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Eating issues
Jags
Picky eaters
Problem eaters
Factors
Temperament
Genetics
Parenting style
Stage of development
Quality of diet
Quality of mealtime
Methods
picky eater:
child who has begun to eat limited number of food choices for several weeks
to months
food demanded to be prepared one way i.e. must be fried, a certain color,
accompanied by a certain condiment etc.
Becomes upset and or does not eat if meal contains other foods alongside preferred
food
Eats the desired food when available then refuse to eat when other meals are
served.
Food Jag
Category
Picky Eater
30 or more
Food Jags
Family/group Meals
Parent report
Sometimes reported as
picky eater
Combination of Factors
Genetics
of taste
1. Genetics of Taste
Sensitivity to certain flavors that each
person is born with
These taste sensitivities change very
slowly through training
Genetics of taste
Aside from these points, there is no evidence that a child cannot learn to like
a new food
2. Temperament
The behavioral style of
the child to given
circumstances
Temperament
You will already be familiar with most of your childrens temperaments and actions
Easy - 40%
Difficult - 10%
slow adaptability, negative to new foods but can learn to accept new foods
Slow to Warm Up and Difficult children may need 810 exposures to new foods before
acceptance
If the food is not offered they will never learn to accept a new food
3. Parenting style
Methods and attitudes
towards the child that
influence their behavior
Parenting style
High
Respons
ive
ness
Behavioral control,
Low
warmth
, suppor
tiveness
Demandingness
High
Low
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Uninvolved
Permissive
4. Stage of Development
Physical, mental, and emotional
development of the child that varies
for each child
Picky eating begins in these age ranges but does not cease once the child grows
Remember that with toddlers, growth may plateau while eating patterns are changing
As a toddlers growth rate slows, their appetite decreases. Usually after 2 years old, they will gain ~5 lb and 2 inches
per year
Around 2-3 years old the child needs to develop a sense of personal control
Toddlers
Feeding skills:
12 monthsrefined pincer
18-24 monthsable to use tongue to clean lips & has developed rotary chewing
2-3 years- feeds self using fingers, spoon, and cup. Spills a lot. Have a favorite food
Food jags common - can occur when growth is not occurring due to decreased
caloric needs
How to provide:
Serve new foods with familiar foods & when child is hungry
Nutrient-dense snacks needed (animal crackers, salted crackers will not fill
up)
Avoid grazing including with juices, not allowing kids to eat alone, provide water
2 Tbsp of starch
2 Tbsp of protein
2 Tbsp of vegetable
(rice)
(beans)
(Tomatoes)
Preschoolers
Growth increases to 4-6 lb per year and 2-3 inches
Feeding Skills
Some kids will go through growth earlier or later than other children
How to provide:
Can include child in meal selection & meal preparation; at home and at day care
give 2 appropriate choices (i.e., what vegetable to add to salad or what cereal
for breakfast)
Growth - continued
Appetite is increased
Of
BMI
Adiposity
declines
Goodness of
fit
Sensory
based
eating issue
Genetics of
taste
Picky Eater
Problem Eater
Range of food
30 or more
20 or less
Food Jags
Family/group Meals
Parent report
Always reported
Problem eating be a difficult issue to overcome and can continue into later
life leading to health issues or poor quality of life for the person and those
who care for them
Tongue thrust
Dental Issues
Swallowing issues
You may see these traits that help you identify problem eating that now has
caused issues with the child
Some issues will not be obvious, like deficiency, until they are advanced
Overweight obesity
Iron-deficiency
anemia
Causes of constipation: Stool holding, inadequate fiber and fluid in diet and inadequate activity
Adequate fiber
1 and older
Dental Carries
Children who do not want to drink water during the day, only juices or milk
Prevalence:
1 in 5 children ages 2 to 4
Causes:
TIP:
Cater to the childs
imagination.
Giving a name creates
ownership and pride
Introduce new items one at
a time
i.e.
1. Broccoli
2. Broccoli w/ butter
3. Broccoli w/ cheese
4. Broccoli w/ cheese and
chicken
5. Broccoli w/ cheese and
chicken and rice
Be aware of strong
dislikes.
These foods can be
introduced later on or in a
different form rather than
throwing them into the
meal hoping the child will
not notice.
Methods
CHILDS TASK = learn to explore their world and manage separation anxiety at
the same time. The child controls HOW MUCH and WHETHER to eat.
However, children are not born with the knowledge of what they should eat
Division of Responsibility
Mealtime
Mealtime structure maintaining the mealtimes that you set for children
Even though a child may not be hungry, keep them seated with the rest of the
children during the meal keep them involved with the meal
Foods to provide
Provide new foods with known foods (foods they will eat)
Continue to expose the child to new foods several times, through each meal
of the day once, and in different forms
(Examples)
Variety
Raw carrots
Raw celery
Whole grapes
Amount
Appropriate portion sizes are important, but when it comes to new foods,
having the child try even a bite is a success
Time
As
Offer
Continue
Dont
Teaching
Healthful
WHAT
Gradual
introducing
Visual
Smell
Dont write off a child as someone who doesnt eat i.e. Broccoli
iron
calcium
zinc
http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/FGP4Children
Alert the parents of any concerns you have, perhaps it is something they knew
about but did not mention
Create a bulletin board for the kids to see when they come into the day care
Post menu items you will be providing and include pictures so that they can
For example: if you are serving broccoli for dinner, make the afternoon activity to cut out
little broccoli men to post on the board
Have the kids try to wear the color of the food that will be introduced to
Begin by introducing
the food in a playful
way
Have the kids see you mark their growth on a piece of paper
for them to take home
2 years old
4 years old
Set table
Wipe tables
Assemble sandwich
Tear lettuce
3 years old
5 years old
Measure liquids
Add ingredients
Expecting Results
11:45am
Child stop playing and wash hands in preparation for the meal
11:50am
Table is set
Everyone is seated
11:55am
Food is served
12:00 pm
Meal Begins
Different children will take up new foods more easily than others
Crying
Hiding
What
How
What
What
Toddlers
Serve new foods with familiar foods & when child is hungry
Preschoolers
Why?
May be being provided too much too soon child is not ready
for so much food which doesnt leave space to create a
balanced diet
Offer heme iron food sources (beef, chicken, fish) and nonheme iron containing food sources (grains, legumes)
References
Nutrition Now Judith E. Brown Nutrition for the Growing Years: Childhood through
adolescence
Nutrition for the Toddler and Preschooler (2014) -Patricia Miner PhD. RD.
The Science and Culture of Picky Eating When to Worry and What to Do (2012) Dr. Ruby Roy
Addressing Picky Eating: Strategies for Success (2013) Molly Holland, RD, MPH, CD American Dairy Association and Dairy Council, Inc. & New York State Dietetics Association