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Group 1- Christina Thimble, Patrick Ryan, Samantha Kelleher, Molly Burns, Catherine

Herron, Kiera Weaver


Introduction
Our research focused on the use of an antimalarial drug, chloroquine, as an
innovative cancer treatment option for people with breast and colon cancer.
Supplementation of chloroquine with traditional anti-cancer therapies may provide an
innovative therapeutic regimen in patients with colon and breast cancer. Our PICO states,
Does the use of the antimalarial drug, chloroquine, reduce the risk and/or serve as a
potential treatment option for breast cancer and colon cancer in other populations? This
topic is important for nurses to study because it is very useful to stay up to date on new
and upcoming research regarding common cancers found in everyday patients. We, as
nurses, need to educate our patients on all the possible options for treatment of certain
diseases and this is a step in the right direction.

Comparison
When comparing the research results, there were a number of similarities amongst
the studies. Most importantly, the research showed that chloroquine can be effectively
used as a tool to fight cancer cell growth and metastasis. There was not a single study that
did not reach this conclusion. Second, the drug usually is not given alone and is given in
combination with other drugs such as 5-fluorouracil which serves as an enhancement for
chemotherapy or radiation. The research showed that when the drug was given as the sole
treatment, outcomes would be far from ideal. Additionally, it was found that chloroquine
can cause cancer cell death via autophagy inhibition and this result was consistent

throughout all of our studies. In terms of the methods for each experiment, the research
used similar plating techniques and incubation periods and some even used the same cell
growth culture, DMEM. All of the studies used live cancer cells, which were obtained
from patients and cultured in a laboratory environment.

Contrast
There were several examples of contrasting evidence and procedures between the
studies reviewed as part of our research. For example, not all the studies were directed
towards a certain kind of cancer prevention. Many of the articles researched various
cancers in one study or chose a specific cancer such as colon or breast cancer. This
resulted in varying effects of how long the drug, chloroquine, should be used and what its
benefits or side effects were. Another contrast among the studies was how each study
used a different sample size and that cells were purchased from different companies. The
benefit of this approach is to show that chloroquine works on a variety of cancer cells,
however, more consistent and larger sample sizes would be more beneficial to clearly
demonstrate the effectiveness of the drug. A third contrast is that each study determined a
different amount of time required for chloroquine to be used as treatment. It is important
for doctors and patients alike to be aware of not only the costs, but also the amount doctor
and patient time required for the treatment. The last contrast of importance is that only
two articles, The utility of chloroquine in cancer therapy, (Yuan & Zhang, 2010) and
Chloroquine in cancer therapy: a double-edged sword of autophagy, (Kimura et.al,
2013), provided information of the detrimental effects the drug may have. To date, there
is not enough research about the side effects of chloroquine, and this is necessary if there

is to be further use and success against cancer with this particular treatment. Long-term
studies will be required to gain more insight of how chloroquine affects the body.

Limitations
In completing our research, we experienced a couple of limitations. First, using
chloroquine as a cancer treatment modality is a relatively new idea. Therefore, studies on
this topic are fairly limited, which restricted the scope of our research. Second, since only
a small number of studies have been conducted on chloroquines anti-cancer effects, our
group was forced to include numerous studies conducted outside of the U.S., which
increases the chance of information being lost or misinterpreted in translation. Also,
research conducted in other countries may not adhere to the safety guidelines mandated
in the U.S. Third, in many of the studies that we pulled our information from used small
sample sizes. We felt this was a limitation of our research as larger sample sizes yield
more reliable data. Furthermore, most of the articles failed to identify any information
regarding how expensive the drug is or its negative effects. Only two articles briefly
mentioned the unwanted side effects of chloroquine. We feel these aspects of the drug
are important to identify, if the use of chloroquine would be seriously considered in
cancer therapy. Lastly, the research conducted was extremely complex. This made it
especially difficult to understand the methods section of the articles, as researchers used
jargon heavily and referenced procedures that were unfamiliar to us. Despite our lack of
an in depth understanding of some of the methodology, we each felt our group effectively
extracted the significant elements from each study. As a whole, we feel more studies on
chloroquines anti-cancer effects need to be conducted and on a larger scale. Not only

should these studies be larger, but more extensive in order to identify if chloroquine
would be a realistic supplement in cancer treatment

Implications on Nursing
The evolving use of chloroquine is an important topic for nurses to be aware of.
Our research findings showed that this anti-malarial medication is now being introduced
as a possible cancer treatment option and, when used in combination with chemotherapy
and radiation, chloroquine has proven to be quite effective. Carrying a potential for
heightened interest and serving as a popular topic for future research, it is essential that
nurses are educated on this medication and its new anti-cancer effects. Understanding its
mechanism of action, indications for use, and possible effects on the body are all crucial
pieces of information for nurses to be aware of in order to provide their patients with
competent care and adequate information. Having this knowledge will keep nurses up to
date regarding innovative treatment approaches, and therefore, allow them to practice
safely if this treatment is ever implemented for a patient under their care. Also, having
information regarding the potential damages to the body will allow the nurse to maintain
a safe environment and advocate for their patients to receive the most beneficial course of
treatment.

Conclusion
From researching the antimalarial drug, chloroquine, our group was able to draw
many conclusions about the use of this drug. From all the articles we read, it can be
concluded that when chloroquine is combined with other agents, it increases cell

sensitivity to the effects of chemotherapy and radiation. However, when chloroquine is


used alone, it is not an effective treatment plan for breast and colon cancer. Thus far, there
is no evidence that the drug works better in either colon or breast cancer. Chloroquine is a
new innovative cancer modality and health care providers need to be aware of its
potential use and effects. It is important for us as nurses to be educated and stay up to
date on new regimens in order to provide the best care to our patients.

References
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chemotherapeutic activity of 5-fluorouracil in a colon cancer cell line via cell c
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K. (2010, July 15). The anti-malarial chloroquine suppresses proliferation and
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Maycotte, P., Aryal, S., Cummings, C., Thorburn, J., Morgan, M., & Thorburn,
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