Lecture 2 District Heating Supply Residential Buildings

Lecture 2.
DistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Hongwei Li
Civil Engineering Department
Building 118, room 206
Technical University of Denmark
hong@byg.dtu.dk
LectureContent
Introduction
Thermostatic valves
Raidator performance
LTDHsupply lowenergy buildings
LTDHsupply existing buildings
Loadshifting byusing thermal mass
Integratedassessment
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
Direct/Indirect SHandOpen/CloseDHWSystem
Singlepipe systemvs.Two pipe system
Hydraulic balanceinradiators
Optimaldistribute water intheheating systembased ontheactual demand
Execess flowpass through loops

withless resistance
TRVvalves control theflowto

meet theexact demand
Thermostatic valves (TRV)
Thermostatic sensor
Presetting anglevalve
Presetting straight valve
Thermostat withremote capillary sensor
Danfoss
TRVvideos
http://radiatorcontrol.com/how_a_trv_works.aspx
http://radiatorcontrol.com/gas_filled_design_works.aspx
Thermostatic valves (TRV)
Substationinresidential house
Radiatorperformance
)
,
Radiatorperformance
1.6
80
1.5
1.4
70
1.3
1.2
60
90Sup
1.1
1
50
75Sup
Q/QN
0.9
0.8
40
0.7
70Sup
60Sup
90Dt
0.6
30
0.5
80Dt
75Dt
0.4
20
0.3
70Dt
60Dt
0.2
10
0.1
0
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
G/GN
80Sup
Inlettemperature:75oC
Outlettemperature:65oC
Referencetemperatureat20oC
BSEN442,1997
4.5
Powerandmass flowrate
1.4
Ambient
TemperatureoC
Massflowratio
1.2
1
0.8
10
0.6
15
0.4
ConstantSupply
77oC
0.2
20
25
0
12
16
20
24
Hrs
H.Li et.al
Influence onDHnetwork
Networkanalysis
DHST50Pa/mLTDH
DHST50Pa/mTraditional
DHST200Pa/mLTDH
DHST200Pa/mTraditional
1000
900
800
ITHE50Pa/mLTDH
450
ITHE50Pa/mTraditional
ITHE200Pa/mLTDH
400
ITHE200Pa/mTraditional
Pressure kPa
Pressure kPa
700
600
500
400
300
350
300
250
200
200
100
0
0
12
Time hr
16
20
24
150
0
12
Time hr
16
H.Li et.al
20
24
Radiatoroverdimension
Initially the radiator is designed based on lower design network temperature.
During the operation, the network supply temperature is high.
Radiator is overdimensioned with a larger heat transfer area under design
condition.
Buildinghasgonethroughrenovation,forexamplewindows,insulation,etc,
aftertheradiatorswereselected.
Radiatoroverdimension
H.Li
LTDHSupplyLowEnergyBuilding
Class 2015: 30+1000/A kWh

159m2, 12 zones
Ventilation rate: 60 l/s
HE recovery efficiency: 75%.
Design supply air temperature:
16oC
Three heating devises:
- Radiator: 55/25/20oC/-12oC. P
regulator with 0.5oC deadband.
- Forced Air Heating: 50/20oC/15oC. Total air flow 90 L/s at design
condition
- Floor Heating: 3oC DT
(supply/return), Weather compensated
supply curve [21:35];[5:27];
[35:27].Electronicon/offvalve
controlled by thermsotat with
deadband 0.2oC
r119
kitchen
dining
room
livingroom
hall
bath1
r116
techn.
room
entra
nce
M.Brand et.al
r91
bath2 bedroom
Results:Thermal Comfort
24.0
23.0
Tair[C]
22.0
21.0
20.0
19.0
18.0
840
864
Time[h]
888
912
Tair,room119 Radiators
Tairr11.9RADC1
TTairr11.6RADC1
air,room116 Radiators
Tair,bedroom Radiators
TTairr11.6FAHC1
air,room116 FAHII
TTairbedroomFAHC1
air,bedroom FAHII
FAHII
air,room119
Tairr11.9FAHC1
TairbedroomRADC1
3.0
40
2.5
30
2.0
20
1.5
10
1.0
0.5
10
Toutdoor,Treturn [C]
MassFlow[kg/min]
Results:WaterTemperaturefromSHSystemsTsupply=55C
20
0.0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
192
Time[h]
RadiatorIII
RADC1
FAHII
FAHB190
FHII
FHC14.2kW
Treturn FAH II
TretFAHB190
TreturnFHII
TretFHC14.2kW
Toutdoor
Toutdoor
TreturnRadiatorIII
TretRADC1
Networksupply/return temperature
S.Werner
Existing Buildings
According to EPBD in 2012, only 3% of public buildings are enforced with
deep building renovation.
In Denmark, new building growth rate is 1% per year.
75% of existing buildings in Denmark were built before 1979.
Large potential for energy saving:
The annual building energy consumption and the peak heating load for
existing buildings can be over 3 times higher than low energy buildings
Feasibility touse LTDHforexisting buildings

Originalradiatorswereoverdimensioned.
OriginalDHnetworkhasenoughcapacityredundancyforhighermassflowoperation
Buildingsubjected torenovationincluding windows andbuildingenvelope
Varyingnetworksupplytemperatureandusehighernetworksupplytemperatureduringpeak
winterhours.
ConvertIHEUunittoDHSTunittoreducenetworkdimension.
ApplyhighefficientheatexchangerforIHEUandspecialdesignedtankforDHST.
Pro&Contosupply LTDHtoexisting buildings

Advantages
Improved quality match
Improved thermal comfort
Redced heat loss
Reduced utility cost
Disadvantages
Increase peak supply temperautre which can be a limitation for renewable based DH supply
Increased mass flow rate cause hydraulic balancing problem
For direct connection system: network pressure level
For indirect connection: temperture drop at HE
Case1:Existingbuildingwithrenovation
Typicalbuildingfrom1906inanurbanarea
Existingenergyconsumption=146kWh/m2
ExistingSHconsumption=133kWh/m2
Renovationmeasures:
Newenergyefficientwindowswithsolarshading
Insulationoffacade,roofandfloor
Mechanicalventilationsystemwithheatrecovery
Lowtemperaturedistrictheating(55/25C)
M.Harrestrupet.al
Renovationmeasures
Uvalue(W/m2.K)
andInfiltration(h1)
Existing
Renovated
Facade
1,34
0,16
Window
2,9
1,28
Roof
0,2
0,13
Horizontal divisionbetween
ground floor andbasement
1,5
0,3
Infiltration
0,5
0,05
Annual heatingconsumption
Loadduration curve
Case2:Existing buildingwithflexible DHoperation
Typical1970ssinglefamilyhouseinDenmark
Construction
Externalwall
Roof
Floor
Creepbasement
Uvalue[W/m2K]
0.31
0.33
0.4
0.42
EUDPproject
Results
Case
Peak
power
[kW]for
21C
Case
Measures
1
2
3
Nomeasures
Newglazing,oldframes
Newlowenergywindows(frameincluded)
Energydemand
forSH
[MWh/year]
OverallwindowUvalue
[W/m2K]
2.5
1.4
0.9
Temp.for Flowrate
SH
[L/min]
Temp.for Flowrate
SH
[L/min]
Temp.for Flowrate
SH
[L/min]
Tout=21C
Tout=0C
Tout=0C
Peak
power
[kW]for
0C
5.8
10.49
70/40/20
2.75
60/29/20
1.47
50/34/20
2.84
3.23
5.0
8.3
65/35/20
2.36
60/26/20
1.16
50/29/20
1.87
2.79
4.5
7.55
65/32/20
1.93
52/25/20
1.31
50/26/20
1.47
2.51
Daily DHloadvariation
L.Ingvarson et.al
Timeconstant
Buildingtimeconstant
Type ofbuilding
Timeconstant(hrs)
Lightweight
1520
Normalbuilding
50100
Heavybuildings
100250
Buildingtimeconstant
Building under-heating
Building over-heating
Load shifting approach

Simple building dynamic equation
The room temperature becomes
exp
Introduce a heating load ratio and discrete the equation
<1:loadreduction (underheating)
>1:loadincrease (overheating)
exp t/)
x ratio variation for different type of buildings
1.6
-2
-12oC reference
-4
1.4
-6
1.2
-8
-10
-12
0.8
-14
Type 1 x ratio
Type 2 x ratio
Type 3 x ratio
Type 4 x ratio
Type 5 ratio
Outside Temperature
0.6
0.4
0.2
-16
-18
-20
-22
0
-5
oC
x ratio
-24
5
15
25
Hours
35
45
55
H.Li et.al
Room temperature at different reference temperatures
21.6
-5
-12oC room temperature

21oC
21.1
oC
-10
20.6
-15
20.1
-20
Outside temperature -10oC room temperature

19.6
-25
0
10
20
30
40
Hours
50
60
Futureenergy system
Solar
thermal
Energyefficient building
PV
Siteclimiate characterization
Geothermal
Buildingshape/orientation
Bioenergy
Envelope insulation:floor/roof/wall
Wind
Industrial
waste
Inineration
Thermal bridgetreatment
Energyefficient glazing
Shading andwind protection
Heatrecoveryventilation
Energyefficientappliances
BuildingCode
Integrateddesignapproachforbuilding energy reduction
K.Sperling et.al
Costcurvesforheatsavingsanddistrictheatingsupply
Endoflecture

Lecture 2 District Heating Supply Residential Buildings

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Lecture 2.

Singlepipe systemvs.Two pipe system

Execess flowpass through loops

TRVvalves control theflowto

Thermostatic valves (TRV)

Presetting straight valve

Thermostat withremote capillary sensor

Thermostatic valves (TRV)

Class 2015: 30+1000/A kWh

Feasibility touse LTDHforexisting buildings

Pro&Contosupply LTDHtoexisting buildings

Case2:Existing buildingwithflexible DHoperation

Load shifting approach

The room temperature becomes

Introduce a heating load ratio and discrete the equation

x ratio variation for different type of buildings

Room temperature at different reference temperatures

-12oC room temperature

Outside temperature -10oC room temperature

Shading andwind protection

Integrateddesignapproachforbuilding energy reduction

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