o '-'-\
rt \ e cL:i. c(,,-.h-'t4.a-4f, '"dl $ "toc ry" .1'\{
"\
'
rl^-r;'.e|r h.r,{^
\'o
*'^:l-'
r)
o io.,ctr
"
,t
\{u'o#u.'l }
it
,
,r)
[>
t
e
L-.-,\q-'-'
b\"o.\
\u\d,/'
S
o.
i'::;:;. i.).r
*'dr,t-rnl .-b 0 cnffn), ,rr,\u, i' i
d
,n6rnie
dr
ln:t \1. vi \ tt."i-.'trl
lsL-'erin; 'it" bS l< v t l ab +/"{
,s'"ql*u$.d ;o\ q(l- Uo'd, l*b

\u

<l

El=

|Do I o^, t{\e

%t'"

85) The foilou.rng are some of ihe main steps in hearing

c.,,lzf

',n

n,.^<

: '*''-1?' 3*c62o"

(3pts)

'

"/

,) \/ t
I

l.llcustibrates

c}cl-'' n

1-

-'

2. Vibratron is tralsferred through the oval n'indort'

3^ Sound r4raves rzibrate the "ear dru:1"
4. Pressure wave distorts basilar membrale
5. Excitation of senson, neurons and the relav of inJormation to the temporal lobe
6. Hair cells press on the tectoriai membrare.
The proper sequence of these e\'?[Ls A

-lt

5i q, J,l , G,7

85) Compare and contrast the function of our tq'o effector s)/stems (nen'ous and

endocrine)'

'1ru rr{r r, u. .-i S\,k.i a,,d }k-l e^&'clnt 5>+c"'\ A'4 i}'-n ' l;}' tl *. t l
r' t'trvua .Lta:"' D'':'vt
\ss): ).l v & l=
V^.^ vo3h .-n:F )*dL.t
O
,0
&(- "4nla
hrd- (dt''\''-r1 hcnogr L' ottt<4''qn-l
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d
.,, J&'\..,-tetc,.ii'r^it; L',.''J..,lr'1 a*t, ,r"p
-f\u /v}E"n C,]b""* bt1""* 'il^,t rrrrc \ {lr,.ll- d." {\atyD.r-:- ou,1si<-r.t k-se\
r.t-.rr;r'\ rhd r*-; lk Orrt"e,li<rt +' }r,., d.,." d,. ;1c_ho,-., AnCl ,: {f.tr\..",.r"..C4,
ttt.r[,n,I'o ue
$,'5+'. J fu- , ,nd-,.r,^ 1"g+'1 3gi4-;;,*{. = ^,, "" o,*- SA I
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i
an
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t<ia
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bli-,-d 5V-trC,
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5.1,
1i

87) A lack of dietary iod.jne can lead to a goiter. \A{rat is a goiter and rt'hy can a lack of iodine cause oue?

rr
'/l \..rU
's
.)r
.11 $r

d n LY'/vt,lt{

\-' 0 a t\ a^ d
&-K-t d^ul^" i.
fl

c{

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u1 r,,r A

n lar
s ql d 1\a* , {ft, d
'l'/
OJJ
6-5"-

': tt }rr v.r oc-c {

, -d, n-r t d-.[rr +/'." +hg., d
,.'<L

t,t,,-t
\-

?:- ,

rl,

JJ('/r"

n-o

y o.^ +z 4,"t l,[y.\\ 1 ,'n p( ),

o^\a,,

'}-

-fJu

''t1 &

"1

t/
l4O /l r.rQ

+'
$ a.)';-

]-7' o'-"'

'1 (1)

tr

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13

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