THE

PALLAVAS
BY

G. JOUVBAU-DUBBEDIL
Doctor

of

the

Universityof Paris,

Pondicherry.
College,
Professor,

FROM

TRANSLATED

FRENCH

BY

V. S. SWAMINADHA

DI^SHITAR,

B.A., L.T.,

d'Acadtmie
Officier

Professorof English,Colonial

Pondicherry.
College,

PONDICHERRY
SOLD

BY

6, DUMAS

THE

AUTHOR,
STREET.

1917

CHAPTER
THE

do

what

kings of the
determine

is

lies

the

southern
his

is

Mayidavdlu,

bank

the

whose

the

in

whose

history

we

and

the

to

Pallavas

Again,

patha, and
that

is

as

to

order
the

say,

the

that

mandalam,
country

up

this

is to

by the Andhras and

in which

where, in the middle

of the

the white
Roman

The
of the

marble
in

Pallavas

have

Kjishijft;but

was

2nd

thus

p.

to

dynasty

the

that

expressly stated
the

of

was

the

in

84.)

in

of

family

engraved

not

only

which

Krishna

the
the

long after and

also

of Amar"vati
II. built

Pujumfiyi

entirely

almost

Madras

Andhras
what

over

occupied

was

the town

at

Tondai

over

but

the

that

it is certain

century, King

succeeded

Andhrft-

officers of Dhannakada,

situated

adorn

in.

was

of KMchf,

province

District

Gunttir

the

sculptures of which,

now

how

and

to the

of the

Stfipa,the

workmanship,

it is

Amarftvatf,

the

banks

of Dhafifiakada

belongs

period reigned

say,

the

to

of

dynasty

Viripara, situated

were

issued

was

of the

year

Pallava

governors

discovered

they

town

-princes of

Pallava

the

the

for

10th

Gotra.

were

village for which

the

and

plates

which

given, the heir-apparent

prince

K"ncht,

at

of Bh"radv"ja

the

as

studying,

lived

and

this

distance

district

the

in

is not

village of

that

Viripara

it is the
at

Krishna.

name

the

are

6ivaskandavarman
the

first

shall try to

we

Gunttir

Sivaskandavarman, of

doubt

no

the

to

particularly important for

province of Andhrfipatha(Ep. Ind.9 Vol. VI,

is

of

village situated

capital,K"nchfpura,

concerning

There

attempted

time

is what

Pallavas;

of the

Bhfiradvfija Gdtra, sent

order

an

which

Narasar"opet

(Yuva-Mah"rftja)
of

far

so

at

That

dynasty.

at

reign of his father

and

flourished

early history of the

from

From

has

ART.

chapter.

miles

on

PALLAVA

OF

author

art

document

of the

12

of

Pallava

plates discovered
of

if any

kind

in this

There

ORIGIN

know

not

ascertain

study

ROMAN

I:

Museum.
on

the

epoch?

banks

We

shall

the father of
show, that, in all probability,

now

Sivaskandavarman of

the Pallava

shortly after Pujum"yi

II. had

The
the

dynasty reignedat Amarftvatf

built the

Sttipa.

famous

gift of the village of Viripara bears

of the

year

king's reign ; however,

would

it is written

enable

the

to determine

us

alphabet in which

the

date, if we

have

points of comparison.

any

Fortunately, in this

Mayidavolu

the

plates found

written

are

phraseology the Kondamtidi

K"rlS

alphabet

same

(a village situated

District). And

T"luk, Guntfir

the

in

Kondamftdi

at

points of comparison

such

have

we

case,

plates

The

Tenali

in

resembles

document

the

great difference

any

"

of date

between

them

lived in the

same

"

who

the

phraseology of the

"

inscriptions [a still closer resemblance

"varman's
"Vol.

period as the Pallava

IV,

inscription are
the

so

N^sik
be

cannot

he

that

have

must

similar

the

to

N"sik

Jaya-

between

exists

inscription No. 19 (A. 8. W. I.

K"rl"

Satakarni (Nos.

112)] of Gautamiputra

p.

the

plates. Further, the language and

Mayidavolu

plates and

its

prince f"ivaskandavarman

"

issued

as

alphabet of this inscriptionshows

The

the

much

so

and
6"takarni,

inscription of "Gautamiputra

in

language and

its

inscription of V"sishthiputra PulumS,yi, that there

5)

4 and

"

[Dr. Bhagwanlal

"

Inscriptionsfrom the

"

V"sishthiputra PulumSyi (No. 3),that Jayavarman's date cannot

have been very distant from that of 'those two Andhra Kings.D

(Ep. Ind.
If

Indraji'sin Bombay

Vol. VI, No.

bear

we

built the

that

in mind

it

Stfipa at Amarftvati,

may

we

at Amar^vatl

was

Is this
believe
had

coincidence

the custom

In

] of

conclude

that the Pallava

engraved

the

Mayidavdlu

the

the
name

of the Pallava

son

of

6ivaskanda which

king.

something purely accidental

fact

it is

Pujum"yi

of this

son

possible that

the

We

Pallava

may

king

daughter of Sivaskanda 6"takarni and that the

the

Yuvamahar"ja

his

of the

it is not.

married

indeed

177 to 184 A.D., under

name

Kdrld

shortly after Pujumftyi II.

strange coincidence

also the

"

and

V"6isthiputra Pujum"yi who

was

plates,reigned
reigned from

India

XVI,

31, p. 315).

who
6ivaskandavarman,

Vol.

Gazetteer

temples of Western

cave

king, father of

"

of

only the date

"

of the

Pallava

of the Hindus, the

grandfather.

name

dynasty
of the

received, according to

Andhra

king who

was

Since
few

we

words

here

dealing with suppositions,we

now

are

about

the

theory

of the

Persian

shall say

origin of the

Pallavas.
The
this

father of

Pujumayi II. had fought with the Pahlavas, and

Pulumiiyi had to struggle against the satrap Rudra-

same

daman, who, about the

the

analogy of

Pahlavas, who
a

fought with

the Pallava

This

theory

example,

subject to

is

such

the

as

that

suppose

may

of the

Similar

same

variations

the

married

All

these

place

of the

Pallavas

that

based

are

who

were

engraved

reigned

but

For

possession of

but

by marriages
place between

taken

Andhra

of the

the daughter

know

we

on

the

that

; but

minister

whose

names

Satakarni,

Sivaskanda
contestable.

when

it is not

Pu}umiiyi IL

similarity of

is that

certaian

as

of other

those

and

the

Pallava

the

Mayidavdlu

shortly after Pujum"yi

lived

Sttipa at Amar^vati

are

Amar"vati

at

Andhras

and

they

consider

can

we

King

details.

took

satrap Rudradaman,

Sivaskandavarman

and

All

the

between

hypotheses

Yuvamah"r"ja
Pahlavas

and

name.

daughter

Pahlava.

the P"lar

i"s

in

have

to

and

surely taken

was

these

that

establishing

in

and

Pahlavas

the

supposed

is

marriages

dynasties have

succeeded

the KrishnS,

father of Sivaskandavarman

King

think

empire not by conquest

that

one

authors

the Andhras,
between

Pahlava

dynasty.

part of the Andhra

one

the

we

for minister

Junagadh Insc.) Relying

"

certain

names,

kingdom for themselves

founded

had

(Ind. Ant., VII, 257

called Suvififtkha.
upon

150 A.D.

year

II. who

possible to

plates

built

the

exactly how

say

long after.

Andhra dynasty

The

nothing, however,

Andhjas many
kings whose
case,

the
have

been

not

was

had

kingdom

Pallavas

an

end

the Pallavas

the

become

now

succeeded

immediately

would

so

have

close that

we

and

the

about

Andhras

that

elapsed between

suppose

the
last

smaller.
200

that

more

Sivaskandavarman

prince

and

that

it must

between

than

the

ever,
If,how-

after 236 A.D.

platesdiscovered

is

Andhra
In

A.D.

after, for the resemblance

cannot

There

succeed

of the

much

be dated

plates may

236 A.D,

did not

contemporary

Mayidav"lu platesand Jayavarman's

mfidi is

about

earlier at AmarSvati,

years

Mayidav61u

the

that

to prove

Sivaskandavarman

to

came

the

at Kondaa

century

PujumiiyiII.

We

therefore conclude that the Paliava

can

kings reignedat

Amarftvatt in the first half of the third century after Christ,

that
is,about 50 years

reigned
from

over

after the famous

the banks

therefore

of the P"l"r

about

the

the

when

were

that

at the time

flourished

which

doubt

no

fiivaskandavarman

of

time

is

Pujum"yi II built the Stflpaat Amarftvatt

enough

to convince

The

that

Buddhistic, the costumes

Hindu, but their workmanship

that

the

in the

some

of the Roman

toga.

to the

Indo-European
;

it

face

are

art

ornaments

body

hair is curled

itself. The

with

Anatomy

limbs

the

symmetrical,

are

conspicuous

in clothes that remind

dressed

of

specially in

and

throughout India

us

banks

to the

peculiaronly

not

was

found

was

is

rules of

of them

muscles, and

Krishna

the

European.

manifests

the

manner,

sculptured according

This

is

and

is

perfection.

all,it is in the representation of the human

European influence

Greek

Museum

kept in the Madras

are

that this art had.attained great

one

subjectsare

But, above

the

There

kingdom?

art at the

different from

A visit to the remains

are

They

to those of the Kristin k

in this

art

Paliava

answer.

be very

cannot

empire extended

territory: their

powerful and glorious.

What
about

extensive

very

kings

These

built.

Stftpawas

Gandh"ra.
At

almost
with

this

epoch, the Roman

the

whole

of the

India in various

civilised world

and

There

is

India

probably not introduced

there before the Christan

places

many

marbles

workmanship

am

the

of which
Roman.

These

always been

sure, is not

it was

It attained

era.

the III centuries.

art

that it

century, whereas
There

is

no

strongly influenced by

was

always

of the Krishna,

are

the bas-reliefs that

images of Buddha.

attributed

to

the

find

we

and

Buddhistic

subjects are

Up

once

the

adorned

to the

Andhras.

tured
sculp-

This

present
view,

correct.

Graeco-Buddhistic

art

Andhra dynasty. It

is not

The

the

the banks

on

Stftpasor the mutilated

they have
I

II and

in the

VII

doubt

no

principlesof the Latin Art.

In

the

in the

that in its origin the Paliava

doubt
the

probably

also connected

was

disappeared from South

its zenith

over

ways.

long did this influence last ?

How

its influence

Empire extended

did not

certainlydisappear with

likely that the technical methods

Plate

Roman
(Discovered

head

by

the

of

Author

Buddha
near

Bezwada.)

-12-

had

discovered
been

since

Bezwada.

at

brought

The

by

over

and

head

other

Government

the

have

trunk

the

Madras

the

to

Museum.
Was

Krishna,
The

is

their

M.

R.

much

as

d6vi

of

he

temple,
the

the

compare

Bezwada,

Madras
is

Bauddha

(Ind.

AnL,

last

Vol.

of

and

the

trunk

we

shall

this

the

with

find

that

of

June

the

the

one

T.

by

Fig.

A.

natha
GopiIf

have

we

found
to

over

between

resemblance

as

in

1915).

brought

since

one

shown
"

in

K"ra"kshi-

the

is

DLVII,
that

with

statue

which

the

to

fruitful

of

far

made

visit

very

pr"k"ra

Part

XLIV,

short

as

so

been

have

KMchipura

in

style

researches,

been

Buddha

of

vestiges

head

Museum,

has

the

statue

on

built,

same

K"fichi

when

Rao

in

only
at

investigation

Roman
"

article

remains

discovered,

The

Empire.

the

the

in

empire

K"iichtpuram

at

perhaps

were

Gopinatha

rapid

has

Buddhists

Buddhistic

A.

his

Rao

at

T.

Ry.

and

town,

the

into

attempted,

that

of

north

the

Pallava

whole

the

of

banks

the

to

the

through

extend

Sttipas

confined

art

probable

very

the

in

Roman

it

capital,

those

by

did

or

latter

in

Indo-

this

the

them

complete.
We

as

by
early

therefore

can

well

as

Roman
Pallava

at

conclude
and

Amar^vati

models,
kings.

attained

by

Befcwada,
great

that,

saying,
the

perfection

at

Pallava

at

the

K"nchipuram
Art,

inspired

time

of

those

CHAPTER
VA.YALfiR

THE

The
There

record

Pallava
and

found

also

are

can

be

considered

of

these

One

King

Bharadv"ja
made

by

of the

record

is

Pallava

Pallavas
for

its

up

to

reigned
capital,
the

Deccan,
Here

also

of

We
in

the

prove

then

that

nopoly

it

extending

we

are

from

the

as

comprised
the

that

coast

West,

the

in

Bellary

about

district,
for 1915-

140

other

none

The

Andhras.

Epigraphy

on

is

Bellary

K"fichipuram

the

the

in

which

the

river.

succeeded

Report

extent

Coromandel
to

Pulumfiyi II. reigned

that,

first,the

at

in

the

comprised

region

contrary,

1916."

it.

A.D.

than

over

Sfttft-

Hirahadagalli copper-plates.

than

Deccan

the

also

My"kadoni,

at

of

sure

know

we

Tungabhadra
had

August

of the

see

of the

this
when

the

in

having

along
but

Krishna,

of SStavahani-hfira

province

hani-rattha

only

Pallavas

King

that

says

the

quite

province

Thus,
which,

empire,

gift

(S"t"hani-rattha)

This

District.

"

shows

it

S"t"hani

kingdom.

not

banks

the

of

province

an

not

and

that

suppose

plates (discovered

These

extended

(G.O. ifo.99, 29th

the

as

discovered

inscription

1916)

specially important

of

Yuvamah"r"ja

are

over

to the

up

but

dynasty
confirms

may

we

Bellary

mouth

document

"

2), that

p.

Pallava

was

made,

was

the

the

the

We

who

person

empire.

of

portion

this

by

part of the Pallava

forming

of

is

I,

reign of Sivaskanda-

of the

year

Bappa-deva.

gift

District) mention

who

the

was

Mayidavdlu
This

and

father

his

8th

other

century.

Vol.

Ind.

the

surely the oldest

are

III

Pr"krit.

in
but

kind;

the

to

Kfi-iichi,who

g6tra

6ivaskanda
the

of

in the

written

former

(Ep.

records

two

is

same

the

belong

to

Hirahadagalli, is dated
varman,

the

of

in Sanskrit

are

INSCRIPTION.

Mayidav61u

at

others

two

records

II.

Tamil

the

probably

was
sure

that

Bellary

the
to

Pallava

country
of

the

occupied

by

banks

Pallavas

Bezwada,

extended

empire
;

there
KftvSri
the

reigned
that

is

is
;

nothing
the

Chdjas;
over

to

more

the
say,

to

Trichion

the

country
over

au

important portion of the Andhra

lead

considerations
Pallavas

were

with

portion

of the

The

Northern

marriages

other

the

Southern
record

varman,

Ch"rud^vi,

varman,

dynasty,

who,

of the

Andhra

princesses

discovered

143).

p.

wife

Pallava

"

of

made

BuddhyaAkura,

the

to

of Guiitflr

District

Vijaya-Buddhamother

g6tra, and

Bh"radv"ja

gift

empire.

Yuvamah"r"ja

prince of the

contracted

reign of Vijayaskanda-

the

In

the

dynasty, inherited

the

in

that

theory

having

Andhra

of the

part

was

(Ep. Ind., Vol. VIII,

of

probability of the

the

to

geographical

These

empire.

of N"rftyana

temple

at

Dftlflra.
The

of

alphabet

hadagalli plates.
exactly the
skanda

shall

(those

of

we

conclude

(1) the
deva

father

the

person)

same

"

Tondai
and

Hira-

king

is

not

and

Tungabhadra,

of

Bellary,

prove

K"nchfpuram

Vijaya

and

the

"

[calledBappa-

Siva-

over

III century,

and

one

only

not

over

bordering the Krishna

great

Buddhavarman,

perhaps

being

lands

the

over

so

made

Sivaskandavarman, (4)Mah"r"ja
(2

also

grant

the

and

records

(2) Yuvamahftrfija

(5) YuvamaMrSja

but

and

dynasty

plates],

reigned towards

Mandaiam,

Pr"krit

three

the

6ivaskandavarman

Buddhyankura

son

that

Pallava

the

(3) Mah^r"ja

Vijayaskandavarman,
His

the

certainty, identify Vijaya-

districts of Guntfir

in the

Hirahadagalli

skandavarman,

(6)

the

of

name

Hirahadagalli,

of Yuvamah"r"ja

the

in

with

and

princes of

many

cannot,

by saying

Mayidavolu

by Ch"rud"vi) found
that

the

of

Sivaskanda.

with

We

as

However,

same,

that

plates resembles

these

of

part

the

Telugu

country.
We

know

that about

Certain
a

that

in the Tamil
the

Samudragupta
was,

KMchi

therefore, very
Samudragupta

last

never

in

fact,

reigned

Samudragupta

supposed

vanquished

from

(a) that

Vishnugdpa

advanced

as

far

was

K"achl

as

country.
conclusion
entered

on

the

the

is not

the

Pallava

likely that events

came

pillar at All"hftbftd

of K"fichl.

Samudragupta

that

the

on

emperor

(b) that

think

of

great

have

Vishnugdpa
kings

inscription

authors

(Conjeeveram)
I

the

340 A.D.

Vish^ugdpa, King
Pallava

the

from

Tamil

banks

of the

happened
North

of

but

country
We

king.

I believe

correct.

as

India

that

know

Krishnft;

mentioned
and

that
the

it

is,

below

vanquished

grants have been made

region which

formed

6mgddu

two.

is not

mention

part of their

empire, and

grants made

by the

plates

the

where

word

The

these

he

ancient

"

of

grant

the

1)

II, No.

1914, Part

Vishnug6pavarman
"

isolated

DaSanapuram

fact

reigned

the

over

We
time

The

country

of Vishnu-

name

llth

(G

however

made

of the

year

he

that

at

reign
of

Telugu

the

country

donor

and
called

Vijaya-

grandson
the

in

of

Chfira

to

made

grant

at

"ri-Vira-K6rcha-

King

(NellfirDistrict) [Ep. Ind.,

we

of

920, 4th Aug.

".

of

Darsi

dynasty

is

relating

it may,

as

that

suppose

great-grandson

that

0. No.
.

Yuvamah"raja

plate

we

do

may

know

not

it

six

bear

must

seven

or

about

in

mind

Pallava

the

kings

the

the

kings of K"fichi-

century

of

the

about

the

kingdom.

existence

of

to

the
V

July 1905, Part II, No. 5).

with

Ch6las occupied

century

dynasty

confirm

they

exactly.

that

suppose

of the

seems

had

connection

being and

the north

the

no

era.

what
?

puram

genealogy.

is

probably the brother

was

though
"

discovered

Be

incontestable

But

named

their

of Simhavarman

son

not

the

been

397],

Christian

and

to

us

the

copper

by

has

Vol. I, p.

enables

Vishnugdpa,

Maharaja

varman,

present

was

has

the

in

village of Chftra

was

Yuvamah"r"ja

An

the

There

He

reigned.

never

of

Simhavarman.

king named

plates

Bftpatla

Pallavas.

preceding

So, Vishnugdpa

of Sirtihavarman.

"

is in the

Gundlakamma

river

grant to the village of Uruvupalli

The

Santarfivtlru

to

environs

kings except

Yuvamah^r^ja

that

shows

g6pa

the

that

of the

time

about

information
"

Santar"vflru

by the

at the

Karmm"-r"shtra
other

doubt

no

watered

Ongole

taluq of the

district.

is therefore

of

town

only

is

Besides, it is also

adjacent

was

discovered.

were

taluq of the Guntfir

There

Omgddu

village of

the

probable that

233) which

in this province.

situated

in the

also that the

village in the Ongole

The

mentioned
know

p.

forming

as

We

(Ep. Ind., Vol. VIII,

district,was

Gunttir

"

Karmm"-r"shtra

Ch"lukyas.

for Chandalftru,

name

accurately

of their kingdom.

district is often

this

Eastern

village of ChendaUir
another

"

know

we

of the provinces

one

records

; but

known

this

drove

back

KMchf
the

for the

Pallavas

to

Chdja princes in the Telugu

(G. 0. No. 518, 18th
presumption
of

18

"

Written in characters which

of

means

not

are

if it is

knowing

"

forgery

ancient

very
or

there is

of

copy

tto

genuine

document.
Jain

The

R. Narasi"hachar,

reign of

the

"

called

work

Lokavibhaga,"

is dated

Pallava

the

suspicious,and besides

it

and

was

The

No.

it does

not

this

which

say

22nd

year

of

evidence

is

Siihhavarman

family he belonged.

Penugoiida plates (G.O. No. 920, 4th Aug. 1914. Part II.,
J. R. A. S. Oct. 1915) mention
and
two
Pallava
kings
and

Simhavarman
not

Siihhavarman

of the Pallava

branch

to what

". 380 (458 A.D.), the

king

rather

by M.E.Ry.

discovered

but

Skandavarman,

the

of these

age

plates is

known.
Pallavas

The

themselves
who

important question

have
the

were

attempted

to

of the

ancestors

the

answer

Pallavas

of the

dynasty. The Kasakfidi plates give a few of the

of kings (S.LI.,Vol. II, Part III. p. 356).
The VSlflrpalaiyam plates ("/./.,Vol. II, Part V, p. 510) give

Simhavishnu
names

us

information

more

list.

complete
he

kings

but, unfortunately, they do

the

On

mentions,

contrary,
only

are

of Simhavishnu.
build up

These

is dated

do not know

Kasaktidi

most

how

and

Vfilfirpajaiyamplates

the princes of the dynasty

is of the time

us

to

of

of

we

century, not
can

rely

on

greater guarantee
kind.

dated

are

Whereas

it.
as

the

during the time of

the

Nandivarman,

Vay"lftr inscription

prince of the dynasty of Siriihavishim.

Besides, this inscription gives the

number

far

of this

genealogy

ancient

IX

in the

V"yalfir inscription presents much

the

the

cessors
prede-

numerous

do not enable

names

us

that

us

warns

the

among

isolated

which

this record

being relativelyancient, we

it is

few

author

give

genealogy.

Moreover

The

this

not

of kings that it

to be

seems

of

names

such

large

complete list of them

in the

order of their succession.

It is for
becomes
The

damaged:

these

that

reasons

VSyaltir inscription

the

extremely interesting.

Vftyalflrinscription (No. 368

The

report

28th July 1909"

summary

two

Part

manner.

Silfahavishnu

for

order of succession

given
be

Epigraphy

1908)

in

the

it

much

very

(G.O. No. 536,

only

in

very

of the predecessors of

report, but

interestingto know.

is

1908-09

II, No. 17, p. 77) speaks of

The

is not

order that it would

on

of

it is

preciselythis

The reportsays

"The

a
y"

pillar in the Vyaghrapurfsvara temple is

account
on
of the genealogical record
interesting one
is

engraved

The

latter

begins with

Pallava.

and

ASvatthaman,

usual

others

After

"

whose

"

which

"

however, that these twenty-fiveare

also to be taken

"

of descent

following which

"

familiar

these, the

of

names

relations to
known

nearly twenty-five kings

another

one
names

these

Among

mentioned

are

the

occur

end

(thrice),(4) Kum^ravishnu

gopa

i"

(twice),(6) Skandavarraan

J"

times),(8) Viravarman

"

many

legible. If,however, the whole

"

will

"

hitherto

"

the

"

the Simhavishiiu

"

evidently

"

Pallava

"

tion.

"

the latter introduces

places the

suggests,

in the

(9)Nandivarman

(once),and

record

After

of

copy

Kings

The

line.

"

king*of lions

"

family1

also

apparently

order

the

on

the

His

list of

above

of

the
(viz.)

early

referred to,
From

him

and

son,

father

RSjasiihha

was

is

'

II,

the

(very)

Pallava

prosperous

".

of the Pallavas, I went

there

over

with

history

the objectof studying it

the spot.

It is engraved
round

of

V"yalfir inscrip-

Seeing the importance of the V"yaliirinscriptionfor

on

of

those

I, Mah"idravarman

son

high mountain

that

Pallavas

records, and

in the

I, Narasimhavarman
I.

out, it

than

for the first time.

in

not

are

pillarepigraph (which

occur

Simhavishnu

Param66varavarman

and

the

mentioning the twenty-fivenames

MahSndravarman

names

record) gives

older

of whom

some

(once). In

definite

more

Amar"vati

some

(four

of the inscriptionis made

connection

the

and

damaged

is

by the copper-platesbetween

set forth

descended

known

already

are

(twice), (5) Buddhavarman

Pr"kjit records, those of the Sanskrit

runs

order

(five times), (?) Simhavarman

perhaps establish

myself

in

from

us

J"

"

the

at

order

copper-plate inscriptions:" (1) MahSndra(2)Karanda

(once),
(Kalindavarman ?)(once),(3)Vishnuto

a varman

" were

registered

are

specified.The

not

are

mentioned.

are

"

the

mythical

Then, the quasi-historicalnames

Harifcupta, Aryavarman and

"A66ka,

the

which

Angiras, Brihaspati,Samyu, Bh"radv"ja, Dr6na,

Brahma,

a names
"

it.

on

very

on

it in the

series

of

names

cubical

form
:

of

pillarof the Pallava styleand

helix.

Brahma,

It

begins with

the

Angiras, Brihaspati,

well-

"amyu,

Bharadv"ja, Drdija, A6v$.th"raan, Pallava, A$6ka, Harigupta

-20-

Aryavarman,and
then

two

three

or

and
hardly legible,

names

Kajinda, Byftmalla, [E]kamalla.

this last

After
page

then

of

this

begins

name

part of the

series of 36

inscription is given

1.

Vimala

2.

Konkanika

3.

KSjabhartri

4.

Chfttapallava

5.

Viraktircha

6.

Chandravarman

7.
8.

Karaja
Vishnug6pa

9.

Skandamtila

10.

Kanag6pa

11.

Viraktircha

The

names.

in

Plate

estam-

II.

.12. Skandavarman

series

13.

Kum^ravishnu

14.

Buddhavarman

15.

Skandavarman

16.

Kumaravishnu

17.

Buddhavarman

18.

Skandavarman

19.

Vishnugdpa

20.

Vishnud^sa

21.

Skandavarman

22.

Simhavarman

23.

Viravarman

24.

Skandavarman

25.

Simhavarman

26.

Skandavarman

27.

Nandivarman

28.
29.

Simhavarman

30.

Visnugdpa

31.

Simhavarman

32.

Simhavishnu

33.

MahSndravarman

(I)

34.

Narasimhavarman

35.

Mah"ndravarman

(I)
(II)

36.

Param"svaravarman

fact of very

great importance

of

of the

ancestors

(I)

Simhavarman

is

(I).
that

kings belonging

to

in

the legendary

the

dynasty

of

Plate. 11.

there

Simhavishnu
kanika,

the ancient

about

Aryavarmanand

called

personages

surely of Western

are

Penugonda
83) which

4, p.

No.

that

names

The

are

Kon-

Ganga origin.

plates (G. 0. No. 920, 4th Aug. 1914, Part II,

the

are

W.

only authentic

records

Gangas give the dynasty

that

have

we

Konkanivarman
M^dhava

Aryavarman

I
Sirhhavarman.
The

portion

of the

kings had
the

of

presence

list of Pallavas

us

now

confirm

to

with

origin

the

(Aryavarman

the

legendary

fact that

Pallavas
and

the

in

shown

is

as

those

Siihhavarman

by
were

kings).

Pallava

by

Let

plates

Ganga

goes

political relations

Penugonda

crowned

of

names

the

compare

Vayalflr inscription with

K;

the

sa-

kfidi plates.
The

of

series

Pallava

Between
Kasaktidi

the

read

we

is the

names

and

plates

is rather

kftrcha, Simhavarman.

If

find little resemblance

On

with
the

short.

the

that of

given

names

Vayalir,

at

as

Vira-

Vishnugopa,

of Kas"ktidi

in

is

probably

Vayaltir.

V^yaltir inscription with

we

between

know,

is not

that

of Amara-

ancient

an

one,

them.

contrary, the Vayalfir inscription exactly coincides

Veltirpajaiyam.

Vayalflr plates,we
'After

However,

Skandavarman,

(8.1. 71,Vol. I, p. 25) which,

vati
we

the

compare

we

of

to Pallava.

the list of

Kalindavarman

Kalinda

than

other

none

up

Simhavishnu

Kanag6pa,

Asoka,

same

few

names

list is

complete

uet caetera" in place of

many

which

V^yaltir

are

all of them

found

in the

; but

Velurp"laiyam.

Vayalur.

Vfraktircha

(11) VirakHrcha

Skandasishya

(12) Skandavarman

Kum"ravishnu

(13) Kum"ravishnu

Buddhavarman

(14) Buddhavarman

in

names.

Vaya-

KSijabhartri,Chfitapallava," the coincidence

Iftr list" Asdka,

complete

have

The

comes
be-

VtrakOrchawas
platesflay that (11)
The Velurpajaiyam
"

who

of royalty
", that i$ to
graspedthe completeinsignia

the first Pallava

king.

In fact,with

these four

enter into the domain

kings we

historyleavingthe series of legendarynames

The

existence of

platediscovered at
king of the

say,

that Vlrakflrchawas

not kings and

predecessorswere

that his

of

the first

behind.

king called Virakdrcha

existence

is established

of Skanda"shya

name

the

proved by

is

(Ep. Ind.,Vol. I, p. 397). The

Dar"

of

by the

[Ep.Ind.,VoLJLII,
Tirukkalukkujiraminscription.
p. 277].
This

king is identified

(No. 12) Skandavarman.

since

in

both

the

Virakfiroha,and

the

by

identification admits

This

inscriptions he
father

of

Vfiyalflrinscription with

is mentioned

Kum"ravish^u

and

of

the

as

doubt

no

of

son

grand-father of

Buddhavarman.
It is to be

noted

that the

V"yaltir inscriptionto the second

the

is also the
first)

fact, the
raja
goes

donor

of the

under

the

Skandavarman
devi

that

Vol. VIII, p.

of

name

and
has

the donor

of the

"

Yuvamah"-

Hirahadagalli plates

Siva-Skandavarman ;

found

history. In

to

plates is called
and

the

names

figure in the grant of Chftru-

Buddhavarman

been

known

name

Mayidavdlu

given in the

king{Vlrakfirchabeing

Pallava

ancient

most

divaSkandavarman

"

Skandavarman

name

in

the

Guntfir

(Ep. Ind.,

district

143).

The list :
Skandavarman

1
Kumaravishnu
Buddhavarman
*

is the

Chendalftr
have

as

same

the

in

found

one

genealogy

given in the

plates (Ep. Ind., Vol. VIII, No. 23, p. 233) which

supposed

note th"t the

to be

copy

of

an

ancient

record

; so

we

have

we

to

V616rp"laiyam and the V"yalftr records place them

the earliest kings.

among

Let
deal

the

no

us
more

now

conclude

by saying that with

(11)Virakflrcha

with the legendary series of descendants

but with the historic lineof kings*

we

of Pallava

makes

What
and

the coincidence

records
Vdltirpftjaiyara

important information
"r

who

name,

ly
simultaneous-

of) the daughter of the chief of serpents

complete insignia of royalty and became

(the hand
the

grasped also

the

is that the lattergives an

interesting

(V. 6)...Vtraktircha, of celebrated

with
j"

existingbetween

j" famous.*

have

We

kflrcha

the first Pallava

was

Here

already concluded
have

we

from

king.

to make

remark

family, there existed

from

probably perpetuated
Pallavas

and

country
son

married

of them

One

born

theory that

born

thus

to be

was

the

in

who

was

much

too

on

that

preceding Chapter
of the Andhra

order

the

identified with

be

of Samudragupta

adversary

the

exactly

King

Pallava

the

with

"iva-

dynasty.

of succession

of

inscriptionafter (11)Virakfircha.
find
the early kings we
among

ViyaWr
must

who

coincides

j"iva-Skandavarman.

was

noted, however,

(19) Vishnugdpa
Kaiichi

rely

not

kings given

It has

India.

Skandavarman

first king of the

the

became

of this union

should

in the

daughter

the

married

Pahlava

The

the

earliest

South

to

was

of the kings of that

one

king himself.

propounded

have

we

and

We

daughter of

became

alien

were

strange that this tradition

Skanda
son

they

"The

century.

the

that,in

of this marriage."

Is it not

thus

to

century

the

to think

us

following tradition which

the

kings, and

not

were

VSlflrp^laiyamplates

the

together with the VSyalfirinscription lead

Pallava

Vira-

that

this passage

of

Vishnug6pa
about

the

year

339 A.D.

But, from
the VftyaWr

king

the

does

inscriptionbecome

(23)'
Viravarman.
the

which

trustworthy ?

fact, if we

In

genealogies given

in the

of succession

order

compare

the

[O.,1]

Uruvupalli [Ur.]
6mg6du No. 2 [O.,2]
Pikfra

[P.]

Chftra

[C.]

Udayendiram [TTd.]

in

I believe it is from

ViyaWr

undermentioned plates:

6rbg6du No.

given

series with

J64

"

followingtable in which the numbers indicatethose

obtain the

we

"

oftheVayaiarlist:
dates:

A.D.

(23)

422

Vfravarman

[O.,1J [UrJ [0.,2] [PJ [MJ

450

(24) Skandavarman
[0.,1J [UdJ [Ur.J[O.,2J [PJ [M.J[CJ

(25)

[UrJ [O.,2J [P.J[M.J [CJ

[UdJ [UrJ
(26)

(29) Simhavarman

Skandavarman

[UdJ
(27)

478

Vishnugdpa...

Yuvamah"r"ja

Simhavarman

506

[0.,2] [P.][MJ [CJ

(30) Vishnugdpa

Nandivarman.

534

'[CJ
(28) Simhavarman

think

562

(32) Simhavishnu

590

[thatthe Vayaltir record

of the series

account

(31) Simhavarman..

is

extremely important

on

(24)

Skandavarman

(25) Simhavarman

(26) Skandavarman
(27) Nandivarman
exactly coincides

which

said, that, the

say

alphabet

how

that

the

genealogy given in
ha^e
Ill, p. 142). We

of these

far they

V"yalftr inscription has

and

the

plates (Ep. Ind., Vol.

yendiram

cannot

with

be

can

shown

Udayendiram

plates
trusted.
that

plates

this

are

record.
1 ho succession

list :

(29) Simhavarman
(30) Vishnugdpa
(31)

Simhavarman

(32)

Siiiihavishnu

not

The

the

Uda-

already

being ancient,
deciphering

genealogy

is

true

of

copy

we

of the

quite right
an

earlier

unites the dynasty of Sithhavishnu

with

that of

Vishnug"pa of

the Chfira plates,(G. 0. No. 920, 4th

Aug. 1914,Part.
The

Uruvupalli plates prove

brother

of

the

were

(25) Simhavarnian
Vishnug6pa and that both

Yuvamahar^ja

that

(24) Skandavarman

of

sons

II.J
No.

and

1).
the

was

of

them

(23)

of

grandsons

Vtravarman.
It is

(24) Skandavarman

probable that

Kanchi, since the 6mgodu No.

did

dated

plates are

reign at

not

Tftmbrftpa

from

camp.

It is also probable that

possession of Kanchi
the

Vishnug6pa
Nellore

and

and

pura

M"nm"tura
and

and

crowned

he is called

why
His

So

there

reigned

of his brother

became

that

independent.

dynasties simultaneously

two

were

(30)Vishnugopa. reigned
varman

never

was

Yuvamah"r"ja.

(29)Simhavarman

son

Vishnugdpa

subordinate

Vengor"shtra,

districts of

Karmarashtra.

always remained

Palakkada, Dasana-

situated
the

as

provinces (Guntftr

Northern

were

well

as

Yuvamah"r"ja

to his brother

of the

in which
Districts)

resumed

(25) Simhavarman

son

confided

government

Mundar^shtra

is

and

his

fact,when

(Chfira plates),
(27) Nandi-

Palakkada

at

in

Kanchi.

at

(31) Simhavarman

It is probable that

(32) Simhavishnu

or

took possession of K"iichi.

Simhavishnu
at

is then
That

Palakkada.

the

kings of the

of the

names

and

Kanchi,

then

of those

he

^listas
In

was

the

approximate
from

we

of the

crowned

never

dates

of the
who

have

(27) Nandivarman

of

of

dynasty of Palakkada.
in the

mentioned

is not

Vayalfir

king.

preceding table,

Simhavishnu

590 A.D.,

dynasty

Vishnugopa

Yuvamah"raja

Vayaltir inscription gives first

the

why

is

dynasty that reigned

of the

descendant

Starting

predecessors of Sirahavishnu.

lived

at

the

the

given in the margin

have

we

VI

of the

end

given to each generation

of

duration

average

an

about

century,

28 years.
This

calculation

seems

to it,(25)Simhavarman
we

can

depend

on

what

to be correct, for

is said in

by M. R. Ry. R. Narasimhachar,
of that

name

in

S, 380, ?". 458

lived

have

must

the
there

A.D.

"

we

in

ing
find,that, accord470

Lokavibh"ga
seems

to have

A.D.
"

And

if

discovered

been

king

-26

500 A.D., to the Penu-

Dr. Fleet has assigned the date of about

goiida plates,which is the date we give to (26)Skandavarman,

II alias
who
crowned
of (25) Siihhavarman
king M"dhava
son
Si"havannan.
The

Simhavarman

name

dynasty shows

King (25)Simhavarman

Pallava
son

Aryavarman

that

king of the

had

who

had

the

II. received

Madhava

to

given

his daughter and

his

grandfather,the Pallava

of his

name

by the

crowned

been

married

GaAga

western

king Siihhavarman.
Vayalfir inscription enables

The

plates belong

Penugonda

to

about

500

this

and

Simhavarman,

of Simhavishnu

engraved

it confirms

fact,since

remarkable

is

name

that

the

A.D.

Vftyaltirlist,the predecessor

In the

believe

to

us

what

is called

clearly. This

very

is stated in

verse

is

10 of the

VgltirpSjaiyam plates.
"
"

the pride of

J" whose

If

(his)enemies,

admit

1"

the

in

A.

D.

338

"

"

the following chronology

the

6mg6du
No-

6mg6du
A.D.

Vishnud"sa
-j

(Kum"ravishnu)

"

(I)

Skandavarman

"

-IViravarman

"

"

.*.
"

Simhavarman
"

-|
Simhavishnu

"

Mah^ndravarman
NarasiAhavarman

I
"

I
"

It is not necessary,
the

deciphering

in

of the

conclusion, to

naturally
list of

very

kings.

great

as

what

say

V"yaltir inscription has

history of the early Pallavas

it

366
394

the importance

gives

us

450
478

,Vishnug6pa

338

"

jSimhavarman
V"yal6r

422

M-) Vish*uS6Pa
|(Y*

Chflra

No.

"

(II)
^Skandavarman

the

rVishnugdpa
Vayalflr

with

and, 2" the identity of

(I),of

Skandavarman

off

wiped

Simhavishnu

victorious

earth.

on

who

identity of (19) Vishnugdpa

the

with

(21) Skandavarman
obtain

born

was

adversary of Samudragupta
plates,we

Simhavarman,

widely known

was

prowess
we

king named

the

from

Then

the most

ancient

534
562
590
618

646

flood of

thrown

of the

506

on

light
the

inscription is
and

complete

CHAPTER
TELUGTJ

The
that

the

ORIGIN

OF

III.

MAH^NDRAVARMAN

THE

STYLE.

deciphering of the VSyalfir inscription

genealogy of the predecessors

led

has

to think

us

of Simhavishnu

stood

thus

(29) SiAihavarman

(30) Vishnug"pa
(31) Sirfihavarman
(32) Simhavishnu.
It is certain
who

vartnan

that

to have

seems

(29) Simhavarman.

the

with

It is also

of Simhavishnu

been

Again

(30)Vishnugdpa
Palakkada.

father

the

highly probable

6mg6du,

Pikfra

king of Kanchi

but

reigned

in the

From

have

of the

this

No.

we

Sirfihavishnu

and

We

country.

shall

that

to

direct

the

lived

proceed

now

M"nga|flr plates
of Nellore

the

the
not

was

Gunttir.

and

of

ancestors
in

perhaps

show

of

plates, from

(29) Simhavarman,

districts

Mahfindravarman

grandfather,

identification

the

that

and

conclude

to

his

granted the Chftra

who

one

after

admitted

have

we

donor

named

so

(31) Sitfiha-

was

the

Telugu
of this

importance

detail.
last

When,

Antiquities",
whose

Vikrama
Vol.

I, Plate

A.) and

XXI,

these

inscriptions had

who

in all
many

Telugu origin.

Trichinopoly

1909"

Part

II, No.
any

at

that

fact

such

Those

Pasarambu,
who

have

14, p. 75), have

conclusion

Chivibhundupdu,

etc., which

studied

the
"

((?.0., No.

Pall"varam

mentioned

from

it,

I,

containing

caves

as

of India

(Pall. Ant.,

(Pall. Ant., Vol.

probability cut the

surnames;

Pal lav

Mahendra-

king

Pallftvaram

at

(ArchaeologicalSurvey

271) and

have not drawn

the

"

of

volume

Trichinopoly

at

Ventulavittu,

Nilvil"nayyambu,

for 1903-4, p.

by

first

inscriptions I copied

XXIII.) and

at

the

wrote

struck

was

Plate

be all of

year,

this

seem

to

inscriptions

Annual

Report

538, 28th

July

fact, but

thejr

-28I believe that Mah"ndravarman

he

because
Now

the

and

furnished

has

of note

worthy

n"d, KSJahasti, Gudimallam,

J"

Mallavaram

"

prevailing language

"

case

"

fore,conclude

"

southern

"

country

during Vijayanagara

at Nellore

1914,

that

and

the

the

region

We

Tamil

therefore

to

conclude

But

I have
his

whence

there-

may,

and

originally

the

Tamil

678, 679, 12th

Aug.

can

acquired
time

it

in

taste

be

studying

the

K?ishn".

As
in

for rock-cut

time

of the
'

anterior

to think

modern

have

the

in

it

Tamil

of

that

this

was

country

in particular.

temples

himself

said
which

to

that

get this

if

we

the

reigned

the

of the

banks

temples

that

take

Mahendra

that flourished

cut temples at Bezwada

MahSndra

or

north

in

names

single antiquity

rock-cut

had

It is certain

Telugu

Antiquities

led

easily found

hypothesis, but

art

frontier

taste

for

of Mahendravarman

It is but

to the

Mahendravarman
in rocks

Pallavas

the

as

find

we

to the

and

the

Simhavishnu

is not

been

general

probably

was

that

initiative, spread

own

of

time

countries.

Pallava

there

therefore

did

reply

country

'

I. of

propositions together.

the

the

was

villages

district served

lying

country

country

sculpture

The

the

In Vol.

temples sculptured

the

the

Telugu probably began

the

at

either

certainty be attributed

king who, by
for

because

over

Tamil

Mahendra;
taste

Nellore

Telugu

reigned

with

the
the

of Mahendra

in the

could

We

Y6gi-

though

same

was

(G. 0., Nos.

and

of Nellore.

that

into

language

times.))

forming

have

caves

town

The

these

district

and

in Tamil,

are

Telugu.

above, it follows, that

now

the

himself

of

inscriptionsat Tondama-

comprising

Nellore

change

question

13th centuries.

and

the

between

Tirupati, Tiruchch"ntir

the tract
of

to this

answer

present

12th

itself: What

Arcbt district

is at

country.

7).

p.

between

the

North

in the

portion

From
the

in the

the Telugu

over

that the earlier

"

Telugu origin

line of demarcation

the

an

of

names

question presents

the Telugu countries

Epigraphy
It is

Pallavas

of the

time

Tamil

"

perhaps reigned

the following important

at the

was

his father

or

I. had

its

; and

so

origin in

hypothesis
in the VI
this

art

Telugu
that

the Pallava
the

Art

he

of

Telugu country.
be verified

can

century

and at Mogulrazapuram

the

in

Kyishn"

that

existed

preceding

two

on

the

There
on

the

banks
are

by
of

rock-

northern

bank

of the Krishn"; and

temples of Sittanavasal
admitted

present

that

this

distinctly but

has

art

in

such

For

these

remained

the banks

on

know

And

must

are

the

however

be

quite unknown

that

been
it is

to the

up

described

not

very

impossible to form

sculptures.

thought

it necessary

of the Krishna

and

and

to go

particularly the

that this temple does not contain

inscription and that the

only from

there

the

see

temple of

at Undavalli.

AnantaSayana
We

bank
It

temple has

manner

reasons

southern

Undavalli.

idea of the style of those

correct

caves

and

only, the Undavalli

the

on

of this monument

age

its architectural

authors

the

ancient

very

any

be ascertained

can

style.

who

have

handled

different opinions that it is very

this subject hold

difficult to arrive at

such

decision

on

this matter.
Sir Walter
resemblance
there
not

made

to have

seem

all events, he gives

Mr.

visited these

says

very

remarks

hall resemble

J"

puram.a

J"

not

Sastri

28th December

to be

seem

is known

single cave

the

20th and

it does

designs
very

on

the

to have

"

Pallava

the

on

"

the

been

dug
74).

sculptures:

of

might have

Rathas

in this

at Mahabali-

however, certain points

Sastri remarks,
caves

"

1908
of the

work

tops of four of the niches

those

the

Undavalli

at

the

much

with

resemblance

with

resemblance

M. R. Ry. H. Krishna

temple

; at

(G. 0., No. 538, 28th July 1909, Part II, No, 13, p.

"

of

; this author"does

M. R. Ry. H. Krishna

And

the

on

caves

because, not

ornamental

The

; but

of his thesis.

in support

Chalukyas.

correctly that

Chalukyas,

by the

study of these monuments

minute

struck

sculpturesat Mah"balipuram

arguments

no

of the

who

"c

80) was

Vol. I, p. 77) is of opinion that

(Listof Antiquities,

Sewell

it is the work

He

to the

they bore

p.

speaks only of the general impression

he

by them

(Ind.Ant., Vol. V,

Elliot

and

Orissa

into

come

thinks

that

the

in

the

existence

Andhra periods
Thus

that

see

we

H. Krishna

much.

Mr.

Andhra

the
period, i.e.,

R. Sewell,

century.

the

on

From

the

Sastri
I

or

contrary,

this

we

will not do for fixing the

opinions of the various

may
age

attributes

II century
dates

them

conclude
of these

these

authors

sculptures to the

of the Christian
in

that

the
a

differ

VII

or

era

; Mr.

the VIII

general impression

sculptures and

that

only

-3ddetails of ornamentation

toost attentive study of the minutest

adequate result.

lead to any

In 1912 I visited the

the

differs entirely from

I do

Pallava

of the

the authors

and

the

B). The

style and

style of these

there

will

anybody

in

them

I, Architecture,
is

caves

resemblance

no

Chalukyan

Pallaya temples cannot

that

believe

not

temples

impressions about

I'lnde, Tome

CLVIII,

of

the works

are

style of these

the

my

de

which

Again, the old theory that the

them.

between
were

Sud

PL

and

173, 174, 175

ps.

given

(Archfologiedu

book

my

I examined

have

attentively and

of Bftd"mi

caves

Ch"lukyas.

ancient

very

catt

admitted

at all be

of

dream

artists

it

maintaining

to-day.
It

What

caves.
rese

Andhra

What

my

We
of

was

the

or

Undavalli

details to the

have

Pallava

given

visited

Pallava

the

I stood

did

what

sculptures and
or

Undavalli

the

style ?

those

before

they

sculptures

sculptures belong entirely and

in

even

styleof MaMndravarman.

description of this style in Chapter II, Vol. I

"

; and

Antiquities
and

Ch"lukya

surprise when

! The

of MahSndra

those

the

Undavalli

at

is

so

the

between

resemblance

caves

complete that there is

difference to be pointed out.

no

The
a

style of these

nble ? The

the minulest

"

the

was

at Undavalli

curiosity that

without

not

was

plans

four-storied

unfinished.

Sayana

last

The

placed beside
The

temple
and

the

story but

at

but

is

they

have

Besides, there

are

the

the

in

plan

same

the

left
other

many

almost

are

easily ascertained.

XXIX

has

been

left

finished.
un-

completed.

of Mahendra

caves

plan

same

It is the

very

pillars belong

to

the

IX, XII, XIII, XV,

of Vol. I, of

"

Pallava

in

simple

XIX,

this

in ruins

The

right
cave

rock

very

at

but their plan is

used

one

in

all the

of Mahendra.

well-known

XVI,

XX).

rock-cut

at M"mandtir.

caves

all of them

the

as

Mandagapattu

the

as

cave

temples cut in the rock during the time

Plates

placed, is also
three

are

all

image of Ananta-

(Pall. Ant., Vol. I, Plate

(Pall.Ant., Vol. I, p. 56) and

The

the

story that

one

is almost

cave

caves

Undavalli; they

is

another.

Paliavaram

left

where

one

serpent)

simple

very

one

middle

on

is thus

plan is

at Undavalli

principal cave

ground-floor and the top floor remain

(Vishnu lying

the

The

same.

The

one.

There
Here

the

are

type

XXI,

Antiauities ".

represented

XXVII,
Thev

are

in

XXVIII,
souare

in

and adornedr-with lotus flowers

Section

Dalav"nfir.

The

Dv"rap"las

temples of Rajasiihha

nor

like those found

caves

their hand

on

neither

Some

(Pall.Ant.,Vol. I,Plate XVI,

club

with

the

same

that

pose

VIII)

and

at other

The

niches

that
PI.
and

XVI,) and
which
The

of

have

we

at

shrines

Mahindra

Undavalli

called

empty

are

certain niches

Undavalli

At

resembling those
Dalavanfir

"

Karnakftdu

and
"

work

our

in

of the

most

the

head

on

the

"

those

the

shrine

small

kfidus

A.)
with

outside
;

of

they

the

are

represented in Fig. 23

Architecture."

Dravidian

right of the facade,are

resemble

at

of Gandharva

ornamented

are

Sfilai like

"

temple

temples (vide the

Mahabalipuram

at

temples

lingams.

Besides, the small niches, mentioned

to the

(Torana).

tiruvatchi'

with

temples

pavilions resembling those

of

etc.

right side of the

that contain

floors of these

(Pall.Ant.,

at Vallara

represented in Pall. Ant.f Vol. I, PL XVI,

The

"

the

on

in the Pallava

seen

at

very

elsewhere

as

"

noticed

(Pall.Ant., Vol.1., PI. XVIII)

find ktidus

we

double-arched

there exist

but

"

at

Siyamangalam

have

we

of them

most

have

we

and

work
specialkind of frameDalavftnfir
(Pall. Ant., Vol. I.,

with

noticed

have

places : Dalavinflr, Mandagapattu,

ornamented

are

are

at M",raandfir

Mamandtir, Siyamangalam,

Tirukkalukkunram,

of them

B). But

Trichinopoly (Pall.Ant.,Vol. I., PL XXII),

Vol L, PI.

of the

Tirukkalukkunram

at

as

Singavaram,

at

those

Mahftbalipuram, They

of Mah6ndra.

XXVI),

Vol. I, Plate

at Dalavftnftr

it

of

raised in sign of adoration

(Pall.
Ant,
rest

in the

resemble

those

Atah6gdrflVMi

at

as

above, which
"

but small
in the

seen

Rathas
middle

".

found

are

They exactly

of the

bas-relief,
,

"

Bhagiratha's penance,"

architecture

is

identicallythe

All the authors

there

the

Vishnu

dedicated

said that the small

Vishnu

to
a

Rathas

"

to the

to

at

Undavalli

; it is not

Siva.

so.

place there

predominant

shrines dedicated
"

style of

same.

cult occupies

also many

are

The

spoken of the temple

that have

have believed that it was

doubt

Mahabalipuram.

at

We

have

No
but

already

right of the facade contain

lingams.
The

"ayana
At

principalimage
; but

in the

this image is found

Mah"balipuram

Vishnu lying on

in

temple is indeed
also in the

that of Ananta-

temples

of

Siva.

particular,the bas-relief representing

the serpent is not

in

temple of Vishnu.

It is

-32
found

in the

dedicated
form

almost

be due

iconoclastic

find there, is

stretched

it shows

as

at

In short, the
of Bad

and

ami

do

[we

said

we

that

the

On

the

squatting

these

(a)

The

(b)

The

do

his

arm

those

Mah"balipuram

of

the

supporting
should

lions

resemble

those

of

pillars
been

have

an

L] ;

the

Mah^balipuram.

Undavalli

of

sculptures

much

very

of Mah"ndra.
is the

caves

have

pillars

close

from

of Narasimhavarman

epoch

not

caves

of the

plan

lions

squatting

artists of the

of the

those

like

exactly

contrary, the

those

resemble

Singavaram.

differ completely

not

at Undavalli

Dv"rap*Uas

and

had

god

now

we

However,

the

to

or

jnuch those of the Pallavas.

are

see

of the

invention

time

one

of Undavalli

caves

they

Nowhere

at

image

of cement.

Mah"balipuram

resemble

However

have

that

The

appeared
dis-

of time

tear

at

has

god

the

and

wear

same

Unfortunately

of

body

Mussulmans.

rough figure made

of
out

the

the

in

represented

is

either to the

of the

work

examination

of

undoubtedly

was

Mah"balipuram.

whole

the

; it may

the

and

Undavalli

at

Undavalli

light-house which

the

near

Siva ; god Anantasayana

to

both

cave

cubical

same.

with

ornamented

parts

lotus

flowers.

(c)

The

and

doors

which

(d) The

is different

from

have

Dvarap"las

short, the

In

niches

the

of

caves

have
'

the

the

kind

of

doubled-arched

same

framework
'.

tiruvatchi

pose.

Undavalli

belong

the

to

style

of

Mahendra.
said

have

We

above, that, during

of Pallava
of

banks
We

have

Krishna

the

Telugu

origin

reigned

over

country

the

are

caves,

and

we

Ch"lukyas.

southern

over

suppose

this

that

country

us

are

of the

before

of the
to know

the
it

the

near

Nellore.

Pall"-

and

all

are

of
I

MahSndravarman
into

work
was

Tamil

the

Krishna.

of the Gunttir

bank

they

which

imported

banks

taluq

inscriptionenabling

might

reigned

the

on

Guntflr

the

and

rations
gene-

and

Trichinopoly

that

many

country

Guntfir

of

Mahendra

supposed

country

existed

of

caves

the

over

districts

of

have

Telugu

on

the

surnames

is in the

situated

reigned

that the

we

that

art

of any

absence

who

the

the

Undavalli
caves

in

also observed

contain

varam

had

kings

centuries,

many

Krishna.
the

The

district.
In

origin of
of the

conquered

the

these

Pallavas

by

the

Well, that
I do

On

opinion.

my

think

not

Pallavas.

is not

that

the

of Undavalli

caves

dug by the

were

closely examining the sculptures,I have

discovery which

I believe will prove

made

to be of great importance in

ascertainingthe origin of these temples.

On

the

cubical

foot of two

portion forming the

of the

pillarsI have
image of lions (Fig.1).
the

At

observed

foot of another

the image

It is true
much

very

image

of

that

those
which

of

pillar I

the

have

vase.

these

lions

resemble

6iyamangalam,an

of
is

found

Vol.

in

given

I.

of

Antiquities (PL XIX).

Pallava

Lastly
of

images

certain

lion and

attributed

the

to

have

vase

the

bearing

coins

been

(vide Vincent

Pallavas

Fig. 1.
(simha)at

A lion

A.

Early History of India, Plate

Smith's

Undavalli.

facing p. 1).
therefore

It would
that the

of Undavalli

caves

opinion, which

My
Undavalli

is

and

the Godavary

reigned

before that country

village of Peruv"daka

belonged

the

to

I. while

he

on

Caves

the banks

was

in the

the Vishnukundins

of

was

of

conquered
district of
at the time

plates (Ep. Ind.,

Ramatirtham

17, p. 133),passed into the hands

king Vishnuvardhana

of the

Chaiukyan

still a vassal; of Pulakesin

II.

plates" Ep. Ind., Vol. IX., p. 317).

iTimmapuram

Vishiiuku^dins

The

this dynasty

granted the

Indravarman

Vol. XII., No.

that

The

Plaki-r"shtra,which

to affirm

of the Pallavas.

quite different,is that

the Krishna

by the Ch"lukyas.

this argument

use

the work

are

is

doubt

no

possible to

of the Vishnukundins.

the work

are

There

when

be

were

therefore

the

predecessors of the

Vengi country. One of their capitals was

Lendulftru (Dendultiru in the Ellore taluq). The cradle of
Chftlukyas

this

They

in

family

in the Kurnool

Guntftr

probably Vinukonda

was

fervent

were

As

the

worshippers of the god

at

the

Krishna

district.

"riparvata(6rifiailam

district.

it is certain
district

Chandalflr

in

that

when

in 673 A.D.

the

Eastern

Chftlukyas reigned in the

Sarvaldk"grftya granted the

(Ep. Ind., Vol. VIII, No. 24),we
a

village of
may

affirm

-34
Vishnukundins

the

that

end

the

towards
From

of the

VI

century.

point of view,

our

The

1"

Undavalli.

at

described
"

to end

It

found

in

lion

seal

This

R.

one

in

to the

analogous

has

Sastri

Krishna

H.

have

we

represented

is

seal is

Ry.

and

open

that

do

they

the tail swung

coins

the back

over

so

July 1909)."

28th

bearing

lion

the

and

belong

not

fore-paw raised,its

its left

tiger with

of the Godavary

banks

that

convinced

M.

or

wide

noted

be

the

on

244.

page

loop. (G. "., No. 538,

must

Chikkula

the

like

exactly

advancing

An

erect, mouth

neck
as

follows

as

lion

which

plates

Ramatirtham

interesting.

The

Ep. fad..Vol. IV., to face

plates (Ep. Ind.,

Chikkula

the

very

se.alrepresents

remarked

epoch, probably

this

reigned before

IV, No. 25, p. 195) are

Vol.

Krishna

are

vase

; and

Pallavas

the

to

and

but

to

am

the

Vishnukundins.
2"

is situated

which

the

village of

the

3"

beyond

of the
The

"

the

on

of the

bank

village of
which

Regonram,

is

plates

of the

Regonjram

R"vir"va

on

of

south-east

was

Krishna

the
benna, i.e.,

".

it is

banks

Revireva

river Krishna.
So

Krishna

these

by

away

south-east

to the

of the

bank

the

village gifted

The

all doubt

that

the

Vishnukundins

reigned

on

Krishna.

following genealogy

is found

in these

plates :

Madhavavarman

i
VikramSndravarman

I.

i
Indrabhattarakavarman
VikramSndravarman
We

also that the mother

know

to the

family

of Vakatakas.
I. that

m"ndravarman

of Vikramdndravarman

Indeed,

his

"

birth

families of the Vishnukundins

On

the
in

1914

"

Part

other
1914

(No.

II, No.

corrupted form

hand,

7 of

35)

and

of VikramahSndra.

that

been

embellished

Vakatakas.

Appendix

shows

it has

was

donation

II.

of

the

A.,
the

said

of

Vikra-

the

by

two

".

Vishnukundins

G. 0. No.

name

I. belonged

920,

4th

Vikram^ndra

covered
dis-

Aug.
is

If
is the

remember, then, that

we

image of

Chikkula
the

lion

resembling the

Krishna

that

caves,

where

the

stands

Vishnukundins
I. at

the

on

had

Telugu epithets, we

contain

in the

those

banks

reigned, and

be

the

of

the

at Pall"-

with

struck

of

that

Trichinopoly and

shall

there

seal of the

sculpturesresemble

Undavalli

inscriptionsof Mahendravarman
varam

found

one

plates,that the Undavalli

Pallava

6iyamangalam
cave

in the

these

coincidences.
But

there is another

kings that have

named

reigned before

MahSndra.

hereditary

It

the

in

point of coincidence.

Simhavishnu,

would

Pallava

family

really the first king of that

was

The

and

there, but

one

not

Mahendravarman

I.

the

report

on

(once) among

Now

that

it is manifest

VHyalilr

the

that

that

name

(6)Chandravarman.

name

ending "ndravarman"

it is the

not
was

name

Mahendravarman

mentions

find the

we

is

name.

inscription is completely deciphered,

is not

this

that

predecessors of Simhavishnu.

25

there

given of the V^yalfir inscriptionin

account

Epigraphy for 1908-09

the

that

appear

the Pallava

Among

that led to

Perhaps
the reading [Mah"]ndra-

varman.

In the
called

Trichinopoly and Pall"varam

Mahdndra-Vikrama.

kings who
In
very

bore the

simple

reigned

the

in

the

were

Krishna

was

see

even

grand-son of

to admire

similar

ones

banks

the

and

their neighbours

the

on

probably

in

century
of

his

gave

the

of

daughter
son

those

cut

caves

The

of

caves

on

the banks

Bezwada,
Pallava

caves
on

that

the rock

Ajanta.

origin

the

was

that

It is

the

son

the Vishnukundins

of the Krishna

"

had

around

been

dug by

caves

Undavalli

Mogulrazapuram,

I, who

king, having had

many

his

K"nchipuram,

of

kings

probable that

king Mahendravarman

Vishnukuiidin

1.

inscriptions of the V"k"taka

the

in the

at

now

Sittanagaram.
the

reigned

explained

of the VI

Gunttir

Vikramahendra

their VSMtaka

to

the idea of digging

we

end

the

at

VikramSndravarman

that

engraved

owing

all be

grand-father,Mahendravikrama.

princess ; and

found

Vishnukundin

were

can

and

married

king named

know

V"k"taka
are

Pallavas

who

Simhavishnu

of his
We

The

districts of Nellore

Vishnukundin
name

coincidences

Vishnukundins

is

of VikramahSndra.

name

manner:

then, there

But

opinion, these

my

inscriptions this king

it

had
that
and
was

occasions

relatives,had

IV.

CHAPTER

THE

"

VISHNU.

with

V61flrpfi]aiyam plates coupled

The

" I.

SlMHA

OF

DYNASTY

inscription inform

Sifhhavishnu

that

us

the

was

Vftyaltir

the

(31) Simha-

of

son

varman.

VglfirpSjaiyam plates

The
He

"

the

daughter

"

are

the

J"

groves

who

of

the

Pallavas

conquered

Malava,

"

proud

have

that

and

it

difficult, for

perhaps
it

opposed

the

vanquished

"

(kings), the

P"ndya

strength of his

probable that

and

arms,

I. is the

not

he

was

Kas"kudi

The

it

seems

plates

Malaya,

Kajabhra,

(king) who

Simhala

say,

was

the

first

king

whom

about

The

we

thus

(V. 29)
Pallavas,
the

adversary

He

K"fichtpura.

that

PuJJaltira
this

Conjeeveram

"

of K"fichf.

; it is

town

No

supposed

it

one
was

VI, No,

1, p. 11) praises

caused

the

.........

dust

north

inscription (Ep. Ind., Vol.

"

who

thought

at

Aihole

PulakSsin

his

was

is

victory

(Chingleput District

of 15 miles

distance
who

certain
II.

Pulakgfiin

gained

plates]. It

Pullalftr

with

is at

for

MahSndra

K"s"kudi

to the

be identified

knows

"

kings

Simhavishnu

taluk) which

"by

did

country

precise information.

[according

"

Ch6|a

the

Simhavishnu

was

MahSndravarman

It is

can

before

southern

of the

"

(are found) brilliant

where

that

appear

operation

Oh6|a and

" II.

ornaments

it.

military

)"

by

Ch6Jas embellished

(palms)."
it would

indeed, that

K"v6rf), whose

river

(fields)and

of paddy

this

all the

the

of

country

(i.e.the

Kavira

areca

to

This

that

of

forests

From

belong

seized

quickly

"

the

of Shhhavishnu

say

had
of

his

opposed

the

army,

and

splendour

of

rise of his power,

to

vanish

behind

the
to

lord
be

the

of

the

obscured
walls

of

'67

"

(V. 30)

When

"

"

the Kftv6ri,who

"

her current

"

whose

"

with

straightway he strove
has the

obstructed by the causeway

tremulous

formed

dripping down,

and

Chdjas,

the

to conquer

dartingcorps for her

rutting-juice
was
the

"

his

by

avoided

had

eyes,

elephants

the

contact

ocean.

(V. 31)

There

"

he

caused

great

prosperity

K3rajas and P"ndyas, he being the hot-rayed

"

frost" the army

We

have

between

the

the

to

the hoar-

to

sun

Chdjas,

of the Pallavas."

said in the preceding chapter that the country

towns

the kingdom

of Ellore

and

Guntfir

probably formed

lying
part of

of MahSndra.

Again,

it is

this country

the

certain, that, in

belonged

to the

middle

of the

VII

century,

Chaiukyas.

It is, therefore, likely that

Pulak6sin

conquered

it about

610 A.D., i.e.,

at the beginning of the reign of Mah^ndravarman

I.

The

latter,thus dispossessed

kingdom,
reign

and

shall

we

lived in the Tamil

it

then

was

encouraged

converted

was

(Sfikkilfir's
Periapur"nam,
without

though

of the rock-cut

it

"

of this

cave

"

terms

(No. 38"
"

the

admitted

as

1870);

have

we

was

Appar

also

to

I. who

described

saint

by

with

who

MahSndra
cult

Siva

(1916-17)we

year

"

Vol.

at

the

was

said,
moral

our

author

Chapter II. of

in

I have

described

have
: "

Mr.

However,

alphabet

is

I., I have

one

the

much

learnt

"

vftdi. PI. XXVII,

B.

inscription which

will

"

characters.

is

spoken

who

mentions

more

same

photograph
us

to

of

about

the

from

the

varman
Mahendra-

there

in

the

this inscription

April 1888), declares

important remark

enable

to

cave

inscription found

identically the

here

this

attributed

E. Hultzsch

"

have

(ps.53, 54, 55,). Judging

Mamandfir

(?. 0., No. 424, 20th

illegible".
:

the

have

we

Antiquities

Pallava

I. and

"

country

I.

style of Architecture,
following

to

Madras,

that

temples

course

right side

of that

have

that

MahSndravarman

was

Mahendravarman

In

part of his

latter

book.

the aforesaid

about

the

arts

of his

provinces

positive proof, yet, owing

any

conviction, that

In the

the

(Ep. Ind.,Vol. Ill, p. 277)

Jain,

country during

Antiquities (Vol.I. p. 40),we

Venkayya

first

northern

show.

presently

In Pallava
V.

he

of the

II

has

as

that

small

that
to

be

it is

made

of MahSndra-

part

judge of the form

of

the

of the

38

"

So then, relying

on

1"

the style of architecture,

2"

the

palaeography of the inscriptions,

this

that

concluded

be

must

cave

attributed

MahSndra-

to

I.

varman

it

though

that is not

that

I believed
obtain

should^be abandoned

it

attentive

more

understand

not

for

of it

study

it,but

ever.

might enable

to

us

interesting information.

some

in

So,

why

reason

copied it, did

he

when

Hultzsch,

Mr.

that,

me

of it.

out

something

make

to

perhaps be possible to

it would

damaged,

much

very

was

inscription, it seemed

the

examined

When

to M"mandfir

1917, 1 went

January

the inscription.

to copy

labour

This
In

"

words

midst

the

of many

understand

their

which

(Pall.AnL,

Vol.

I,

p.

of what

proof

cave

to Mahendravarman
a

published

"Pandit

T.

is

poem

the

has

son

M.

soon

him

him
"

the

Pall"varam

and

discovered

was

Christian

following important
curator

of

of it.

out

article which

an

T. A.

he had

College

discovery

Sanskrit Manuscripts,
a

manuscript

".
the

is that

and

this
Rao
very
_!_!"_

author
It is

of the

dynasty

made

recently discovered

very

received

he

Madras

the
j""stri,"

Gopinatha

that

I. that

to have

what

me

Pallavas

that

he

had

of this Sanskrit

specifiedthat

of Kdnchi, that he
the

of:

surnames

communication

by

this

Satrumalla.

Mattavil"sa, Gunabhara,
I

the

inscription to M.R.Ry.

from

the

of Simhavishnu,

as

I did not

attributing the Mamandtir

in

Mahendravarman.

to the

R. Ry. T. A.

informing

glad

was

the

with

struck

once

Trichinopoly

to tell

in

remarkable

named

king

AvanibhSjana,
As

1917

Ganapati

is very

king belonged
was

him

Mattavil^sa-prahasana

What

at

Mamandtir

mentioned

Travancore,
called

asserted

requesting

which

(seePL III,A).

read

of Mahendravarman
of

and

phrases

I.

February

in
"

Magazine

"

"

was

name

days after,I received

few

caves

39);

of the

copy

Rao

Gopinatha

is

I had

new

sent

but

in the

engraved

seen

incomprehensible

meaning;

Mattavil"sa

I have

Mattavilas"dipadamprahasana

name

rewarded

well

was

letter

pleased
1

with

dated
the

replied
12th

to

April

discovery he

Plate

A.
Mamandftr
insc.

cave

B
Kit

Siva

ram

temple

inscription.

C.

Kanchipuram
Airavatesvara

temple

insc.

III.

words

that

I had

read

inscription seemed

at the end

confirm

to

MahSndravarman

I.

was

temples. Besides,

as

the

(Ep. Ind., Vol. XII,

of the 6th line of the M"mandflr

the

the

fact

author

musical

of

Mr.
"

Gopinatha

No

doubt

in

p.

that Mahendravarman

suppose

Rao

the

I. was

in his

of

the

"

mention

J"

of M"mandfir

"

copied for the Epigraphist's office by

is not

doubt

No

of this work

to the

doubt
"

The

"

and

who

inscription

"

We

may

"

varman,

in

And
"

The

of Music,

"

to

"

Matavilasaprahasana.

"

gives

"

Pallava

record

be true ?

"

was

28th

As
the

on

The
between
other

of

Rudr"charya

certain

April, he added

pupils.

MahSndra-

to refer to

and

going
and

Valmiki
the record

you,

literary and

"

svaras

of MahSndra

(poets),mentions
suspected by

"

Kudimiy"malai

the

that

surmise

mentioned

in the

(northern wall) of

store-room

biruda

Rudr"charya.

king be not

the

perhaps

talents

musical

of the

tank
"

at

subdivision

the

in

village of MahSndramangalam

certainly been named

"

no

of it."

inscription No.

VII,

No.

Temple
15,

p.

on

at

115) has

CitramSga, probably after

of MahSndra.

discovery of the similarity of architectural

the

of 1890

of

I.

after Mahendravarman

Mamandtir^wasnamed

41

Vardham^na

the

Tirupparuttikkunru (Ep. Ind., Vol.

says

belongs

king Mahendravarman.))

M"vandfirppaml

The

one

it

for the benefit of his

svaras

talks of Kavis

panegyric

by

engraved at the instance

Musical

the

though

disciple of
"

is your

"

The

"

sure

"

and

[at Kudumiyamalai],

me

[Mamandflr] inscription seems

a"varnas"

was

these

letter dated

inscription

apparently engraved at the instance

was

be

the

is

discovered

composition

only suspect if the unnamed

but cannot

important

more

Report Venkayya

king, who

composed

is

composed

was

may

burlesque Mattavillisa-

of Mahendravarman

in the Annual

unnamed

" an

what

musical

period. It

same

we

musician.

in the mutilated
definitely

The

composition

but

very

rock-cut

alphabet resembling

an

also

prahasana

earliest

reply dated 19th April said

discovery

important

the

king

poet

I, PI. XXIII),

i"

is

the

inscription at Kudumiyamalai

226) is written
of Trichinopoly (Pall. Ant., Vol

that

that

caves

discovery that in the

M"mandfir

Mattavilftsaprahasana, these
"

those

and

of MahSndra

two

style existing

at Undavalli

cave

discoveries

there

taken

and

is mention

the
of

along with

-40others enable

to conclude

us

of the greatest figures in the history of Tamilian

1"

From

the invasion
2"

As

3"

As

P"lar

for religion,he has given

for

the

5"

" III.

Kanchipuram

about

and

it is

that it

vanquished

probable that this

The

about

was

They

event.
Pulake"in

6uram"ra,etc.

the

Tsang

Probably

first

king took

that

battles

in the

of 20 miles

Tamil

from

of

country

king.

For

Pallavas.
Harsha

invaded

was

the
The

second

time

that

case

second

Pulak"6in

and
was

it would

II.

and

is at
appear

by the

I.

distance
that

the

repulsed by the

who

his

Ch"lukyan

same

was

emperor

thoroughly routed

information

us

nothing but Maniman-

friendship had

whose

possession

Narasirhhavarman

is

time

glorious Ch"lukyan

Vardhana
of Persia

In

the

Pariya}a, Manimangala,

Manimangala

K"fichi.

stayed at

chronology of the Chfiiukyas

642 that this

say

Great.

falls within

year

which
(Saidapet taluk, Chingleput district)

galam

King

pilgrim Hiuen

I.

apotheosis

whose

era

new

plates ("/./.,Vol I.,p. 152) give

Ktiram
this

of the

MahSndra-

at

Narasimhavarman

son

Chinese

reign of Narasimhavarman

The

opened

reign of his

640, the

In

"

indeed

to those

probably also at Dalav"ntir.

I. has

in the

see

for

taste

K"v"ri.

Mahendravarman

says

Krishna

of the

banks

the

transported the

for the administration, he built the tanks

As

shall

has

plastic art, he

vftdi,M"mandtir, and

we

royal artist, he has

music.

for the

the

impulse to Saivism.

new

himself

arts, being

temples from

and

at Pullalftr

of the Ch"lukyas.

As

rock-cut

one

civilisation.

military point of view, he has checked

glorifiedpoetry and
4"

I. is

King Mahdndravarman

that

had

vanquished

sought by the

been

capital Vftt"pi was

destroyed.

(Ktiram, Kfts"kudi,
regard to this last point, all documents
The
etc.)agree.
Udayendiram,
Vfiltirp"laiyamplates add also a
In

detail
"

of

(I)

Narasimhavarman

as

topkt(from his enemies) the pillar

victory standing in the centre

Vol. II, part v., p. 511). This

at

"

B"d"mi
that

(2nd. Ant., Vol

of the

alias Mah"malla

Pallavas
as

also

and
a

fact

IX)

(the town

of)Vfttapi " (8.1.

1.,

is confirmed

by the inscription

of

the

alphabet of which

which

commemorative

mentions

is the

same

Narasimhavishnu,

column

(Jayastambha)

Speaking
"

Who

of Narasiifahavarman

surpassed the glory of the valour

of LankH

This

is confirmed

event

Mahavamsa

Mftnavamma

prince

by the Chronicles

say

by (his) conquest

aided

(Pulakftsin)and

the

two

these

to

lation
Ceylon (Trans-

of

by Wijesinha) and

because, according

A.D.,

of Rftma

"

of the
642

I.,the Kftfiftkudi plates

it took

place after

chronicles, the Singhalese

Narasiihha

in

Vallabha

repulsing

expeditions to Ceylon took

place only

after that.
It

perhaps

was

the

vanquished

in the

It

Ceylon,
sea

in

the

for

naval

tioned
men-

as

plates.
that the

took

navy

Mahftvamsa

may

suppose

station

for

serves

that

says

the

in

part

of

conquest

M"navamma

crossed

In

that the port of M"mallapuram

the

landmark

as

the

Narasimhavarman

M^raalla

of Pallava

did not
that

I.,and

and

the

as

Mahabalipuram

now

Antiquities 1 have

Mahabalipuram

at

it the

Even

fleet.

served

for all vessels.

that this town

Mahendra,

gave

Pallava

first volume

the

monuments

and

Pandyas

ships.

We

the

Kftram

Narasimha

that

expeditions

Chdlas, Keralas, Kajabhras and

probable

is

these

during

began

the

style of

belong to the

not

probably exist before the time

after
"

cutting of the

his

Rathas

own

"

of

it and

founded

king that

it is this

Mahamallapuram

of

name

do

proved that

of

name
"

and

"

Caves

there.
I

convinced

am

the rocks

the Pallava
head

after

the

capture

conquest

642 A.D., and

I would

chronology

Hattha-data
691 A.D.

What

I think
1000

and

we

A.D.) the

condition

the

and

with

crowned
M",navamma

conquered ?

there

probably
of

took

place

success

off the

cut

value

are

may

affirm

we

affirms

chronology
are

of

to attach

that

Since

know

we

expeditions
several

that
this

to

after

years

A.D.

Mah"vamsa

coronation

two

were

put it after 650

that the dates

was

II.

of B"d"mi

island, this

The

Ceylon

to

sculpturing of

being executed.

Ceylon

was

year

650 A.D., the

year

conquered Ceylon

Hattha-datta

what

the
was

expedition

army

of King
In

in

of Mah"balipuram
second

The

that

to this

of Mahftvanisa

the

death

took

M"navamma

for the

all reduced

that

information

century

is very

by 24 years.

place in
?

(900

correct

of

A.D."

but

on

42

"

Does

this rule apply to the

24 years
We
but

from

691, we

have

said

it appears

1"

The

We

the

The

"

uneventful.

"(

who

the orders

" V.

his

"

army

"

by

The

his

reign

was

quarter of

of

century.

the

time

that

he

in
and

other

of his son,
was

of the

law

long

Paramesvaravarman

who

us

defeated

Peruvalanalltir ".
An

hand

371) give

varman,

lator
legis-

been

noted

"

made

He

lakshas,

of

to

the
the

also mention

whose

Vikram^ditya,

take

the

Udayendiram

the

name

flight,covered

only

the

plates (8.1.1.,Vol. II,

of the

army

well, is the

Paramesvaravarman

inscriptions
I.)and
From

battle

Vallabha

of

the

of

Kailasanatha

Vikram"ditya
1910,
date

this

(called Ugradanda

I.

have

we

with

I.

in

and

temple

at

Lokaditya

in

bank

(Ranarasika).

been

in

possession

great certitude, I
"

of the

mean

of

which

document

Gadval

the

plates.
when

We

The
shall

exact
now

importance.

on

the

K"vSri.

Besides, they bear

era.

the

S.l.L,

K"nchipuram,

(Ep. Ind., Vol. X, No. 22, p. 101) has been made

in the Ch6la kingdom
Vikram"ditya I. was
encamped
southern

not

between

conflict

the

of

battle

the

opinion, has

in my

of

date

Paramesvara-

"

grant

"aka

and

castes

description

I. and

extremely important detail,which,

far

great

short

probably

II, was

the sacred

plates give

of several

"

This

vided
pro-

to utilise this result.

on

prosperous

enforced

enough

is accurate

plates, dated

royal adversary:

the

Part III, p.

gives

of the

end

the

rag.".

Vol.

l^ter

Ktiram

Ktiram

consisted

On

so

".

"

of

be admitted

A.D., at

of Mahendravarman

thoroughly

military exploits
name

perhaps after 650,

after that date.

660

Mahavamsa

occasion

The

that

say

of

dates by nearly

reign

away

650.

I.

chronology

shall have

" IV.

more

17 years

about

take

we

than

conquered

was

less than

was

conquered

was

reduce

we

only

Ceylon

If

century

that the following hypotheses may

Ceylon

2"

and

that

of Narasimhavarman

reign

VII

get 667, i.e.,17 years

that it

I think

"

the

date

of the

of the

year

reign

and

of the

date is incontestably 674 A.D.

proceed

to

determine

second

point of vefcy

43

Mr. Hultzsch
"

When

who

edited these plates has said

Vikram"ditia

made

this grant, his

the

"

in

Chdlikavishaya, i.e.,the Ch6Ja province, and

Uragapura on the southern bank of the K"v6ri

J"

In

sending

the

the

to
"

Raghuvamsa

J"

proposed

"

near

(vi.59)

is

"

city

"

patam)

; I rather

that

Mr.

the

ancient

think

that

of

to be

me

where

Peruvalanalltir

the

tion
atten-

my

Kaiid^sa's

in

king, and

P^ndya

Choja capital Uj-aiytir

"

Uragapura,

snake-

the

(now

N^gapattanam

Nega-

of the

decisive

district
at

I have

battle
This

of the

discovery

village of

the

spotted

the

Para-

between

village

same

the

is in

the left

on

name,

of 10 miles

distance

made

I have

Vikram",ditya.

and

K"v6ri,

fought

of the

Trichinopoly Taluq

entirely mistaken.

is

subject

was

I. and

mesvaravarman

Hultzsch
this

with

to

appears

bank

drew

".

connection

which

of

(1.25 f.).

river

is mentioned

capital

poetical equivalent

But, I believe
In

the

as

it with

identify

to

Trichinopoly
"

Uragapura

encamped

was

impressions, Mr. Venkayya

fact that

invaded

arfny had

"

me

of

north-west

Trichinopoly.
I
of

of

am

In

the

13)

the

is the
"

do

town

think

not

"

title of
I

that

the
is

encamped

was

town
any

found

noted

be
"

Ranarasika

the

is

given

the

designated by

that

words

of

destroyer

in the

to

base

Gadval

the

I.

of the

plates
But

Vikram^ditya.
"

the

("/./.,Vol.

Kanchipuram

at

Ugradanda

"

the

at

rasika
city of Rana-

would
the

temple
It is to

".
"

of

surname

I.

R"jasimha

is named

Ranarasika

which

of

Kail"san"tha

Paramesvara

city of

doubt

possible to

Vikram^ditya

inscription

of

Vimana

it is not

Uraiyur (Trichinopoly).

than

place

that

where

Uragapuram

other

p.

opinion

not

that

"

for, in that

Bad"mi,

failed to

have

his

as

assume,

case,

mesvara
Para-

grand-father,

".

Vat"pikonda

believe

be

it could

the

"

Ranarasika

of

town

is

Uragapuram

(Uraiyur).
Gadval

The

encamped
is very

Tamil
The

at

grant which

Trichinopoly gives

life-like of the

third

made

was
us

invasion

when

Vikramftditya

detailed

description

of

the

CMlukyas

was

which

into

the

country.
Pallavas

(verse5).

are

called

there

"The

family

of

MSmalla

"

-44did

How

Param66varavarman

I* succeed

repulsing the

in

Chftiukyas ?
that

(Ep. /we?.,Vol. IX,

Kfindftr plates

The
the

had

Ch"lukyas

Chd}as, the K"rajas, the

P"rastka, Sirhhaja.
the

south

of these

that

says

he ascended

reigned

674

I. and

this king

with

the

was

were

in

of the

would
of

aid

was

reigned 35
660

aforesaid

confederation

of three

duty

at

said that

have

must

surely

Narasimha-

to

I.

the

ascended
time

when

throne

the

latter

according to the dictates

act

to

Mahft-

correct, by 674 A.D.,

are

he

passed since

his

was

The

to Paramesvaravarman

suppositions
And

Mana-

have

Minister

been

Pallavas.

he

So

perhaps attached
our

We

years.

A.D.

had

He

have

the

danger it

simplest feelings of gratefulness.

The

third

Chaiukyas

king

entered

that

Pa^dyas

later

defeat of

when

that

We

shall

the history of the

examine

we

the

against

P"ndyas.

Paramesvaravarman

lived

Vikramftditya, for the Kflram

this event, but unfortunately they

object of the Kfiram

gift made

coalition

on.

It is certain

The

the

king of the

probably the

was

refer to this question again

the

The

probably another.

was

about

A..D.

he

years

there

Simhaja,

by ties of friendship. If
only 14

probable that all the people of

perhaps the king of K"nchi.

was

the throne

in

varman

that

say

the king of

vaihsa

kings of KavSra,

the

together against the invaders.

plates themselves
vamma,

Kajabhras and

It is therefore

combined

kings. One

P"^dyas, the

against the

contend

to

29, p. 205) tell us

No.

the

to

Param"svara

which

had

record

Siva

of

temple

are

been

not

time

some

plates

after

posterior to

are

dated.

(8.8./.,Vol. I.,p. 154)

called

is

Vidy"vinita-Pallavaby Vidyftvinita-

built at Ktiram

Pallava.
There

is

Department

temple of Siva

have

in

belong

to the IX

which

could

the

to

the

not

been

mentioned

escaped

by

investigation

preserved and the letters

which

is

any

are

writing

found

seems

to

inscription

any

I.

epoch of Paramfifivaravarman

I visited this place, I discovered

When

it has

1900);

of

century, but they have

be attributed

Maharaja

inscription of Nandivarman

an

temple (No. 38

this

found

has not

copied

Epigraphical

The

at Kftram.

now

one
so

all cut

till

now.

inscription which

an

I do not

long, seeing
fair and

know
it is

that

deep.

reproduced in Plate III, is the following

This
:

how
well

tion
inscrip-

Text:

U) ff f

69T

IT 9

"ri-Pallava
The
leaves
'

Sri

the

doubt

no

'

of the

name

and

to

as

king is not given, but the alphabet employed

the antiquityof the inscription. The letters

', in particular,
are

va

that

we

may

say

that

inscriptionbelongs to the VII century.

So, the Siva temple

Pallava-Paramesvara
in

formed

so

what

Kfiram

at

is

temple* mentioned

dilapidated condition

has

mandapam

certainly the VidySvinita-

been

rebuilt

in the

with

No

the

sanctuary

itself,only the ground-work

enables

to know

us

1"

temple

The

two

important facts

was

apsidal in form

plates,but alas

doubt

old

the

stones.

adjoining
for the

As

remains, which, however,

:

the

as

Sahadevaratha

at

Mah"balipuram.
2"

The

which

west

is

temples

at

1"

Ktiram

grant.

This

temple
the

constitutes

most

been

to have

known

" VI.
about

the

surnamed
a

"

In

is

view

temples ;

at

placed

Pallava

of ParamSSvaravarrnan
is

was

what

is

one

"

we

have

spoken

L, Narasimhavarman

does

not

seem

is

another.

perhaps the only Pallava

peaceful reign. He

of it

India which

above

Antiquities

the object

remains

in South

monument

built of stones

"

Kflram

ruins; however,

ancient

Rfijasimha. He

long and

the

of the Pallava

many

identifythe temple that

in

Chapter I of

son

and

of ParamSsvara

temple

points of

It is interesting to

2"

had

two

Pallava

in

seen

towards

set

was

face the west.

K"nchipuram

important from
of the

peculiarity frequently

discovery of the

The

sanctuary

temples of Mahabalipuram

all the

almost

the

into

entrance

II.

king who

to have

done

thing else during his reign except loading the Sivitepriests

above, the
and
favours
with
building the temples mentioned
any

Kailftsanfttha temple at K"nchlpuram,

the
To

temple.
balipuram and the Panamalai
the^XirftvBt66varatemple at KMchipuram.
rearing lions,the image of Sdmftskanda

and

Shore

temple

this list

we

j.tJMaha.
may

This temple with

the

add
its

prismatic lirigam

-46all the

presents
A.

relying

Bea,

temple

that

proof

no

the

among

Pallavas.

the

to

This

definitively

temple

doubted

is

origin

has

Epigraph] cal

to

MS,mandtir,

went

the

all

Department.
I

there

temples

been

never

stopped

hoping

to

at

make

discovery.

some

The
found

temple

One

part
To

I found

the

" VII.

56

vftdi temple

King

have

been

1903, that
The

p.

the
and

damaged.

Grantha.
base

copied

of

the

temple

as

its

ance
import-

it

"T^fiT5Narasimha

II,

Perumal

72

"

of

that

of the

is written

was

Tiruv"di

of ParamSsvaravarman.

many

done

the

to

II.

reign

during

inscription

the

temple

at

this

know,

from

tion
inscrip-

an

Vol.

I.,

of the

have

Tiru-

Kafichipuram.

Siva temple

the

probably

Paramesvara-

of

Vim",na

the

However,

(we

times

contains

Antiquities"

attribute

is

K"iichipuram.

at

KailSsanatha

perhaps

R"jasimha,

Tiruv"di

at

between

ParamSsvaravarman

repaired

of

son

temple

Pallava

resemblance

must

we

it

and

name

1903) belonging

In

about

Therefore,

the

of Virattanesvara

of

P6ttaraiyar.
spoken

the

of

(vide PI. Ill, C.).

temple

(No.

ParmSsvaravarman

"

at

inscription

an

of Vaikuntha

author
The

of

in

base

the

much

very

other

and

of houses

group

all round

are

the

entrance

be questioned

clearly

very

the

of

right

and

Tamil

in

fragment

which

temple.

I found

monument,

inscriptions

is written

amidst

of Kakhesvara

entrance

this

some

cannot

the

to the

examining

the

stands

of Air"vatSsvara

temple

opposite
On

to

this

this

yet furnished

as

of

visited

and

KMchipuram

has

attributed

officers

1917,

January

in

the

by

Epigraphy
classify

to

us

Pallava

whose

temple

has

Mr.

reign of R"jasiihha.

of the

works

visited, however,
When,

However,

allow

will

aspect,

general

its

upon

style of Rajasimha.

of the

characteristics

TiruvSdi

at

temple

seems

inscription

to

35 of

reign of Nripatunga).

is dated

in

It is probable

the
that

3rd
his

year

of

reign

the
was

reign
short.

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

TO

eminent

the

are
a

result

of the

active

who

studied

the

history

Paris, has

in

name

who

was

(near

Bslhtir
Kftsaktidi

at

due

not

to

chance

disinterested

and
and

the

School

the

they

researches

of

of India

for

languages

for

the

works

the

Vol.

in

The

text

translation,
This

incomplete

is

Pondicherry

I thought
of

enough

as

of

the

memoirs

Orientalists

published

known
in

in

only

his

French

by

article

No

ago,

but

days

few

it is the

shorl

23,

page

withoul

p. 514.

of

work

Pandit

and

Delafon,

Mr.

of

Rao

the

to
in

give the

to

B"htir

the

me

the

of

livec

who

place*

in many

defective.

is

published

to send

of

part

are

be

II of 8.LL,

time

it necessary

Gopinatha
text

the

at

transcription

translation

V, Vol.

Part

in

text

republished

was

Tamil,

Indica.

Epigraphia

of

Languages,

of India.

Hultzsch

Mr.

and

Congress

that

to

came

by

given

it

IV.

grant

of Oriental

forms

that

School

above

B"hftr

of

summary

the

whose

at

text, Sanskrit

article

However,

1905.

So, the

T.A.

rendered

J. Delafon,

and

are

generally ignored by the scholars

the

and

discovered

the

in

complete

an

the

by

published
in

the

given

plates,

Bahfir

at

Professor

Vinson,

Mr.

180

has

time.

long

are

Mr.

Nripatunga

happy

savant

held

He

who

Pallavas

was

discoveries

important

two

theory.

Pallavamalla.

plates of Nandivarman
These

of

plates

the

It

Pondicherry.

the

DYNASTY

THE

gentleman

of

history

be forgotten

at

Pondicherry)

India

in

the

to

Magistrate

Ganga-Pallava

lived

therefore

not

must
a

service

OF

NANDIVARMAN.

" 1." The

1887, there

HISTORY

THE

OF

In

V.

plates.

translate
Vol.

II

following

for

So,
me

readers
I

requested

of it

book
M.

th(

R. Ry

Sanskrit portion

the

of "/./., and
version

of this

he

has

been

goo"

48

"

BlHtfR

THE

"

INSCRIPTION.

Text.

(Please retain the

text

Indian

also.

In addition

1.

For

ftSB

'2.

The

words

these, please add the following):

to

"

in 1. 1 of

reading of

the

As

passage

of the

same

For

^si**Sli*r
in 1. 2

4.

For

^ft,I propose
"b"AI"II^L

5.

For

Kal"pa,

or

fRWWpft: in

Arichit

1. 2 of

is the

This

I.

as

often

in

custom

being

SKl^fa.

The

in

Tamil

is still retained

in

its

in

manner

all Tamil

Malayajam,

In

that the Tamil

words

written

like

vicinity
river

6.

For

of

Kumbhak"^am,

near

and

the

k"chil
may

and
argue

almost

all

allied armies

fought

which

is

tasmdt

that

were

as

Sailskritised

was

remembered

Ch6las,

the

and

Pandyas

or

country.

inscriptionsit will be

Arichil

Pallavas

the

battles between

of the

be

It must

Arichit.

into

the

name

for the

countries

the Malabar

pronounced as tasmdl ; k"chiti kinchit, as

this analogy we
kifichil respectively. On
Arisil

river

entirety and

chandrddityavat

phrase

chandrddityaval.

requires identification.

read

in almost

the

that

found

in the battle of

the Ari"il"gu. It is usual

ridiculous

example,

For

^FWft,

16, read

verse

words

final t of Sanskrit

incorrect

an

vaift.

read

verse,

to read

as

same

is

clear.

is not

place which

11,

verse

by the original transcriber,the

is,the

3.

Kal"va

1. 1 of

passage

it

ft?".

1, read

verse

^fa^-wain*in

Pandit.

V, Vol. II. of

Sftstri's
footnotes

Krishna

Mr.

with
Inscriptions,

South

Part

in

it appears

as

is

in

also

the
the

Ari6tl""U.

^RL

in 1. 1

the passage

of

verse

makes

For

BTHWT

8.

For

^rt^:

9.

For

UI3R

10.

For

**l*"^"lin

11.

For

qJJUflin

in 1. 1 of

21, read MIH4|4.

verse

L 2 of

20, read

verse

1. 2 of

It is only then

20, read

verse

in 1. 2 of

$H^.

sense.

any

in 1. 2 of

7.

20, read

verse

verse

27, read "*""^H; and

29, read

Translation.
Verse

1."

May

Madhustidana, whose

kirttas of the d^vas, who

Rftkshasas

the

eternal

and

give you
V. 2,

his naval

.........

From

"

the

the

by all the worlds, who

is

the

petalsof the lotus,

lotus

flower

(created)thing ; from

it came

rose

lord of the

which

Brahmft.

Brihaspati, the

him,

is the

(BrahmS),

world, the four-faced

Aflgiras. From

born

of

resemble

eyes

by the

of the destruction

cause

dreaded

rubbed

are

prosperity.

origin of every
V. 3.

is the

are

whose

From

"

who

lotus-feet

was

of

minister

Sakra (Indra),the destroyer of (the asura) Vala.

V.

4.

"

From

him

him

the

battle
V.

into

6." From

and

who

"

In

every

Konkaiiika

commands

were

Vv.

"

and

girdled by the four

to

heaven

an

was

Vishnu), who
their

V. 10." This
this

who

intense

Pallava.
up

to the

He

kings,

?).

of the earth

wives

of the

enemies

were

jaya* (be ye victorious.)

oceans,

ruled

the earth

which

had

by their prowess

gone

(vimdnas),there lived the

equal to Indra (inhis power),

of 'Muradvish ("Mur"ri,
devotee
was

powerful and

was

all

of Pin"kin

(to their subjects ?) and who

in celestial chariots

king Dantivarman,
who

the

of

use

(of kings), Vimala,

host

others, having

is

the

of

obeyed by other kings also,

by the sound

Vimala

After

8-9.

dear

in

divisions

the

born

whom

attended

ever

in

Asvatth"man

king named

the

(the nine

were

Dr6na

the cultivators

from

one,

most

were

born

etc., before

bowed, whose
who

powerful

as

incarnation
(partial)

was

lineage

his

was

well-versed

was

in the Navakhanda

7.

From

Bharadvftja.

who

from

was

AsvatthSma

protected
V.

Dr6na,

existence

who

power

weapons

V.

born

was

Indra.

came

great

him

great archer

as

5.-XThen)

; from

Samyu

who

was

worshipped

by

by (other)kings.

crowns

sovereign,
Kaliyuga

on

with

account

of his ruling the earth

even

in

justice and of his pouring gifts,shone

like Indra.

V. 11."

(This verse
idea
which

is incorrect.
in

it.

resembled

to convey

It appears

Nandivarman

parcels of food

cut

his

offered

the following

enemies'
to

their

heads
souls

-50which

preparing

were

to

house

visit to the

pay

of

Yama).
V.

Dantivarman

From

12.

"

V.

13.

Just

"

family,

V.

14.

15.

6ankh", the

"

the

was

forbearance, who

was

resplendent

who

rising

and

sun

(?)was

Kalava

beauty, learning
V. 16.

The

"

Xof

army

of their

V.

17.

other

V.

"

19-20.

Vv.

He

"

resembled

(to it)like
should

Just

1.

became
2.
the

in

and
name

in

Kama,

even

this

and

in this world
famous

is named

as

Marttanda

and

he

held
and

action
am

to

the

he

his

perity
pros-

Arichit.

he

was

in

of Kuru

race

subjects, was
; in

moon

asylum

an

was

he

as

afforded

it is but

majesty
to the

protection

right that there

his body and

it is

name.2

quite patent

at

Or,

he

sight (?)

for Visvamitra

and

objectof praiseeven by gods,Nripatunga

in
the
world
of
even
king
gods.
as

the

sun

of the
sun.

river

the

in

like the

an

(meaning the sun)

resembles

So, Marttanda

energy.

insteadof dtvavat, I

boy-warrior

the

this,but also

boy, had conquered Rakshasas

was

burn

to

king (Nripatunga.)

ocean

because

as

able

though

in

protecting

similarity between

country ; in this act

warmth
akin

He

born

was

Therefore

sun.

certainly a king

as

famous

become

be

the

of the

by the

was,

was.1

who

the

bank

occasion

with

Nripatunga

(the people) inasmuch

world

is

Rama

as

led

P"ndya,
by him),

together

great in the world

was

of

intelligence,

former

only famous

solicitous

was

etc., he

of the

the

on

not

was

by obligation to

bound

on

named

king

Ves^li

of

who

and

which

had

the

as

battle

the

in

who

enemies

kingdoms,

worlds,

Marttanda

18.

resplendent

was

queen

hands

of the

(in age)

young

the

in the

illustrious

This

"

of that

Pallavas)

the

hosts

the

down

mother,

high birth,who

for his

victorious

was

king (i.e.,
by being

of this

grace

people like

etc.

defeat

sustained

esteemed

worlds, who

born

earth

the

incarnate.

was

who

in the R"shtra-

resembled

to the

kind

Lakshmi

of the three

lord

king, who

was

as

born

was

(Vishnu),

of Nandivarman.

wife

of the

queen

in

was

the earth in battle.

took

6ankh", who

Nripatungad^va

"

tjiepowerful Nandivarraan,

(the wife) of Muradvish

was

named

queen

ktita

V.

Lakshmi

as

the

unaided,

and

who, singly

born

was

Here

; he

which

exerts his energy

in protecting
sustains life on the earth by its

Vdsali family and

the

of the

race

of Kuru

altered
reading has been slightly

inclined to read ddhavat which

makes

sense,

is
;

Vv.

21-23."

He, who

(theprosperityof)the Kurti
increasing

was

having petitioned NripatuAga and duly obtained

permission
through the Secretary(ajnapti),
granted to

race,

the

vidydsthdnathe three villages,

namely, ChStup"kkam,
ViJ"rigadirSphantam(i.e.,
Vi^ngattfir) and Iraippunaich-

chSri situated in his province

Vv.

24-29

Just

"

Dfirjati(Siva)bore

as

river) Gang"
of waves,

round

who

because

of

one

river

(the

his^as

large number

of

learning consisting of
(or divisions of knowledge) was
spreading

gu'nas

the

on

descending with

was

similarly the

fourteen

(VSs"lippadi).

abode

it is

of

the

the

residents

abode

of the

of learned

Bahu-village
it is called

men,

vidyas1h"na.
This

king, having

Bahtir) by
by

and

charitable

lord of the

30.
"

the

celestials

this

charity (made by him).

the

and

Indra),exhorts

is himself

who

this

[TAMIL

"

If
its

of the

servant

equal merit

marked

extent

has

who

(ofthe king),who
is held

in

(the minister
future

vidydsthdna

king),

of the lord of

kings
of the

in the

learned

is of

regard by the

this refers to the

the

all

himself.

"riTungavarman,

(perhaps

like Brihaspati

sdstras,wrote

"

worlds

is famous

Dasaya,

honored

disposition, who
three

of

men

elephant, freed from

an

commands

who

B"hu

V. 31.

of

for the

awe

the

villages to

of the king

minister

reverential

V.

the

protected thereby,

The

ajnapti

circumambulation

the

taxes

his

(the learned

them

given

to

protect
of

resident

principlesof

the

eulogisticdocument.

PORTION,

UNTBANSLATED.]

LEFT

the giver of

to both

accrues

protector ,then do

you

protect it."
"

so

charity and

saying, the king

Nripatungavarman, by bowing lowly his head which bears

(Vishnu),exhorts future kings.
it the feet of Mukunda
on
V.

32." The

goldsmith Nripatunga,

family of Uditodita,
and

who

was

who

was

hereditary

an

who

to the

ornament

an

was

well-versed

in

all sdstras

of the Pallavas

servant

wrote

this document.
The

Bahflr
of South

plates
India

were
was

discovered

yet unborn.

at

time

The

when

dynasty

the
:

graphy
Epi-

Danti-

ftandi-Nfipatunga,
was

copied than

inscriptions been
records

new

to

that

The

of the king, the

"

occurs

"

figuresof

"

to attribute

bull and

Dthe

"

mythical Ganga

is said

ancestor

p.

plates

of

Konkani,

Western

"

and

"

inscriptions of Njipatunga.

"

Bahtir

"

not

*"

Western

"

old

J"

Nandivarman,

"

Vikramaditya

"his

the

bears, however,

alphabet

is

but

kings,

of

the
the

II

we

of

also
are

Kikel, and

the goose

the

on

"

temporaries of

"

varsha

"

Nripatunga

of the

banner

Nripatunga

of

has

the

emblems

at

Nripatuiiga-

name

to be

seems

have

to

been

the

than

If

it

is

of

W.

that

of

kept

in

KoAkani,

driven

to

opponent

of

the

Narasimha

by

descent,

who

Ambtir

two

mind
a

that

the

descendant
of the

ancestor

to

an

that the
end

with

Ch"lukya
Pallava

them

Nandivarman,

ruled

kings

conclusion

Western

son,

the

as

came

kings G6vihda

Nandivarman's

Vikramavarman,

the

succeeded

and

Ganga

the

varman,

(Narasiihha-

latter

of the

K"fichi

R"shtrakftta

that

found

said

among

the

of

Dantivarman

and

at

Ganga

This

Pallavas

that

Ganga

successors,

was

182) :

p.

archaic

more

Pallava,

Ganga

impossible

appears

plates represent the latter [NripatungaJ

Western

it

centre

elephant

is believed

inscription

varman)

dynasty

the two

Gangas."

Kil-Muttugtir

of

name

Western

mention

who

again (Ep. Ind., Vol. IV,

only

same

crest

the

Mr.

Konkanika.

"

but

of

reign

whose

180),Mr. Hultzsch

ancestors

of the

its

But

The

device

the

inscriptions

B"htir

the

reminiscence

The

of the

year

Dynasty,

club.

been

two

remote

And

J"

Pallava

published by

have

the

Besides,

"

(Ep. Ind.,

The

of Kftfichf.

inscriptions

been

to

eighteenth

the inscription make

bore

(Ep. Ind., Vol. IV,

coveries
dis-

king Konkani."

editing

"

the

inscription which

following remark

in the

to the

stone

have

which

(hamsa)

varman's

the

kings

banner

three

*"

storie

the

among

Narasimhavarman.

Pallava

whose

dynasty

"

is dated

record

this

"

"

was,

first,the Kil-Muttugftr

bas-relief below

the

of

top

Ambtir

few

to reconcile

tried

there

chance,

Victorious
the

among

In

Hultzsch

published with

inscription

"

Mr.

had

sooner

177):

Vol. IV, p.
"

made

has

No

new.

of Bfthftr.

unlucky

an

were

Hultzsch

Mr.

that

with

Owing

quite

by

; that
were

III. and

king
name,

the

con-

Amdgha-

NripatuAgavarman
over

of

two

Noi*th

or

Arcot,

Tanjoreand Trichinopoly,
discarded

"

Gangas and adopted those of the Pallavas.*

The

Ganga-Pallava

Hultzsch

is very

malla

found

but of certain
The

of

Mr.
a

weak

Pallava-

usurped this title ; the

name

Bahflr

plates,

Pallavamalla,

Was

dynasty

new

has

this

justifythe

to

made

supposition, a hypothesis, based

which

argument,

quite enough

name

on

and

admitted

be

cannot

until this is

done,

unless

on

firmed
con-

remain

it must

inscriptions dated during the reigns of kings like Danti-

(e.#., inscription

varman

No.

1898), Nripatunga

72 of

classed

among

Ganga

origin of Nripatunga

irrefutable
Mr.

report

the

Pallava

has

81

of

1898), ought

inscriptions up

to

the

No.
(e.g.,

and

had

not

for 1897

Epigraphy

17th year

So,

even

"

is classed

it has

Ganga-Pallava

He

that, and

had

the

when

time

is

ancestors

he had

great number

is not

no

discretion

the

(0.0., Nos.

in

proved

an

the

to

of

head

his

In

so.

1093-1096, 29th Aug.

"

".

Ganga-Pallava

sufficient evidence

received

do

Vijaya-Nandivikramavarman

of

this

confirm

to

official sanction.

dynasty

ranked

was

that

alone, Mr.

in

the

Hultzsch

that

right to imagine

every

origin and write

have
quoted.
But

his

to be

with

the

great

P^ndya dynasties.

Pallava, Ch6la and

For

under

there

when

imprudent theory,
The

(e.g.,

1898), Nandivarman

of

manner.

Hultzsch
on

80

1898) inscription No. 304 of 1897

"

Nandivarman

it reallyis,viz.,a simple conjecture.

The

No.

few words

Ganga origin.
of the Ganga-Pallava theory is,therefore,based

by other discoveries
what

has

in

genealogy given in the

descendant, not of Nandivarman

Hultzsch

very

imagined by Mr.

the

in

Konkanika.

creation

he

of

of the Western

chiefs of Western

whole

the word

been

be summarised

descendant

Pallava

that he is

proves

; it can

is not

; he is not

Konkanika,

theory that has

simple

Njipatunga

the emblems

"Epigraphia

right to put during

of inscriptions in the

the existence of this dynasty had

First of all,it must

be

Nripatunga
Indica"

6 years

the

was

to

of

be

proached.
re-

Ganga

sentences

(from 1897

to

we

1904)a

Ganga-Pallava category,

been

proved :

deserved

completely established,

as

if

54

"

1"

that

Nnpatunga

2"

king Konkani
3"

that

similarity of

names,

for

whole

the

necessary,

Pallava

have

need

"

family

has

"

doubt

and

that

The

In

his

what

examine

during the

"

family, which

"

inscriptions we

"

raiyan

"

the

"

to the

of

from

call

may

the

"

10). Consequently, the

"

to have

"

Nandivarman

"

m"ditya

"

power

"

Pallavas

is not

in

to the
"

family

form

some

they

of

of
lived

Report
other

by the
The

Ganga-Pallavas,

is thus

There

0. No.

no

the

as

the
for
of

492, 2nd

541

of

1905

Pallavatilaka
"

: "

late

From

other

Nandippotta-

certain

as

the

reign of the

time

Western

of

Ch6la

1900-01, paragraph
Conjeeveram

seem

long after the defeat

apparently ceased

India.

King

Pallava

of the

(O.

1905-06

and

or

dynasty.*)

original Pallavas

Pallavamalla

Southern

queen

of

reign

Bh^radvaja-gotra

(Annual

king R"ja

the

inscription No.

king Nripatunga

Kesarivarman

II., when

for

Triplicane,

at

ornament

Dantivarman
the

that

"

continued

Pallava

mentions

Pallavatilaka

Ganga-Pallava

known.

shall

29, p. 291)

No.

Bh^radvaja-gotra.

to the

reign

know

the

was

Epigraphy

on

sprang

of the

in

we

found

during
"

who

belonged

report

dated

is

July, 1906) V. Venkayya

dated

Ganga-

the

theory.'' We

Hultzsch

stage and

"

demonstration."

any

(Ep. bid. Vol. VIII,

written

belonged

he

by

theory."

Dantivarma-Mah^raja,
"

be confirmed

not

the fact that

on

without
"

/inscription

The

Ganga- Pallava

the

prove

editing the inscription of Dantivarman

V. Venkayya
"

stress

examined

second

the

Venkayya

The
In

J"

far

so

origin of

Ganga

by supposition.

true

was

then, to
Hultzsch

lay much

to

into

enter

now

since

theory has been admitted

We

44

have

we

it

able
respect-

conclusively proved.

hypothesis of Mr.

discoveries

So,

to

identifications

formed

consider

enabling him

not

proofs useless

such

thought

have

It

other

of Nandivar-

descendant

genealogies, all these

something

; the

Gariga

the

than

other

suppositions, unfounded

vague

as

theory

also

have

to

Nripatunga
was

not

was

seems

imaginary

on

no

Pallavamalla.

Hultzsch

based

was

Njipatunga

man

M.

king

Koiikanika

the above

that

from

actually descended

was

Konkanika

named

"

Chalukya
to be the

of

Vikra-

dominant

political relationship of the

who

gradually took

their place,

Bo V. Venkayya
"

a king
cription,

"

is

doubt

no

lays down

is said to

that he

belong

belonged

: " When,
principle

the

to

Pallava

to the Pallava

in

ins-

an

dynasty" there

dynasty."

Applyii^g this principle,V. Venkayya affirms that kings like

Dantivarman
of Triplicane and
TiruveUarai and Nandippdttaof Pallavatilaka family
raiyan
are
really Pallavas, and that,
"

"

therefore, the

Pallava

dynasty has

of Nandivarman

death

If V.

that

descended

he

been

In

V. Venkayya
have

B"hftr

and

the Pallavas

would

logical,he would

the

Nandi

son

from

If here

him,

had

further.

Danti, his

and

had

said

of

V. Venkayya

found

the

in

by Mr.

applied

Nripatunga.

of

descendants

not

It is not

identified with

the

to it. The

agree

the

in

of

created

Then, V. Venkayya

doubt

no

been

Ganga

doubt

to

not

; there

sidered
con-

origin
The

it.

be

therefore

therefore

were

time.

same

theory founded

new

of the

could

Nripatunga

different dynasties reigning at the

two

by

Konkanika

name

possible

Pallavamalla

ancestors

is thus

plates has

Bahfir

therefore

of Nandivarman

all

are

Bh"radvaja-g6tra.

There

"

positive proof

as

Nripatunga

principle laid down

the
:

distinctlystated

dynasty.))

given

Hultzsch

is

to the

belong

Nripatunga

could

genealogy

plates,it

his

carried

have

his grandson

that he belonged to the Pallava

But

exist after the

to

Pallavamalla.

Venkayya

conclusions

continued

the

on

following principles :
1"

The

Pallava

differ from

representatives. They

their

epithets

their
and

pottu

synonymous
"

Triplicane and

of

Dantivarman

"

P6ttaraiyan,"
'

Tamil

in

Pallava-kula-tilaka

have

successors,

from

them

furnished
which

"The

which

(Dantivarman)

might

"

must

the

"

the

Gariga-Pallavas
"

potavarman

'

sprout"

family
been

the

the

same

thus

Triplicane inscription
in order

invented

rising Ganga-Pallavas

are

of the former

Pallavatilakakula

name

the

by

"/./., Vol. II, p. 341].

"

title Pallava-Kulatilaka
in

are
"

[pota in Sanskrit

sprout (ofa plant) and

occurs

have

malla.
Pallava-

Nandippottaraiyan

"

the

mean

pallava, "a

with

after Nandivarman

existed

dynasty

((?.0.

No.

to

492"

of his

distinguish
2nd July

1906)."
2"

At

Ganga

origin,such

Nandi

and

time
as

there

existed

of

Narasimhavarman

Nfipatunga of Bahfir.

These

dynasty of chiefs of
Kil-Muttugfir, Danti,

chiefs have

succeeded

58

"

by degrees

supplanting the

in

Pallavas.

true

prefix "Vijaya"

by the

the

or

They

tinguishe
dis-

are

"Vikrama-

suffix

".

varman

one

"

When

V.

person

who

In

Venkayya

"

Magazine
Pallavas"

M.

in the

published in April 1907

the

under

"

but

was

strongly protested against it.

article

an

this theory, there

enunciated

R.

"

heading
T.

Ry.

College

Christian

Pallavas

Gopinatha

A.

Archaeology, Travancore

The

"

Ganga-

the

and

of

Superintendent

Rao,

State, Trevandram,

the

enunciated

has

following propositions :
1"
" as

"

treated

been

has

supposition.

wrong

2"

3"

of Nandivarman

dynasty, that

of the

Pallavamalla

must

Pallavas
be

the

identified

Nripatunga.
is the

grand-father of Nripatunga

the

son

Pallavamalla.

last

Gopinatha
father

of

Dantivarman,

The

one

Nandivarman

of

the ancestors

with

but

existed

There

descendants

thus

which

by later epigraphists(p.1) J" is

truth

of axiomatic

sort

origin of Nripatunga

Ganga

The

is

hypothesis

Rao

M.

R. Ry.

first to affirm that Pallavamalla

the

was

remarkable.

?ery

was

So, the genealogy of the Pallavas

of Dantivarman.

T. A.
the

stands

Pallavamalla

Nandivarman

"

Dantivarman

I
Nandivarman

I
Nfipatunga
However,

no

Rao.

Gdpinfttha
opinion, and

the

V.

have

discoveries
of

public, relying

Although

1"
not

as

In

we

none

any

in

own

rolled

striking

on

since

and

new

the theory

manner

of

documents,

we

proof of Nripatunga being related to

numerous

possible to find the least

his

maintain

Gangd-Pallavas.

large number

of Kil-Muttugfir
of the

R. Ry.

Rao.

possess

yet found

Narasiihhavarman
2"

only confirmed

to

M.

by

ment
authority of the Govern-

in

have

years

said

was

the

on

to believe

Ten

1907.

T.A. Gopinatha

M.R.Ry.

have

in

was

what

continued

Venkayya

Epigraphist, continued
This

for

cared

one

trace

or

to the

known
of any

Gangas.

inscriptions has it been

internal struggle enabling

to believe that the

us

of Nandivarman

Pallavamalla.

revolution,no
3"

The

dissension

are

admitted

that

found

"

There

time

same

would

be

It has
his

been

civil war,

no

Kingdom.
and

the so-called Ganga-

the country, and

over

dynasties

been

Pallava

in

proper

the

proved that Nripaturiga had

origin

of

makes

it

"

Ganga-Pallavas (G.O.

1908] without
suspicious if

Moreover,

the

(G.O. No.

Nandivarman

the

his

include

the

among

name

Velfirp"laiyam plates has

of
832, 28th July 1911) that the descendants
discovery of

suffix Vikramavarman

the

had

added

to their

incontestable

the

and

prefix K6-vijaya

the

names.

proved the following

VglfirpSjaiyam plates have

an

inscription

538, 28th July 1909).))

No

Pallavamalla

same

is

prefix K6-visaiya,

characteristic

could

we

that

name

ending "pottaraiyar"which

"The

No. 68

in

same

insuperable difficultyin locating these

an

"

genealogy

the

of the Valuvtir
applied to [Nripatungapp6ttaraiyar

The

be

it must

dynastiesreigned over

"

shown

no

geographical regions.
and the Ganga-Pallavas" p. 8)".

(The Pallavas

marks

all

different

two

contemporary
4"

has

in the Pallava

scattered

these

country at the

J"two

There

inscriptionsof the Pallavas

Pallavas

"

Ganga-Pallavas supplanted the descendants

manner

Nandivarman-Pallavamalla

i
Dantivarman

I
K6-vijaya-Nandivikramavarman.
If

bear

we

of these
that

in

mind, that, in 1907, i.e.,4 years

Rao

plates,M. R. Ry. T. A. Gopinatha

Dantivarman

the

was

ed
affirm-

had

Pallavamalla,

of Nandivarman

son

covery
before the dis-

Ganga-Pallava theory and the

fecundity of the theory propounded by M. R. Ry. Gopinatha Rao.
And
still,up to this time, it has been possibleto doubt it,as

we

shall

the

conclusive

What

Ganga-Pallava theory

genealogy given
Mr.

Hultzsch

"Nripatunga
"

found.

descended

is

from

Bahfir

in the

was,

in

was

the

".

fact,the origin and basis

name

Venkayya

Pallava;

Konkanika

Rao's

in the

Konkanika

plates.
V.

said, and
not

It

T. A. Gopinatha

of Mr.

favour

in

argument

theory has not been

of the

of the

the barrenness

see

That

he

is
was

the

repeated with
Ganga

because

only reason.

him,
he

is

M.R.Ry.

-58-

T.

Gopinatha Rao

A.

said that that

good for nothing ;

the Ganga-Pallava theory,

reason

he gathered proofs to try to demolish

but

its supporters

descended
In

from

8.1. 1. that

M.

R.

"

plates

"

that

Rao

with

it

of the

those

"

Against this, the

"

one

Konkanika,

have

in the

of the

said

inscription gives

other

this

latter

R.

in the

Ry.

Bfthtir

suggests
apparently

was

(8. L /., Vol. II,

*"

have

is the

GaAga

the

in

(or surname)

name

not."

of this

not

exist

has

that

of

all doubt.

the

the

more

any

cleared

book

genealogy

Vftyaltir
of

ancestors

Aryavarman

Harigupta,

following series

the

which,

ancestry

objection does

II

distinctively:

says

(Rajasimha).

II

have

then

it does

complete

Pailava, As6ka,

we

and

some

Kajinda, By",malla, [E]ka-

Kalabhartri, Chtitapallava,Virakfircha.
II the

PL

in

reproduced

of this part of

estampage

inscription.
have

We

said that

origin, such

as,

Pallavas

the

existed

engraved

No. 920, 4th

called

king

say

The

king
son

the

since

that
we

Report for 1916, p. 33.]

the

that

of

p. 86)

his

the

he married
son

was

alias Madhava

[SringSri
plates
"

this
who

thesis,
hypowas

by the Pallava
the

named

II, was

Mysore

the

in

plates (G.O.,

confirm

throne

the

affinitythat

Pallavas

the

of

genealogy

of Konkanivarman

on

Gariga

century, shows

Penugonda

4,

perhaps

see

in

bonds

and

The

grandson

VII

the

also

II, No.

of Simhavarman,

II alias Avinita

in

installed

was

and

Simhavarman

Konkanika,

era.

Part

of Western

names

Gaiigas

Western

that

Aryavarman

this Pallava

perhaps

Aug. 1914,

they

as

and

stone

Christian

of the

of

presence

on

and
the

between

century

the

Aryavarman

political relations
VI

M.

plates, and

V"yaltir inscription

malla, Vimala, Konkanika,

the

of

names

former

the

Western

Chapter

in
us

Narasimhavarman

We

of

Sastri

the clear

while

deciphering

others,

he is

(Madras, 1917),

theory

the

of the

III

(June 1917)

To-day

After

of Vol. II

Pqrt

in
ago

the

connects

"

only objection

includes

We

of

says

Krishna

H.

Sahib

case

Pallava

98, p. 505).

No.

V,

days

VMftrp"iaiyam

Nandivarman

of

son

Rao

the

that

few

Sastri

Krishna

H.

only

Vijaya Nripatungavarman

the

is not

V61tirp"laiyam plates

appeared

T. A. Gopinatha

Part

the

publishing
Ry.

Njipatunga

"

Konkanika."

of

"

retorted,

was

daughter

of

man.
Simhavarvarman
Konkani-

Archoeological

Approximate

Genealogy of

the W.

Gangas.

A. D.

420

Konkanivarman

450

Madhava

480

Aryavarman (installedon

(I).

Pallava

510

(I).

(II)(installedby Skanda-

alias Madhava

Konkanivarman

(II)alias Avinita

[Sringeri
plates"

Mysore

Report

[E.G. 10, Malfir 72.]

Mysore

"

dated
We

have

Vimala

names

Thus

help

been

to be clear

words

M.

and

for

of the

Vayalur

44.)
1912

inscriptionthat

existed in the Pallava

Konkanika

of these
the

the

on

the

logy
genea-

simple, and

it

can

genealogy

goes

origin of Nripatunga.

of

Vayalfir inscription

the

that

moment

dynasty

Bahfir

the

in

names

purely Pallava

then, from

thrown

Report

p.

year.]

deciphered, the Ganga-Pallavas

was

has

the

1916,

century.

presence

to confirm

with

and

the VII

from
The

proved

the 40th

for

Report

"

only

33.]

for 1916, p.

Druvinita

(Mujbagal plates Mysore

[Gummareddipura plates

the

by Simhavarman,

Pallava). (Penugonda plates).

varman,

580

throne

king).

Simhavarman

540

the

ceased

to

Nripatunga

be summed

R. Ry. T. A. Gopinatha

Rao

up

the truth is

light
seen

in the

following

in

affirming

right

was

full

exist ;

that"
1"

in

the

VIII

and

dynasty, that
2"

the

the
of the

IX

centuries

Pallavas

there

but

one

Velfirpajaiyam plates coupled with

give us the following genealogy :
Nandivarman

existed

those

of Bahfir

(Pallavamalla).

I
Dantivarman

Nandivarman

(donor of the Veltirpalaiyam

Njipatunga (donor of the Bahfir plates).

plates).

-60" 2. Chronology.
Let

first determine

us

presents

The

reign. This

of each

difficulties in regard to

no

Dantivarman

and

inscription (No. 262 of 1904) at Tiruchch"nftr

the 51st year

shall admit

of Dantivarman.
that

that

this

of

beyond the 26th

The

year.

know,

implies
little

reigned

which

are

very

tion
ques-

Nyipa-

is dated

in

long reign and

than

more

reigned 26

Nripatunga

king,

question is

kings. We

That

Dantivarman

It is certain

we

51 years.

for the

years,

do

numerous,

scriptio
in-

not

go

not

as

simple

so

case

of the

both

of them

of fact,that

matter

the

in

other

two

the

bear

of Nandivarman.

name

How

each

I hold

proceed
what

of therti

to

has
I

and

distinguish the

to

long did

prove

been

24

In the 58th
has

varman

These

The

are

From

the

The

than that of the

'

In

the

reign,

grandson

plates.

king Vijaya-Nandivikrama-

till now,

attributed
the

plates is

for

reasons

donor

No.

99,

to the

p.

517).

king that
My

Danti.

of

son

thinking

of the

the

so

Tandantdttam

second

in the
be

must

plates

alphabet of the

6th year,
archaic:

more

the

the

were

same

first is dated

the

alphabet

but

plates is

Tandantdttam

Pallava-

Nandivarman

Veltirpajaiyam plates,as

it is

of the

just

more

in

the

archaic

Vglfirpdlaiyamplates.

Sanskrit

letters,ft,kha,

His

years.

("/./.,Vol. II, Part V,

been,

VSltirpSjaiyam plates
reverse

62

palceographicpoint of view

and

year

of it.

Tandantdttam

the

on

the Tandantottam

of the

donor

58th

reigned

it

reverse.

my

the

(a) If
the

the

of

first to enunciate

the

am

quite convinced

am

of his

this grant

quite

Here

1"

now

from

quite different

is

VSltirpalaiyam plates,viz.,to

donor

malla.

this subject. I shall

on

now.

is based

plates have

is

opinion

as

how

? and

years.

year

made

the

granted

opinion

Pallavamalla

demonstration

My

the

it

other

the

till

imagined

about

from

Nandi

one

proposition, which

my

strongly affirm

for
reigiued

reign

definite

very

Nandivarman

as

duration

the

ga,

portion

da, dha,

na,

of
ya,

the
va,

Tandantdttam

"a,

sa,

plates, the

ha, nft,mu,

td, to,

show

signs of archaism, when

compared with the corresponding

letters in the V61tirp"Jaiyam plates.

It is the

same

with

case

the

Tamil

letters

ta, na, ya, la,

na,

tft,
n", yi, mfi, lai,ko, to.
It must
tdttam

therefore

plates was

be admitted

predecessor of the Nandi

plates.
(b) If, instead
observe

the

of

of the

us

VSlflrp"laiyam plates resemble

For

plates ; besides

TandantSttam
circular

VSlfirp"laiyam plates and

in the

(c) If, instead

individually,we

Jf we
58th

reign of the

III ((?.0. No.

by Govinda
No.

7). Granting

and

that

he

the

is semi-circular.

plates, we

admit

So, if we

reign of Nandi,

dated

this date

p.

in the

evidently

58th

reign

reign of his

of the

year

A.D.

59, Part II,

falls at the end of Danti's

would

of Danti, they

son

be

century.
them

between

of 50 years

difference

dated

plates are

the Tandantottam

that

and

dated

863

There

would

son

Any

one

has

who

look

at the

platesis much too archaic

IX Century (about870).

Tandantdttam

half of the

that

I think
the second

2"

these

half of the VIII

A reign of

there

plates are

is

no

room

more

one

century

than

to doubt

Paftchapandavamalaidated

half

that

or

p.

then

385.)

the

alphabetof

to be attributed

the

to the second

century older and belong to

(about 775).

century

is

rare

in

history;

that the inscription(No. 10 of

in

some

plates (8.L/.,

Tandantdttam

will,I think, admit

Vol. II, Plate XVIII)

in the

the plates of B"n"

King Hastimalla (S.H., Vol. II, Part III,plate facing

at

vanquished about 804

was

at the end of the IX

after,i.e.,

years

and

them

view

plates were

919, 29th July 1912,

805, the

in

died

be 805 + 58 -863.

would

that

the

century.

fact, that Danti

in

know,

in

scarcely visible

are

of Danti, they would

son

at

secondary i is almost

that the Tandant6ttam

of the

found

predominate

secondary

comparing

belong to the end of the IX

We

lines

led to the following considerations

are

suppose

year

of

the

plates, whereas

of Hastimalla

that, the

we

shall find that the

contrary, the vertical lines

the

on

separately,

K"s"kudi

vertical

example,

V"lfirpa]aiyam

letters

those

Tandan-

of the

of the

general aspect of the writing, we

Udayendiram.

be

the

examining

Taii^antSttam plates remind

the

that the Nandi

the

50th

year

of the

1895)

reign of

-62to the

Nandippottarasar belongs
plates which
If then
the

half

of the

so.

The

IX

IX

of the

the

The

inscription (No. 37

one

the

on

plates

is therefore

who,

grant is

of

fikadhiramangalam ;

of

to the

to

be

he

with

Nandippdttaraiyar

was

of

"

(No. 283 of 1901), who

in

of

the

Pallavamalla.

the

conclude

Tandantottam

new

of

name

that

malla
Pallava-

fikadhira.

surname

"

was

the

Tejia^

are

plates,is designated

Dantivarman

mentioned

TiruveJla^ai is reported
family and
the

to have

double

been

Nandivarman,
borne

king,

and

at

in

of

son

by him,

may

inscription,

TeU"ru."

by the fact that the

written

entitled

perhaps identical

Tiruchchennambtindi

victorious

have

to

Dantinandivar-

name

of

sense

Pallava

hypothesis is confirmed

victor

son

granted, by the

title Pallava-Mah^r"ja

......

point

.of the

the

from

understood

to the fact that

This

varman,
Nandi-

of his reign, made

year

may

Evidently, the

The

Dantivarman

of

kshatra

Brahma,

Pallava-Mahar"ja.
has

we

Sastri says

No. 88 of Appendix

belonged

leads

Nandivarman,

Nandivarman

plates by the

B. Ry. H. Krishna

M.

man

this

donor

the

4 of these

verse

southern

distinctly that

Pallavamalla

from

the

clearly,that this

very

doubt.

58th
than

other

no

that there

fikadhira.

surnamed

Nandi,

in

curve

Hiranyavarman.

plates,the village of Kodukojli, it received

And

Hiranyavarman.

the

in

Nandivarman

When

was

no

Raiichipuram

at

say

say

for any

room

no

Hiranyavarman,

kudi

with

Pallavamalla.

plates
son

know

we

wall

temple

K"sakudi

the

donor, is the

Taiidantottam

in

1888)

of

Taiidant6ttam

the

There

example, in

began

va

called

was

father of Nandivarman

the

the

letter

for

inscription there is

in the Vaikuntha-Perum"l

to believe, and

4"

the

century,

prince who

Pallava

only

And

second

It is absolutely impossible to do

genealogical point of view,

was

was

the

to

Ep. Ind., Vol IV).

From

ve'randah

be admitted

it must

inscription belongs

Paiichap"ndavamalai

in the

3"

of

of Danti,

son

I think

Century.

half

(Vide Plate

prince

the

was

of the.reign of Nandi.

year

alphabet of this inscription is archaic

us

58th

Panchap"ndavamalai

latter

curve

in the

this king

that

the

dated

are

reign as the Tandant6ttatn

same

an

inscriptions

alphabet which

is not

archaic enough

be

to

attributed to

the

epoch of Nandivarman

Pallavamalla.

Besides, the
of

victor

And
that

M.

of both
as

which

B. Ry.

of Dantivarman

this

conclude

after

was

as

early

April 1907, page

the father of the latter

the

we

do not

know

year

of

22nd

Pallavamalla

8),

(Nripatunga).

of any

his

reigned 62

Teliarrerinda

Nandivarman

the

son

inscription of

reign,

we

may

years.

reigned only

little

more

22 years.
I

As

1903) is dated

The

62nd

we

give him

can

reign of about

have

Dantivarman

It would

be

of the

duration
:

years.

reigns

62 years.

51 years.

Nandi-TeJiarrerinda : 24
Nripatunga

the

to the conclusion

come

we

J^kadhira-Pallavamalla

Nandi-

of

(No. 76 of 1889) being dated in

the

determined

now

that

24 years.

reigned 62

Pallavamalla

that Nandivarman
We

reign of Nandi,

of the

resembles

during the reign of Nripatunga]

dated

inscription of Tiruvallam
year

reign of this latter king,

of the

inscription mostly

of 1903

228

inscription (No. 229

Gudimallam

the

23rd year

in the

of this

inscription No.
I think

that

convinced

am

[the alphabet

the

College Magazine

hand,

Nandivarman

2"

of

contemporary

1"

than

fact

the father of Nripatunga.

other

dated

king

the

upon

probable that the Victor of Tejiaru was

and

the

malla.
Pallava-

TeU^ru and Nripatunga, concluded,

(Nandi)

former

on

Gopinatha Rao, relying

Christian

It is therefore

As,

descriptionof the

K"duvetti-Tarailapperaraiyan
was

(Madras

the

gives

apply to Nandivarman

cannot

T. A.

the victor of

1907

that

TeUa^u

certain

Nandikkalambagam

years.

26 years.

desirable

know

to

approximately when

these

kings reigned.
We
the VII
1"
In

can

and

at

once

before the IX

the

manner,

Chaiukyas

reigned after

Century.

reign afterthe VII century.

preceding chapter, we have established,in an

Pallavamalla
the

for certain that they have

say

in

A.D,

began

fact

to

that

674.

ParamSsvaravarman

Here

we

have

table
irrefu-

I. repulsed the
correct

date.

-64between

this

there have

and

the

passed

away

(a) the

of

accession

Pallavamalla

Nandivarman

of the reign of Param36varav"rman

end

(6) the whole

I ;

reign of Narasiihhavarman

of the

simha), which

II.

probably long enough

was

(c) the reign of Parameevaravarman

(Rftja-

II.,which

probably

was

short.

I think
conclude

began

that

it

Nripatunga's reign came

28

to

6aka
24th

820, i.e.898

year

of

year

26th and

and

We

A.D.

No.

inscription No.

son

of the

I.

Gram

at

his

began

907.

(G.O. No. 492, 2nd July 1906, p. 68).

father
p.

Aditya I.

277) and

dated
must

thus

who

certain

This

Udaiy"r
21st and
p.

27th

able

was

king, who
his

gave

71, part II, No.

Aditya I, for

an

to

reign

error

There

that

had

established

by Aditya I. before
So,

the

it is between

reigns: Nandi,
26

62
years.

that

21st year
717

years;

and

is

R"ja-r"ja. It
about

North

Arcot

that

doubt

no

made

in

Par"ntaka

the Pallava

880.

District,in the

the

June

this

'Danti,

that

donation

51

years;

was
was

I.

empire

we

1907,

king

conquered

was

of his reign,i.e.,before
900

is

To^dafim"najEtir-Tunjina-

been
son

who

only king named

before

the throne

in the

rectified during the reign of his

It is thus

of

(Ep. Ind., Vol. III.,

of his reign (G.O. No. 503, 27th

29.)

that

reign of his

of the

he is the

long

so

surnamed

was

years

us

assures

king called Rajakesarivarman,

donations,

22nd

the

the

that

(No. 230 of 1915) inscriptions are

Aditya I. ascended

that

and

in the first half

reign

last year

AdityaI.,for

be

in the

that the

conclude

am

Tirukkalukkunyam

of

year

unquestionably

R"jakdsari

the

Brahmadesam

the

in the

the

is therefore
But

223 of 1903

king and

to 898

is anterior

of 1905

735

king Parantaka

906

therefore

Chdia

year

Ban

of

year

feudatory, the

the

the

The

24th

900.

is before

(b) Inscription

in the
of his

reign

must

Nripatunga's reign

last year

Pallavamalla

before 900.

is dated

the

reign of the

the

during

end

an

of 1903

king V"navijj"dhara

is dated

so

717.

or

reign of Nripatunga, during

B"iia

and

40 years,

Nandivarman

unlikely that

is

(a) Inscription No.

the

taken

have

must

events

reign before 716

to

2"

these

must

900

put the

Nandi,

24

A.D.

four

years;

The

lengthof these

62+51+244-26-163

four reignsput together

g.ves
and

years,

from

715

periodof

to

900

as

something

there

185

are

years.

I therefore consider the

The

coronation

followingresult

of Nandivarman

took place between

Dantivarman

do.

Nandi

do.

Njipatunga

These

figuresare

shall prove

we

1"

later

TeUftru

confirmed

on

Pallavamalla

da

of

certain

717 "

737.

do.

779 "

799.

do.

830 "

85o!

do.

854 "

874.

by the following
two

facts which

Nandivarman

Pallavamalla

vanquished

was

by the Chaiu-

kyas about 741.

2"

Dantivarman

vanquished by the Rashtrakfltas about

was

803.
If

we

take the average

now

kings might possibly have

Nandivarman

of the

been

crowned,

Pallavamalla

was

of

727.

do.

do.

789.

do.

do.

840.

do.

do.

864.

TeU",ru

figures
for

allowing

considered
of

error

an

considered

be

must

be

may

that

the figures I have

led

that have
1"

The

as

Ambftr

26th
must

year

admit

is 10 years

2"

less.

or

This

result

above.

years

183)

this

give

taken
the

away

reasons

which

8 of 1896"

dated

are

mention

date is 879.

almost

Nripatunga

coincides

ascended

before the approximate date

RajakSsarivarman and

below

Vide

also

in the 26th and

Pirudi-Gangaraiyar

Pirudi-Gangaraiyar

last known

Inscription No.

be

can

king.

of Nripatunga
that

approximately correct,

more

10

Nripatunga

of this

probable that
whose

be

inscriptions(Nos. 7 and

pp. 182 "

contemporary

Prithvipati I.

these

given

of the reign of

It is

years,

to this conclusion

me

Ep. Ind.,Vol. IV,

last year

to

sufficient.

I believe, however,
from

10

in cir. A.D.

Nripatunga
These

find that

we

these

crowned

Dantivarman
Nandi

dates in which

two

222

found

we

with

the throne
we

of 1911, dated
at

If

is

have

other

admit

than

that the

this epoch,
about

given

in the

Tirunag"svaram

no

we

854, which
to it

second
in the

year

of

Tanjore

Saatri to

has been Attributed by M. E. fty.H. Krishna

district,

AdityaI.
133 of 1914

Inscriptions Nos. 101, 104, 105, 127, 130 and

been

admitted

F.) to be

No. 1260, 25th Aug. 1915, p. 72, Appendix

A.D."

907

AdityaL

the

inscriptions

reign and

Sastri

the

in

to

Report).

same

7th years

temple

Tiruvejumbur

at

of
in

Trichinopoly district.
If,then,

the

very

and

885

But

and

83 of

Tanjore, in the 21st

that

22nd

the

(insc.Nos.

situated

not

far from

Tiruvejumbur

then,
of

the

districts of

beginning of the reign

My

have

date

The
in

have

Udayendiram

and

the

21st and

took

that
years

(864)

the

22nd

Pallavamalla

do

place about

of that

Nandivarman
these

741

be

following chronology

Nandi

of

reduced

880.

He

Kas"kudi

years

fore
there-

before

the

mention

not

We

may

the Ch"lukyan
therefore

anterior

are

are

sion
inva-

conclude

to this event, and

that

that

reign before 719-720.

to

that

by 10

plates which

respectively of the reign of

year

the
years

from
"

Aditya

should

dates

approximate
and

I therefore

TeUa^u

Nfipatunga:

of

reign after the death

854, i.e.,10

the

began

Nandivarman-Pallavamalla
Dantivarman

Trichinopoly.

fixed for it.

I think

reasons,

settled must

in

king's reign

Pallavamalla

1901)

of

Trichinopoly formed

to

reign about

to

throne

the

near

301

of the latter.

we

Nandivarman

For

ceased

ascended

approximate
3"

who

and

of his reign and

Aditya I. began

impression is that

of Nripatunga

end

300

and

Tanjore

at the

Nripatunga

(insc.

reigned at Lalgudi

he

year

(insc.No. 17

of his reign

year

Kdviladi

kingdom

at the

have

in

Nfipaturiga reigned $t

that

mind

in

at

Thus

those

bear

1892) and

are

dated

also

must

we

1895)

the

from

was

Trichinopoly.

Ka^diytir, near

which

this king

that

admit

also

must

during the

dated

inscriptions are

in 882 (2nd year of his roign)

beginning of his reign, i.e.,
lord of the districts of
(5th year of his reign) the supreme

Tanjore and

No.

that these

admit

we

Aditya I.,we

reign of

of

earlier th*n

dated in the 5th, 6th, and

are

engraved

are

"

Krishna

H.

Ry.

R.

(Part II, No. 20, p. 96, of the

These
his

by M.

attributed

and

Filial(G.O.

L. D, Swamikannu

Bahadur

by Diwan

have

717 to 779

A.D.

779 to 830
"

"

830 to 854

"

854 to 880

"

"

we

fix the

$ 3.
We

have

The

said

History

that, about

Pallavamalla, there

varraan

about

Pftn4yas,

741, during

was

803, king Dantivarman

of the

Chaiukyan

became

reign of Nandi-

the

and

invasion

that

tributary of the Rashtra-

kfltas.
from

Apart
that

these

the Pallavas
the

writing

had

events, I believe that most

two
to wage

against

were

history of the

Pallavas

the

we

of the

Pa^idyas

in

so,

of

the

putting

the

speak

must

wars

Pa^dyas.
shall

We

begin the history of the Pandyas

genealogy of VSlvikudi by the side

as

below

shown

by

Sinnamandr

of that of the two

1) Kadungon
2) Majavarman
Avanisujamani
3) 6eliyan""ndan-l) Jayantavarman
I
|
2) ArikSsarin
4) Arik^sarin
"

"

grant

[Report for
1908]

Ma^avarman

Ma^avarraan

Smaller

ISinnamantir
j [Report for
1907]

5) K6chchadaiyan
6) Ter

1)

Maran"

Pararikusan

Rajasimha

7)

Jatila

ArikSsarin

"2)

Jatila

Bigger

Parantaka

Sinnamantir

3) Rajasimha

plates.

[Report for
1907]

4) Varaguna
^kavira

5) Mara,

Srivallabha

Parachakrakoiahala
.

first king that

The
Arikdsarin
The
"

to be

V"lvikudi plates

say:

of the

who

was

He

"

battle of Nelvdli

king of KSraJa " ; and the

(verse 8) mentions
mflrti Nayanar
"

little known

to fame

is No.

Majavarman.

of VilvSli at the

army

seems

overcame

and

the 'ocean-like

conquered

the

army

Tirutto^dattogai of Sundaraa

"

king named

victorious in the battle of NelvSli," who

was

Nedumayan,
first a

Jaia,

-68afterwards

was

became

converted

of the

one

identified with

Sivism by Tirufi"nasambandar

to

63 devotees.

If therefore

No. 4 M"yavarman,

and

this saintly king is

he will be the

of

contemporary

Sambandar.
The

latter

was

SiyuttondaN^yanar

who

No.

Kdchchadaiyan

His

son,

The

V"Jvikudi plates,say

the

"

the

would

with

318)

p.

"

of

Narasimha-

therefore

lived

have

650.

about

"

V"t"pi

conquered

4, M"javarman

-King No.

I.

varrnan

(Periyapuranam

contemporary

ocean-like
Mah"ratha

great

and

of enemies,

ocean

He

"

the

at

overcome

was

Marudtir, this

of him

and

army

have

would

lived about

destroyed at Marudfir
city of Mangalapuram
This

destroyed.*
"

this

675.

Mah"ratha

victory at

", what

all

are

these ?
We

have

saicj just

I.

Vikram"ditya
And

poly.
say

encamped

was

be the

will then

The

Ch^lukyan

coincidence:

new

I.

The

of

son

I. both

varman

the

bore

of his

K6chchadaiyan

the

grandfather,the
again

There
The
that

same

that

attacked
among

by the
whom

was

allied

Pallava

of

"Mah"ratha"

Here

Pallava

find

we

and

together against Vikraof Param"svara-

son

This

prince R^jasimha

I., on
the

was

the

daughter

given the

be

can

Chaiukyas) fought

king

(who
under

side
of

of

RSjaof his

name

coincidence

new

plates (S.I.L Vol. II, part III, p. 376.)say

Pallava

Xiaikudi. Nandivarman

also

king.

Pallavamalla

the

have

205)

confederates

R^jasirhha.

married

P^ndya

shall find

we

p.

Kochchadaiyan

the

and

name

the

that

probably the

of the

Udayendiram

Nandivarman,

friends

K6chchadaiyan

son

29,

we

three

father, Paramesvaravarman

the

and

simha

RHjasimha.

was

Kochchadaiyan

lion to his enemies,

orders

IX, No

of the

one

that

i.e.,at Trichino-

the P^ndyas

supposed

were

explained by supposing
was

Vol.

674

king.

have

we

Paramesvaravarman

m"ditya.

was

K6chchadaiyan

of

son

king

probably

precisely in

is

victory at Peruvalanalltir. The

the

gained

who

P"ndya

the

that

lived

Uragapuram,

at

I. fought with

that Vikram"ditya

supposed

It

plates (Ep. 2nd.

Kendtir

the

Kdchchadaiyan

coincidence

Strange

675.

about

that

now

faced

great danger.

prince Chitram"ya

P"ndya

king who

Pallavamalla

and

other

He

was

princes

fought the battle of Mai}-

repulsed his

enemies

in the

Since

Pallavamalla

probable that

ChitramHya

mSsvaravarman

Pa^dya

to

As

IL,

time

when

have

been

an

no

other

than

the

had

called

lived at the

lived in the

Nandivarman
us

his

learn

it is

usurper,

heir to Para-

relative

R"jasiihha

century at the

usurped the throne.

VSJvikudi plates;

Tamil

the

from

of

son

that Rajasimha

says

Here, there

".

his

century,

Kochchadaiyan gained a victory

(perhaps Mannaikudi) over the Pallavas ; and

portion

Pallavamalla

VII

of the

first half of the VIII

the

that the

Mannikurtchchi

the Sanskrit

end

Pallavamalla

examine

now

portion, we
at

who

Kdchchadaiyan

Let

was

to

help him.

Rajasifhha

son

seems

is

no

"

King

doubt, as the

for any

room

in battle

defeated

name

of the king is stated clearly.

"bigger" plates

Again, the

ArikSsarin

mangai,

Parankusa

varman

village which

subdued

M",ra-

that

at Samkara-

the Pallavas

with

identified by V. Venkayya

been

has

!"innamanur say

of

Samkaragr"ma.
These

events

It is also

natural

Parankusa

took
to

identify Jatila Pariintaka,

which
This

who

give 769-70
identification

Ajnapti" who

kayya

two

"

bank

J"

of N"ttukkurumbu."

Jatila is

king

dram

in battle
the

probably the
in

stone

donor

the

name

called

must

have

at

one

and

the

been

as

lived

of them
with

the

on

the

V.

Ven*

same.

the

"

con-

southern

at the battle

Kurumbas

also called K^davas.

of the

Museum

Madras

and

Tirupparankunram
of the

poet

M"rangari,

Velvikudi plates

the

Penn^gadam

were

the

exactly

conclude

inscriptions (according

Gopinatha Rao) and the donor

whose

to

AyavSJ and

that the Pallavas

mentioned

Museum

according

K^dava

of the Kav"ri

know

that

record. Both

but

are

the

king.

fact

was

therefore

may

personages

Parantaka

quered the

the

We

"

We

the

verses

the Velvikudi

composed

that these

Jatila

of this

justified by

is

of

Anaimalai

in the

Mtivdndamangalapperaraiyan,

Karavandapura

at

date

exact

Anaimalai

the

composed

alias, Madhurakavi
"

the

as

of Arikesarin

son

1906) found

of

454

and

century.

Par^ntaka

Maraiijadaiyan

with

Rajasimha,

inscriptions (Nos. 453

cave

first half of the VIII

in the

place

smaller

mentioned

in the

to

M.

the

Plates,
Trivan-

R. Ry.

T. A,

6innamantir plates
missing plates.

70

"

In
about

the
the

bigger platesof

"iQ"amagftr,
we

of Jatila

R"jasimha

son

grandfather)or

his

The

the

Gangas,
who

has

Venkayya
aPiindya prince
of

existence

remarked

of

as

In

the

chapter LI

said (No. 27):

of

it

Now,

royal family

ft

ill-treated by his king.ft

prince and began

back

ft the
ft and

of

II.,king

of

According

of

mention

We

family."

have
the

among

also

enemies

enables

of Pandu

us

with

the

(No. 38) "

gave

also died with

him

the

the

fled from

he

had

rebel

been

P"jdya

field of battle

his life in the

at the

the

Mah"wamsa,

of Madura.

town

up

time

very

because

kingdom

it is

hither, having

come

was

allied himself

lay siege to

at that

that

to pass

elephant, and
to

the

rate

any

mentioned

that

Ceylon,

P^ndyas

an

his queen

to

At

(Translationof Wijesinha)

to overthrow

design

of

repulsed the

he

Kaiingas, the Magadhas

the

in the

are

came

formed

king

victorious

was

that

and

ft

The

and

he

Pallava

the reigning king implies the

of Mah"wamsa

"

of the

that

The

vanquished

he

Ceylon joining M"y"-P"ndya

prince

Sena

of

Singhalese

"

enemy

an

identification

an

that

Simhala,the

says

Vilinam

written

"rlmftra.The king

to make

portion

conflictinginterests

that

after

named

was

at Kudamtikku.

V.

ft

Tamil

Singajam,at

him

details either

no

Srimara Parachakrakol"hala.

was

Pallavas, the Chojas,

attacked

(who

Sinnamantir plates say

The
at

find

grandson Varagu^a.

Keraja, the king of

the

Vallabha.

Kunntir,

"t

his

about

of

portion

M6y"~P"ndya,
the

called

of Varaguna

son

Sanskrit

"

place,

wrong

time.ft

same

king

on

II

Sena

reigned from

866 to 901.

Here,

have

we

speak again about

to

the chronology of Maha-

wamsa.

had

Chdlas

The

1"
of his

we

of these

of two

Ceylon

These

the first under

the

of Mahinda.

But

are

of

reign

of

invasions

to make

the

kings of

island

course

Udaya

the

37th

year

943.

about

mentioned
IIL

invasions

little before

about
reign (Tiruppalaturaiinscr.),

Rdjar"ja conquered

the

several times.

dates

exact

I. invaded

Parantaka

2"

reign

the

know

frequently with

wars

that country

Ceylon and invaded

And

to wage

and

1002.
in the
the

Mahftwadisa,

second

under

the

V.

the

dates

given* in the Mahftwaftsa

agree

with

71

"

the correct

chronology by 24

little

in the

MaMwartisa.

Subject

841

relative

quarter of

condition,

that

the

here

must

plates

of the

Singhalese

we

P"ndya

Ceylon by Nara-

coincided, when
century from

that

Sena

king who

took

we

those

safely depend

may

admit

of

given

the

upon

II. reigned
dethroned

was

from

by his

probably Srtm"ra Parachakrakoiahala.

was

We

than

dates

the

chronology and

876 and

to

that

saw

this

to

Mahawaihsa

we

more

spoke of the invasion

we

L,

away

numbers

years.

Besides, when
siihhavarman

the

reduce

must

we

ones,

"

say

note

that

6rimara

is

doubt

coincidence.

new

encountered

The

Pallavas

the

Sinnamanftr
in the battle of

Kudamftkku.
There
IX

the

century, the

mdkku

1908) in
And

temple

have

we

eight

also

learnt

of his

years

of the river

the banks
has
We

said

have

reigned from

We

that
841

(No. 13 of
is

Srimara
876

to

The

alliance

that

of the

P"ndya

the

B"hflr

plates which

beyond the

and

seas

as

say

Sena

that

It

was

Gopiiratha

Kumbhakdnara.
of

Sena

II
of

863.
the

Pallava

kingdom
II.

by

Nripatunga

the

Singhalese,

at Kumbhakdnam.

confirmed

to be

seems

Njipatunga's fame

had

by

spread

of Pft^dya

of that of the Pallavas.

say

that

the

P"ndya

king

was

860.

perhaps about

In the foregoing pages

knowledge

on

that of R"ma.

Singhalese chronicles

The

logy
chrono-

first eight years

defeated

was

T. A.

near

the

our1

P"ndyas

contemporary

that

854 and

the

over

R. Ry.

runs
a

and

suppose

of Nripatunga

M.

was

plates,that, in the

854 to 863, if

victory

that

fall between

the invasion

the B"hftr

which

against "rtm"ra who

xto march

slain.

gained

Ari"iaru

therefore

may

profitedby

Kuda-

this town

Kumbhak6nam,

at

from

Arichit

identified with

Nripatunga's reign

of

called

was

reign, i.e.,from

be correct, Nripatunga

who

P"ndyas, in

Tirukkudamfikku.

called

Raa

Kumbhakdnam

of

town

N"gSsvara

the

of the ancient

that in the time

inscription of M""anjadaiyan-P9,ndya

the

; in

first

no

we

have

tried to

history for

the

show
proper

the importance

understanding

"H
E-i

$
"

"

tm

i
P
00

P*

"

a*
02

"H

CQ

J^

S
.

00

CHAPTER
ESSAY

ON

HISTORY

THE

Nandivarman

When

Pallavamalla

ParamSsvaravarman
There

disputed.
dynasty

of

perhaps

was

Simhavishnu

who

plates.

prince, called

Hiranyavarman

brother

He
**

supported

was

Muttaraiyan
of

Pallava

",

T.

Another

friend

Pftiidyas who

naikudi
salur

and
The

to be

the

in

the

Pallava

descendant

power

in the

of his

friends

of

kingdom.
the

was

governed the

cipality
prin-

between

state

of

the

of

insc.

Journal

"

the

the
I.

S.

Villivalam)

in

to

obtain

to

him, and

relation

Pftndyas

overthrown

(Mannikujichchi)
Id aval
other

which

(not far from

enemies

of the Eastern

rftja(Vishpuvardhana

III)

is

was

the

plates).
Nandi, then

son

July 1906, p. 61).

the

help of
king

many

of

the

also

the

king

of the Western

king of the

Sankaramangai and

probably

Manni

ManTiruvi-

near

Eumbhakdnam).
back

Chfilukyan

741, Vikramftditya

Ohftlukyan' invasion

at

beaten

were

the

of

banks

M"ran),

perhaps

who

Pandya.

of R"jasimha
were

own

492, 2nd

R"jasiifaha (TSr

related

was

his

having

managed

were

the

on

(UdaySndiram

(G.O., No.

however,

Udayachandra

was

(father-in-law of RHjasimha) and

the confines

About

Rao

"

time,

(vide : Some

Kaiichlpuram.

whom

among

at this

buffer

Hiranyavarman

at Kafichi.

Chitram"ya,

The

as

bably
proto

belonging

ChitramSya

Pallavas, who

Gopinatha

succeeded

minor, crowned

Gangas,

one

territories

(probably

Vilvala

Hiranyavarman

Majavas

great

served

A.

of

Vfigavati,not far from

kings

had

was

July 1911.)

"

governed

claimed

of the

which

"

who

nobles:

some

P"ndya

by

an

however,

was,

succession

heir

called

is

and

vassal

the

and

Association

by

Tanjore

Mutt^raiyars

There

of Siihhavishnu

(about A. D. 717-779).

II. died, the

Uday"ndiram

DYNASTY

THE

OF

NANDIVARMAN.

OF

" 1.

VI.

in all directions

kingdom

in which

reigning (A.D, 709

II.

to "Tundftka"

(733

to

746)

to

up

to

Vishjiu-

746).

led

the

(Toiidai-MaTidalam).

fourth

In the KtadAr

Ch"lukyas

plates(Ep. Ind. Vol. IX, No. 29,p. 205),the

Vikramftditya II.

that

say

"

the

"

Nandipdtavarman, took

opening of the campaign,

beat

"

and

at
flight,

to

put

the opposing Pallava

king named

possession of particularmusical

instru-

'

called Kaiumu

"ments,
i

excellent

vdnga-dhvaja, many

iphauts and

and

k hav"ditra

Samudraghdsha, the Khat-

well-known

and

heap of rubies, which

intoxicated

dispelleddarkness

brilliancyof the multitude

"

destroying it,the city of K"ficht, which

"

adorning yonder lady, the region of the south, who

Brfthmanas

"

who
liberality,

the

"

been

Pdndya, Cholaf Kerala, Kalabhra

stone

and

The

acquiredhigh
of

last

phrase

was,

entered, without
as

it were,

had

girdle

rejoiced

by restoringheaps of gold

merit

and

Bdjasimhesvara

to be built

who

by the

helpless people by his uninterrupted

and

poor

temples

caused

of their rays,

ele-

other

gods, which

by Narasimhapdtavarman, who

show

to

seems

other

and

that

to

had

distressed

kings.*

the

Pandyas joined the

Pallavas.
The

donations

puram

by

caused

to

No.

Vikramfcditya II.
be cut

in this

at

by

inscription

an

temple by this king (Ep. Ind. Vol. III.,

by five documents

reigned for

inscription No. 55 of 1887

50th year

52nd

year

58th year

Tandanttdttam

62nd

inscription N6. 76 of 1889

year

last

Vanarayar

"

was

" 2.
The

No.

10 of 1895 at

PanchapSndavamalai.

No.

27 of 1887 at

6adupperi.

plates.

copper

mentions

at Tiruvallam.

the

that

Bana

(about A. D. 779-830).

Dantivarman

Vglfirpfilaiyamplates ("!./.,Vol. II, Part

Pallavamalla

(her)birth

)"

(the river)R"v", had

"

high mountain) J" ; and it was

Danti

king Mavali

vassal of the Pallavas.

that Nandivarman

name

Viriiijipuram.

at

"

inscription

long time

47th year

The

was

confirmed

Pallavamalla

Nandivarman

is confirmed

The

are

KMchf-

temple

48, p. 359.)
That

us

Kail"sanatha

to the

made

seems

to

from

for wife R6v",

a

of R"shtrakfita
R"shtrakfita

p.
"

511) tell

who, like

great king (or,from

of her that Dantivarman

be

probably the daughter of

had

7,

was

origin ; and

king named

bonu
Rdvft

Danti.

-76This

politicalrelations that subsisted at this

will explain the

Pallavas

the

period between

the R"shtrakdtas.

and

"

In

780

varman

probably

"

the

"

the

at

of K"nchi

king

"

reign of

of the

beginning

Danti-

II. in his struggle

helped Gdvinda

against Dhruva.

(Ep.

his brother.
There
not

is

only

K"v"rl

The

that
but

in K"nchl,

also

kings reigned

at

of the

banks

5th

fact, in the

In

made

been

the

on

State.

have

(Pudukotta) (No. 348 of-1914)and

poly)(No.

region

Pudukdtta

dethroning

in

104).

17 p.

the

over

of his reign, donations

year

however

epoch the Pallava

at this

modern

to the

up

III.,No.

Ind. Vol.

doubt

no

succeeded

latter

Kunn"ndftrkoil

at

(near

Tiruvellarai

Trichino-

1905).

541 of

Inscriptions

were

Gingee

(No.

of

(No. 74

of

283

1898)

1916),and

and

10th

6th

in the

engraved

(No.

years

1898) of

of

51

Tondur,

(Chingleput district.)
inscriptionsat Triplicane (Madras) [No. 234

near

1898), 9th

of

(No. 80

7th

the

in

at

year

his

at

reign

Uttaramallur
The
Ind. Vol.

K^ncht
In

VIIL,

are

dated

the

16th

Muttaraiyar
declared

in the 12th

Journal

and

vassal
p. 23

IV,

No.

21st year

Dantiga,

who

this
ruled

of the

that

inscription dated

reign

of Danti

We

have

In the 49th

(No. 226
of the

of

It

Dantr's

year

according
Govinda

is dated

to

III,

chronology.

our
"

having conquered

Dantivarman

forced

the

in

him

to pay

127).

between

the

and

21st

that

remarkable

fact,very

the

the

weakened

considerably

event

It is,in

inscriptions dated
of his

1903) when

Pallavas;

has

at

reign, a grant

49th

the

end
made

was

the Bftna king Vijay^ditya

and

(No. 262

is remarkable

reign

Muttaraiyars"

there

years

is

of the

800-828.
two

the 51st year

p.

this

Pallavas.

Muttaraiyan

Malaiyadipatti inscriptions

Uttaramalltir

at

that

(Ind. Ant. Vol. XL,

the

in

July 1911.)

K",nchi,"

over

1900) near

reigning

inscriptions of the

"

time

still

VidSlvidugu

that

of the

of 1892

61

It is probable

no

Some

"

35 of

Ep.

reign.

was

see

of his reign, i.e.,

in 800

It is about

power

we

in two

of S. I. Association

Inscription

tribute

for

kingdom,
a

of his

year

(No.

Kdram

at

Dantivarman

year,

himself

(Nos. Ill

29, p. 291],and

No.

of 1903"

the
of

to
was

reign.

Gudimallam
the

vassal

inscription is dated

in

end

of

1904).

that

been

Tiruchch"nfir

of Danti's

no

found

inscription
in

the

dated

southern

at

the

portion

of

the

Pallava

in the Tanjore and the Trichinoempire and particularly

poly districts.
The
found
from

on

the

the

16th

This
a

of Danti

name

of the

banks

extends

single donation

proceed

dozen

remark

17

of 1907

51

of

1895

No.

414

of

1904

No.

413

of

1904

which

to

seem

kingdom

was

16th

of the

year

It is

364
358

that

the

impossible

to

at this

epoch.

105

13

of 1908

No.

690

10

of 1899

the

dated

Kdviladi)

"(Laigudi and

2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th

We

cannot,

So,

whose

would

inscriptions

Varaguna
lists made

nam].

It

"

this

that

825

who

from

united

it

the

Teljaru
of

series

and

and

the

tions
inscripinvasion

P"ndya

Tanjore

to

Trichi-

the

{Tillas-

Tiruchchennambtindi),

reign of Nandi,

son

of Danti

(Kdviladi),21st (Kandiyfir),22nd

18th

the

of

reign of Nripatunga
of the

years

possibly

suppose

after the

occupation
and

it is

when

we

found

Dantivarman,

of

have

we

place

(Tiruvellarai),10th

of the

therefore
are

the

to

took

occupation

that

6th

KSiveri

of the

Varaguna

to

given

P"ndyas.

this

suppose

years

therefore,

reign, about

Danti's
have

think

we

4th

Majaiijadaiyan

reign of Nandi

(Tiruverumbur)

banks

occupied the

Pallava

the

the

kings that succeeded

the

in

(Narth^malai),

7th

of 1905
of 1905

of

from

king called

(Sendalai),
18th (K6viladi

12th

now

84 of 1910

part

P",ndyas,

that

to

us

(Tiruppal"tturai)years

22nd

southern

in fact, inscriptions in the

districts

not

No.

king Parantaka,

place

thanam),

found

No.

of the

allow

nopoly

shall

We

time.

1907

suppose

will not

are,

that

military occupation.

that

There

in

Chola

this

reign.

it is strange

1907

P^ndya

beginning

of the

advent

took

the

and

of

during the reign of the Pallava

for, from

of his

of

by the

reign of
a

been

No.
No.
No.
No.

occupied

been

end

i.e.,

years,

prove

to have

appears

the

during

inscriptions have

No.
No.

period of 35

795 to 830

made

of the monuments

in any

K"v"ri, for

from

was

to make

mentioned

to
(Malaiyadipatti)

year

period

is not

studi

the

Ch6la and

To

H"l"sya-Mahatmyai

in the

Chola king, Aditya.

that

the

Pftndyas

reign of Dantivarman.
place at the

precisely this

appear
on

took

date

end
that

of
we

"f the
an

Perhaps,it was
Sena I, i.e.,
from

the

Varagwja that during the reignof

saate

dates being reduced

(theMahftvamsa

821 to 841

by 25 years)conquered Oeylon.
Be

that

of the invasion
The

enable
inscriptions

the

it may,

as

began with

give a history

kingdom.

of the Pallava

attack

to

us

expedition into Idavai (insc.No.

an

1905) "

690 of

the town

in the

of the

Ch6Ja country

same

there is

Mah"r"ja. And
tell

the

that

us

Tiruvifialur that

an

23),i.e.,in

the

414 of

1904)that

n"du

same

as

Trichinopoly and the Ambftsamudram

Varagu^a

Tiru-

tions
inscrip-

destroyed Vetnbil which

is

probably

originallycalled Vfemban^r.

was

Ch"Ja country was

conquered
Tillasthfinam
(No. 51 of 1895) and

at

II.,

Vol
(5.1.7.

inscription(No. 17 of 1907)of Varagufla-

All the

found

be identified with

can

Manni-nftdu

in the

name

part V, Introduction,page
vifialtlrwhere

which

"

dated

are

in the

for,the inscriptions

at

Trichinopoly (No.

reign of M"jranjadaiyan mention

Varaguiia.
these

All

inscriptionsbeing dated

probable that the campaign

Other

in

conducted

was

the

4th

at that time.

6th year

at

Trichinopoly (No. 413 of 1904),

Idutujai(No. 364 of 1907),

8th year

at

Adutujai(No. 358

8th year

at Kumbhak6nam

4- ?

at

year

1907),

of

(No. 13 of 1908),

10th year

at

Sendalai(No. 10

13th year

at

TiruveUajai (No. 84 of 1910),

of

1899),

that the occupation of Pallava territory was

Sendalai inscription,methinks,

The

fixing the date of Varaguna.

aiyas

it is

:
inscriptions

4th

prove

year,

lived

in

the

16th

We
year

of

(Malaiyadippattiinscriptions)and
Niyaman
That

(Sendalai)
in the
shows

is specially important for

that

see

the

of

well that the invasion

Vid"lvidugu Muttaj-

reign of Dantivarman

that

tenth year

durable.

he

made

donation

at

Mfi^anjadaiyan'sreign.

of

Varaguiia Pfrjdya took

place in the reign of Dantivarman.

Amb"samudram

The
year
latest

of the
in

inscriptionwhich

is dated

reign of Varaguna Mahftrftja(No 105

date

concerning

the

occupation

It says, that,at this period,Varaguna

was

of

of

Pallava

in the 16th

1905) is the
territory.

encamped in the town

of Araisflr*which

is situated in the

Togdai-n"Ju, on the banks of

the Pennar.
At

and

empire
Who
shall

probably
the

was

Pallava

The

mother

of

prowess

J" kingdom,
"

the

on

his

not

in the

Who

probably, it
of

hero

which

victorious

which
and

The

district.

in

fact* found

in

Is it rational
Teller

which

puram

in

allusion

to the

first ten years

52

of

1895)
of Tejjarrerinda.
of

Very

Nandikkalambagam,

poem

tells us, in

the

64, that he

verse

(riverin

Madura)

the

undoubtedly

Wandiwash

was

[Ind. Ant

this place

of the North

Pallava

I. page

69

remains

numerous

73 of

the

during

town

village of Tell"r

(insc.No.

t"luq

Antiquities Vol.

Pallava

on

the

of Danti's

was

invaded

at

reign, the

Varaguna

situated

the

on

southern

was

Pennar

in so., No.

105 of

30

miles

probable, if we

very

P^dyas.

occupation,

of

distance

contrary,

by the

the Pandyas

that

to suppose

only

is

end

samudram

(Pallava)

1908)
Arcot

period
I

have,

of temples built in

style.

the Pallava

It is,

the

he fought this battle ?

The

of this

existence

proved

been

hap

with

up

an

the

the title

whom

is

part of the

forms

now

perhaps

the capital of TeUarjrupparru

once

was

TeU"ru

of

of his

172].

page

town

puffed

within

of the Vaigai

the banks

on

plates that contain

inscription (No.

TeU^nerinda,

is

Vol. XXXVII,
The

with

princess

prosperity of the

fought

was

Eadamba

fight for the throne

is here

P"$dyas.

the

We

obtain, by killing(his)enemies

to

gives Nandi

year

was

the

Tillasthanam

the

was

(Nandivarman),

There

".

the enemy

was

to

acquired

which

10th

Danti,

had

for others

battle-field

K"iichipuram.

on

repulsed the invader?

V"ldrp"|aiyam

he

This

easy

his reign, since

dated

The

arms,

battle of TeU"ju

of

son

that

"(V. 20).

father:
"

add

Pallava

TeJl"m (about 830-854).

of

of Nandi,

this information

the

it.

Aggalanimmati.

named

march

to

king that

Nandi

" 3.

half

overrun

preparing

were

discover

to

try

now

Pfttjdyas had

the

this time

know

encamped

1905).

south

admit

as

in

that
at

at

far

as

of K"nehi-

that, at the

portion of the Pallava

We

river

advanced

the end

Araisur

Toiidai-mapdalam

empire
of this

which

is

(Ambft-

We
tried

K"nchi.

Nandi

defeats

31)

the

seize

to

alias

stopped

Palaiy"rai

the banks

of the

This

the

(No.

22nd

region (Saidapet
Bana
and

1895) but

round

in

52

the

18th

His

reign

"the

poet

B"ratavenba,

"

Uttiy6gaparvam

"

The

of
"

who

Agan^ntiru,

"

believed

to

the

B"htir

the

Rashtraktita

name

having

been

reigned
the

his

other

enemies
to

from

daughter

of

king that
entitled

poem

his

patron

Tamil

the

of

verses

Tell"jru

and

the

the

as

"

works

Pu j*a-

Ainguyunfljru

are

Perund"van"r

same

"

6).

minute

married

their

the

815

p.

Pallava

at

the

1903

of

invocatory
to

229

already referred

Tamil

the

(about 854-880).

(III)had
by

N"yar

where

works

of this

refers

by

Nripatunga

borne

in the

93).

page

have

of

prefixed

and

reigned

We

reign

Aug. 1899,

varman

1907).

(insc. No.

42,

also

composed

family,

I. who
was

vassal

he

us

reign,

Sendalai

at

Gudimallam

at

in the

poem,

plates give

Nandi

he

author

the

of his

year,

of

Narjinai, Ku^ondogai

922, 923, 19th

this king.

varsha

during

been

have

" 4.
The

were

verses

n"ntiru,

that

poets.

conquered

invocatory

Nos.

in

some

(No. 283 of 1901),and

180

III., No.

; there

this

ft

(G.O.

rich

K"v6rl.

find

we

at

district).

flourished, because

king

to

up

only

of the

year

12th

(No.
us

his

Vol

Perund^vanar,

10th

Koviladi

reigned

was

also

probably

ft

Pallava

he

S.I.L

was

tell

Chingleput

north,

the

was

verse

surname

not

Trichinopoly,
in the

at

year,

the

the banks

1895), in the

of

earned

peacefully

on

and

TeU"yu,

plates

taluk-

1, a of 1890"

It

many

him

pursued

Nandi

also

Tiruppaiattu^ai

No.

"

of

Vikramaditya

king

and

reign

to

Tanjore

victor

Nandikkalambagam

to

12 of

at

year,

More

on

(Nandikkalambagam,

which

in
him

VSltirp"jaiyam

The

marched

Tell"r, inflicted

at

Kumbhakdnam

(No.

1899),in

11 of

in the

invader

enabled

the

Tillasth"nam

at

and

empire

Palaiy"ru

at

near

country

inscriptions of

Pallava

the

glorious campaign

Kafichl, (insc. No.

In

the

Nandi, Varagufla

Vaigai.

Tell"neginda

of

of

rest

him, notably

on

of

that, at the accession

suppose,

may

to

son

SaAkha,

Amdghavarsha

princess

N^ipatuAga.

was

R"shtrak(Ha

879,

of the birth

account

there

I.

king

of
of

This

Amdgha-

is little doubt

that

(Ep. Ind., Vol. IV.,

-81The Bfthtir platestell us

the

to

came

and

throne

glorious, for,

he

that

that

the

the

overcame

Nfipatunga

was

beginning

P^ndyas

of

his

the

on

when

young

he

reign

banks

was

of

the

Ariohit.
We

have

Qopinatha
is

already spoken

Rao

has

only another

and

identified
for

name

the Arasil

the

or

about

that flows eastwards

this event.

this

the

river

M. R. Ry. T. A.

with

the

(Vide 8.I.L Vol. II.,p. 52);

Arasil

Arasileiy"ru is but the well-known

Kumbhakonam

near

which

Arisil

and

Arsalar

falls into the

at

sea

Karikal.
We

have

already said that the adversary of Nripaturiga

M"ravarman
at

Parachakrakolahala

(Kumbhakonam),

Kudamukku

The

Rama

B"htir
which

plates

calls

that
and

Nripatunga

Nripatunga
as

great

scattered

(Nos. 460

8th

date

been

to have

end

have

we

this

of

of

to that

allied

were

campaign

reign, and, if

of his

year

must

be

about

shortly

862

the
of

461

north, to Kandiytir (No. 17

and

300 of 1901) and

during his

reign

(No. 162 of 1912) in

Tiruvoniy^r

1895), Koviladi

of

(Nos.

303, 301
Besides

L"lgudi (No. 84 of 1892) in the south.

(No.

Gudimallam

228

of

found

are

TiruvaiangH-du

from

kingdom

Pallava

1905) and

peaceful and glorious king,

inscriptions dated

the

this, the

Ceylon

Arichit

taken.

was

seems

over

and

the

of Madura.

many

all

of

MHya-P"ndya

at the

was

is correct, their

after the capture

of

banks

island

the

it

Pallavas

the

glory of Nripaturiga

Bfthtir plates belong to the

chronology

our

the

II. and

Sena

that

(about 861) that Madura

The

mind

our

encountered

on

the

compare

to

already mentioned
with

who

was

1903) and

the

N"rtMmalai

king [Vidy"(No. 365 of 1904) inscriptions show that the B"na

dhara] in the north and the Muttaraiyan king [6"ttam-Paliyili]
south
his vassals, so that Nripaturiga'sdomination
in the
were
extended

from

the

Southern

Vellaur

river
in

the

south,

the

in

Swarnamukhi

i.e.,from

north

K"lahasti

to
to

the

Pudu-

kdtta.
""

Again,
well

as

all the

as

theae

at the end

26 years

inscriptions

of his reign, we
of his reign, the

are

have

dated
to

at

the

beginning

ad

conclude, that, during

glory of Nripatudga

was

never

Aparftjita.

" 5.
We

have

tioned
and

he

dozen

a
was

of 1912,

190

Pallava

find

we

"

title

men-

inscriptions NOB.

in

king, since,
the

Apar"jita is

which

inscriptions in

P6ttaraiyar

"

affixed

159
his

to

name.

These

inscriptions

of his

year

They

19th

the

reign.
are

There

Mftng"du,

year

No.

351 of 1908

at

4th

year

No.

158

of 1912

at

4th

year

No.

161

of

1912

at

4th

year

No.

31

of

1912

at

SatyavSdu,

5th

year

No.

32

of 1912

at

SatyavSdu,

6th

year

No.

190

of 1912

at

Tiruvoyyiyftr,

7th

year

No.

163

of 1912

at

Tiruvoniyftr,

8th

year

No.

159

of

1912

at

Tiruvojyiyfir,

3rd

12th

year

No.

180

of 1912

at

Tiruvo^iyftr,

18th

year

No.

435

of 1905

at

Tiruttani,

18th

year

No.

433

of 1905

at

Tiruttani.

is also

inscription

an

at Uttaramallur

found

vira-d6va

and

3rd

the

between

dated

are

dated

in the

reign of Tribhuvana-

refers to

which

the

19th

of

year

the reign of AparSjita.

We
the

bore
P.

add

may

of

name

Aparftjita-Chaturv^dimangalam

("/. /.,Vol. Ill,

2).
know

We

with

reign of Apar"jita
1"

The

The

ally, the
1906"

879,

tell

Sripugambiya

Varaguna

in

the

us

that

with

the

PS^dya

king Apar"jita

and

king
his

Prithvlpati I. (Q. 0. No. 492, 2nd July

slain in that battle.
64). The latter was

last inscription of the

be

place

Ganga

admitted

place after this date,

who

plates

II, No. 9, p.

it must

that took

events

Sripu^arnbiya(Tiruppirambiyam).

at

western

the

of two

battle of

fought

Part

As

certitude

UdaySndiram

Varaguna

name

(near M"mandftr)

that the village of Ukkal

here

has

ascended

that

the

reign

of

battle

I.
Pj-ithvfpati
of

is dated

Sripuyambiyatook

i.e., after 879.

been

identified

the throne

with

in 862-63

P"ndya

king

of that

(insc.No. 705 of 1905).

The

Chdjas were

No.

337

of

perhaps the allies of Varagu^a, for,inscription

1912

Chftjasas the enemies

2"

The

Aditya I.

mention

of the Western

defeated

286

the

Aditya.

the conquest of

(Verse 49) that the Ch"la king

king Aparftjitain battle and took

and

Aditya,had

campaign,

P"^dyas and

(G. 0. No. 492,2nd July 1906, p. 65).

possession of his kingdom

InscriptionsNos.

and

say

Pallava

the

the

Ganga Priduvayya.

downfall of the Pallavas

Tiruvftlarigaduplates

The

this

to

seems

287

of 1911

his ally the

as

to show

seem

Chera

that, in

king Sth"nu-

(G.O. No. 919, 29th July 1912, Part II.,No. 11, p. 61).

Ravi

We

said

have
the

before

of the

21st year

Tondai-Mandalam

that

above

of the

IX

century and

that

he

that

Apar"jita lived at the end

the

was

900. A.D.

71).

II.,No. 29, page

Part

incontestable

It is therefore

Aditya,i.e.,before

reign of

(G.O. No. 503, 27th July 1907"

conquered

was

last

king of the Pallava

dynasty.
another

is

There

interesting question

Aparftjitahold in the Pallava

There
1"
No.

V.

theories

two

are

64) has

concerning this subject :

(G.O.

Venkayya

9, page

genealogy

place does

What

No.

that

supposed

July 1906, Part

492, 2nd

Aparajita

the

was

II.,
of

son

Nripatunga.
In that

case

Sripurambiyaand

battle of

that

admit

must

we

that

to the

title of Apar^jita

(the unconquered.)

The

in

remained
of

of

provinces
the

throne

his

battle succeeded

and

who

son

assumed

and

Tanjore

killed in the

Nripatufigawas

present at the

was

at the

same

the

time

Trichinopoly would

have

possession of the Ch6Ja prince, who, at the battle

Sripur"mbiya,
was

crowned

king of Chdjas under

the

of

name

Aditya I.
But

Tondai-Mandalam

reigned there for about

only in the 20th
latter succeeded
In

year

in

20 years

belong to Apar"jita who

to

from

of his reign and

880 to 900 A.D., and

that

of

it

Aditya that

was

the

taking it with the help of the ChSras.

support of this theory,

of Aparajita

Tamil

continued

are

found

we

may

tions
point out that the inscrip-

only in the

northern

parts of the

country, at Mangftdu, Tiruvoniyfir,Satyavgdu, Tirutta^i,

Uttaramallur, and

none

Trichinopoly regions.

are

known

to

exist in the

Tanjore and

-84-

On

(2nd
133

the

of

On

(5th, 6th

1914
sway

the

which

so

should

not

"

vojjriytir,

"

discovered,

"

of R"jakgsarivarman

"

Tondai-Mandalam

No.

It
contains

reign

of

Ry.

T.

subjection

be

Part

noted

dated

No.

II.
that

18,

p.

6th,

there

is

reign
of

corner

had

yet

not

94)."

Tiruvoniyfi*

4th,

while

Apar"jita

him

the

the

in

by

been

the

to

situated

is

Tiru-

have

northern

the

Tiruvoniyfir

1913;

Aug.

why

belonging

I). Perhaps,

Aditya

that

epigraphs

record

any

105, 127, 130,

explain

to

of 1911

882, 885, 886, 887.

A.D.

Gariga-Pallava

under

brought

in

possible

not

which

inscriptions

of the

years

K"verf

contain

however,

is

(Aditya

961, 2nd

must,

the

104,

101,

Tiruveyumbur)

at

years"

many

in

completely

(G.O.

It

"

NOB.

222

No.

inscriptions

and

of

banks

hand,

in

7th

and

the

on

other

fcbeen

from

know

we

Tirun"g66varam)

at

year"

held

I.

contrary,

temple
12th

8th, and

7th,

belonging

none

to

Aditya.
2"

R.

M.

Ganga-Pallavas
1907)

has

of

pseudonym
In
other
that

of

the

on

defeated

there

the

Aditya

say

the

Magazine

April

"

AparSjita

name

that

in

but

was

Apar"jita

case

been

have

would

there

is
go

to
to

AparSjita

the

about

P"ndya
the

been

have

must

about

himself

might

may

we

contrary,

6ripurambiya

It

this,

Nripatunga

Nripatunga,

been

College

the

only

was

no

battle,

one

Sripurambiya.

of

If,

by

that

theory

and

Pallavas

Nripatunga.

favour
than

the

forth

(the

Rao

Christian

Madras

"

put

Gopinatha

A.

year

is

conflicts

two

880

king

Varaguna

year

899

in

supposed
:

1"

2"

which

the

the

the

of

conquest

would

AparSjita

of

son

battle

would

AparSjita

where
;

be

to

of

have
Tondai
have

defeated.
be

that

hoped

confirm

one

or

new

other

would

discoveries
of

these

two

be

hypotheses.

made

that

CONCLUSION.

In

the

preceding

pages,

have

we

tried

to increase

know-

our

"dge of the history of the Pallavas.

No

doubt, there

Btails that
le

be

must

facts

main

1"

The

still many

are

stated
after

are,

all, known

of

Pallaya

rhich

it

family

but

iven

the

us

We

wed

assumed

have

awards

VSyalftr

The
irman

jvealed

to

the

ishnugdpa,
The

ith

"

record

uthentic

cal

of

was

or

has

the

Pallava

proved

of the

these

the

the

rela-

Siihha-

of

has

that

plates
if

by

has

have

339

been
before

A.D.
:

Skanda*"

looked

been
a

upon

of

copy

an

impostor.

us

absolutely

an

of

authenticity

Skanda-

reigned

were

an

given

king

have

genealogy

they

AndhrS

names

about

the

us

king

kings

have

must

became

Era.

Christian

whose

committed

forgery

dynasties

inscription

who

daughter

known

not

ancientness

; and

VSyaltir

plates,

give

but

the

dynasty

to indicate

Vftyalfir inscription that

pedigree

and

Samudragupta,

plates

It

another

of the

seems

Chendaltir

Nandi

"

one

Buddhavarman,

UdaySndiram
Skanda

the

century

inscription

Chendaltir,

isolated

mention

first

the

adversary

suspicion.

The

2nd

by the

us

that

mysteries.

marrying

Kum"ravishnu

imha

of the

end

the

convinced

am

proved

The

of these

that

to his

his position

kings

ignored.

to most

key

with

these

completely

was

many

us.

records

these

onship existing between

ishnu

plates (Mayidavdlu,

copper

difficult to connect

was

to

Chtira, etc.)have

"ihg"du, UdaySndiram,
f the

precision, but

with

obscure,

are

before Simhavishnu.

Pallavas

large number

that

points

iden*

Udayfindiram

the

enealogy.
Besides,

the

iries, Vira-Skanda-Siihha,
enealogy,
tie

proves

Uruvupalli

Idayendiram

that

grant

which

who

Simhavarman
but

was

the

with

identical

is

reigned
of

grandfather

of

thto

Uruvupalli

at the

time

Nandi

of

of
the

plates.

Lastly, the V"yaldr

i"havarman

Vfiyaltir inscription,

the

in

discovery,

inscription, in

Vishiiugdpa

Simhavarman

which
-

we

find the

Sirhhavistmu,

series
is

the

88

"

"

firstrecord that gives a correct listof the

of the immediate

names

predecessorsof Simhavishnu.
The

V"yalftr inscriptionhas

deciphering of the

results which

us

history of the

for the

capital importance

of

are

given

predecessorsof Sirhhayishnu,
2"

The dynasty of Simhavishnu.

The

important discovery made

called

the work

this comedy

Mattavil"sa

"

the

in

", and

prahasana

the reference

inscription have

M"maijdftr

of

State of Travancore

in the

thrown

to

much

lighton this portion of history.

There

is

longer any

no

Vallam,

that it

that cut the

of Simhavishnu,

I.,son

varman

to doubt

room

Mah6ndra-

was

of

caves

M"maQdftr,

Slyamangalam,Mahdndrav"di,

Dalav"nfir,

Pallftvaram,

Trichinopoly.
So, we

now

possess

king Mahendravarman
who
banks

in South

and

Krishna

literature in the Tamil

In

Pallava

"

In
"

rathas

"

transition

remained
and

Vol.

to

study

the

and

caves

from

the

however

of

the

on

religion and

to

:
as

same

Was

asserted, that,

of the Pallava
the

that

it

the

of the

stage of

R"jasiifaha; there

to that of

the

to

art.

style

to

belongs

Mahftbalipuram

doubt

trator,
adminis-

of Mahftbalipuram,

whole

style of MahSndra

the

Pall"varam

I, I have

shown

this study, I have

making

impulse

new

sculptured rocks

of the

absolutely necessary

is

saintly

country.

Antiquities "

the age

determine

the

the art that obtained

India

gave

about

architect and

I.,poet, musician,

introduced

of the

precise information

very

MahSndra

of Trichinopoly
of Simha-

I., son

Mah"ndravarman

vishiiu ?
that

Now

all doubts

definitivelyattribute
in the rock

These

3"

have

been

cleared,we

most

can

of the* sculptures

continued

were

during

probably suspended

I.,were

which

encamped

at

took

in

place

Uragapuram

the

at

the

reign

of Para,

of

time

the

Vikra-

674, when

(Trichinopoly).

The dynasty of Nandivarman.

There

IX

point

Mah"balipuram.

invasion

m"ditya I.,was

this

STarasiifahavarmanI,

to

that

works

mfifivaravarman

Chftlukyan

at

on

was

centuries.

no

The

for the

history of the Pallavas

"

one

name

Koiikaiiika

"

found

VIII

and

in the

the

Bfthflr

plates

had

led
Rao

Qopinatha
clearly

the

the

was

completely
only

affirmed

had

he

historians

that

one

R.

understood

T.

By.

the

Ganga-Pallava

the

that

M.

astray.

A.

question

theory

quite

was

wrdng.

the
of

of

of

defenders

The

Nripatufiga

seemed

Ganga

still

tlie

to

~of

names

among

th^t

prove

he
of

Hii4

Pallavamalla

Nandivarman

could

however,

theory,

found

Kotikanika

name

that

the

the

not

was

of

ancestors

descendant

princes

that

argue

the

Western

family.
^
^

of

d^dtpRering

The

Vfiyalfir

the

completely

has

inscription

elucidated

the

This
the

question.
which

inscription,
of

reign

Vimala,

mentions

belonging

king

is

Korikanika

dated

in

the

to

among

VII

the

of

dynasty
the

and

century

during

Simhavistmu,
of

ancestors

the

Pal-

lavas.

So,

the
of

genealogy
definite

Vfiyalftr
the

inscription
last

Pallava

has

kings

removed

now

all
stands

doubts
established

manner.

June.

1017.

G.

JOUVEAU-DUBREUIL.

and

the
in