Problem 1

Let
be the least positive integer that is both
percent less than one integer and
percent greater than another integer. Find the remainder when
is divided by
.

Solution

If

is

percent less than one integer , then

percent greater than another integer

. In addition,

, so

. Therefore,

by 50 and
is divisible by 25. Setting these two equal, we have
by
on both sides, we get
.
The smallest integers
The answer is

and

that satisfy this are

is

is divisible
. Multiplying

and

, so

Problem 2
In a new school,
percent of the students are freshmen,
percent are sophomores,
percent are juniors, and
percent are seniors. All freshmen are required to take Latin,
and
percent of sophomores,
percent of the juniors, and
percent of the seniors
elect to take Latin. The probability that a randomly chosen Latin student is a sophomore
is

, where

and

are relatively prime positive integers. Find

Solution
We see that
are learning Latin. In addition,
Latin. Thus, our desired probability is

of students
of students are sophomores learning
and our answer is

Problem 3
Let

be the least positive integer divisible by

whose digits sum to

. Find

Solution 2
The digit sum of a base
integer
is just
or
for a positive integer .
Also, we know that

. In this problem, we know

, or

Obviously
is a solution. This means in general,
negative integer .

is a solution for non-

Checking the first few possible solutions, we find that

has
, and we're done.

is the first solution that

Problem 4
In an isosceles trapezoid, the parallel bases have lengths
and
, and the
altitude to these bases has length
. The perimeter of the trapezoid can be written in
the form
, where and are positive integers. Find
.

Solution
Call the trapezoid
with
as the smaller base and
as the longer. The point
where an altitude intersects the larger base be
where is closer to .
Subtract the two bases and divide to find that
as

. Therefore, the two legs are

is
, or

The perimeter is thus

. The altitude can be expressed

.
which is

So

Problem 5
Two unit squares are selected at random without replacement from an
grid of unit
squares. Find the least positive integer such that the probability that the two selected unit
squares are horizontally or vertically adjacent is less than

Solution

Call the given grid "Grid A". Consider Grid B, where the vertices of Grid B fall in the centers
of the squares of Grid A; thus, Grid B has dimensions
. There is a oneto-one correspondence between the edges of Grid B and the number of adjacent pairs of
unit squares in Grid A. The number of edges in Grid B is
, and the number of

ways to pick two squares out of Grid A is

. So, the probability that the two chosen

squares are adjacent is

smallest positive integer
is

. We wish to find the

such that

, and by inspection the first such

Problem 6
Steve says to Jon, "I am thinking of a polynomial whose roots are all positive integers. The
polynomial has the form
for some positive
integers and . Can you tell me the values of and ?"
After some calculations, Jon says, "There is more than one such polynomial."
Steve says, "You're right. Here is the value of ." He writes down a positive integer and
asks, "Can you tell me the value of ?"
Jon says, "There are still two possible values of ."
Find the sum of the two possible values of .

Solution
We call the three roots (some may be equal to one another)
formulas, we get
and

, and

Squaring our first equation we

get

. Using Vieta's

We can then subtract twice our second equation to get

Simplifying the right side:

So, we know

We can then list out all the triples of positive integers whose squares sum to
We get

These triples give

and

, and
values of

.
,

, and

, respectively, and

values of

, respectively.

We know that Jon still found two possible values of

the

value must be

. Thus, the two

values are

when Steve told him the

and

value, so

, which sum to

Problem 7
Triangle
Rectangle

has side lengths

has vertex

,
on

on
. In terms of the side length
quadratic polynomial

, vertex

, and
on

, the area of

.
, and vertices

and

can be expressed as the

.
Then the coefficient
Find
.

Solution 1

, where

and

are relatively prime positive integers.

If

, the area of rectangle

and
over

. If

is , so

, we can reflect

over PQ,

to completely cover rectangle

, so the area of

the triangle. Using Heron's formula, since

and

Solution 2

, and

is half the area of

,

so

so the answer is

over

Similar triangles can also solve the problem.

First, solve for the area of the triangle.
or placing an
right triangle on
with line
)

. This can be done by Heron's Formula

and solving. (The side would be collinear

After finding the area, solve for the altitude to

from

and side

get

. Then

. Solving for

. We then know that

and

. We can solve for

terms of . We get that

and

Let's work with

. We know that
We can set up the proportion:

We can solve for

and parallel to

. By the similar triangles, we know

. Since

. Solving for

using the Pythagorean Formula, we

. Since
is collinear with
is similar to
.

be the intersection between

that

be the intersection of the altitude

Now consider the rectangle

,
is parallel to
meaning
Let

. Let

is parallel to

and

.
so

is similar to

then since we know that

and

Therefore,

This means that

Solution 3
Heron's Formula gives
has length

in

so the altitude from

to

Now, draw a parallel to

from , intersecting
at . Then
in
parallelogram
, and so
. Clearly,
and
are similar
triangles, and so their altitudes have lengths proportional to their corresponding base sides,
and so
answer is

Solving gives
.

, so the

Problem 8

Let
of

and

be positive integers satisfying

is , where

and

. The maximum possible value

are relatively prime positive integers. Find

.Solution

Let us call the quantity

as
for convenience. Knowing that and are positive
integers, we can legitimately rearrange the given inequality so that is by itself, which
makes it easier to determine the pairs of

that work. Doing so, we have

Now, observe that

if

we have that

, regardless of the value of . If

, we have the

same result: that

, regardless of the value of . Hence, we want to find
pairs of positive integers
existing such that neither nor is equal to , and that the
conditions given in the problem are satisfied in order to check that the maximum value
for
is not .

To avoid the possibility that

, we want to find values of

such that

. If we

do this, we will have that

, where is greater than , and this allows us to
choose values of greater than . Again, since is a positive integer, and we want
,
we can legitimately multiply both sides of
get

. For

by
, we have that

to
, so the only possibility

for greater than

is obviously . Plugging these values into

that
and

. For
in for

yields the same result of

yields that
answer is

. Clearly,

, we have

, we have that
, but plugging

. Plugging
and

into

is the largest value we can have for

, so our

Solution 2 (Proof without words)

Problem 9
A cylindrical barrel with radius feet and height
feet is full of water. A solid cube with side
length feet is set into the barrel so that the diagonal of the cube is vertical. The volume of
water thus displaced is
cubic feet. Find .

Solution

Our aim is to find the volume of the part of the cube submerged in the cylinder. In the
problem, since three edges emanate from each vertex, the boundary of the cylinder touches
the cube at three points. Because the space diagonal of the cube is vertical, by the
symmetry of the cube, the three points form an equilateral triangle. Because the radius of
the circle is , by the Law of Cosines, the side length s of the equilateral triangle is

so
. Again by the symmetry of the cube, the volume we want to find is the volume
of a tetrahedron with right angles on all faces at the submerged vertex, so since the lengths
of the legs of the tetrahedron are
submerged vertex are all

(the three triangular faces touching the

triangles) so

so

Problem 10
Call a permutation
of the integers
quasiincreasing if
for each
. For example,
and
quasi-increasing permutations of the integers
, but
is not. Find the
number of quasi-increasing permutations of the integers
.

are

Solution
The simple recurrence can be found.
When inserting an integer n into a string with n-1 integers, we notice that the integer n has 3
spots where it can go: before n-1, before n-2, and at the very end.
EXAMPLE: Putting 4 into the string 123: 4 can go before the 2: 1423, Before the 3: 1243,
And at the very end: 1234.
Thus the number of permutations with n elements is three times the number of permutations
with
elements.

However, for
the 1).

, there's an exception: there's only 2 places the 2 can go (before or after

For
, there are
permutations.

permutations. Thus for

there are

Problem 11
The circumcircle of acute
has center . The line passing through point
perpendicular to
intersects lines
and
at
and , respectively.

Also
,
positive integers. Find

, and

, where

and

are relatively prime

Solution

Call the
and let

and

foot of the altitudes from

. Notice that

and
. Then,
circumcenter of triangle
,

to

and
, respectively. Let
because both are right triangles,

. However, since is the

is a perpendicular bisector by the definition of a

circumcenter. Hence,
find
, so we have

. We can use the Pythagorean theorem to

Likewise,
. Hence,
. It follows

because both are right triangles, and

as well, we have that

since

that

. We add this to

so

to get

. Our answer is

,
.

Solution 2
Notice that

, so

that
get

. So
, so

. From this we get

, plugging in the given values we

, and

Problem 12
There are
possible -letter strings in which each letter is either an A or a B.
Find the number of such strings that do not have more than adjacent letters that are
identical.

Solution

Call the
and let

and

foot of the altitudes from

. Notice that

and
. Then,
circumcenter of triangle
,
circumcenter. Hence,
find
, so we have

since

that
so

Solution 2

to

and
, respectively. Let
because both are right triangles,

. However, since is the

is a perpendicular bisector by the definition of a
. We can use the Pythagorean theorem to

Likewise,
. Hence,
. It follows

because both are right triangles, and

as well, we have that

. We add this to
. Our answer is

to get

,
.

Notice that

, so

that

. So

get

, so

. From this we get

, plugging in the given values we

, and

Problem 13

Define the sequence

by
measure. Find the index of the 100th term for which

, where
.

represents radian

Solution 1
If

. Then if

satisfies

Since
Let

is positive, it does not affect the sign of

since

an

, and

.
. Now

is negative if and only

if
, or when
. Since is irrational, there is
always only one integer in the range, so there are values of such that
at
. Then the hundredth such value will be when
and
.

Solution 2

Notice that
is the imaginary part of
, by Euler's formula. Using the geometric
series formula, we find that this sum is equal to
We multiply the fraction by
the conjugate of the denominator so that we can separate out the real and imaginary parts
of the above expression. Multiplying, we have

We only need to look at the imaginary part, which is

Since
,
, so the denominator is positive. Thus, in order for the
whole fraction to be negative, we must
have
. This only holds
when is between
and
for integer [continuity proof here], and since this has
exactly one integer solution for every such interval, the
th such is
.

Problem 14
Let and
Evaluate

be real numbers satisfying

.

and

Solution
The expression we want to find is

Factor the given equations as

and

respectively. Dividing the latter by the former equation yields

Adding 3 to both sides and simplifying yields

.
. Solving for

substituting this expression into the first equation yields

we find that
solving for
to

, so
yields

and
. Solving for

. Substituting this into the second equation and

. So, the expression to evaluate is equal

Solution 2
Factor the given equations as
and
equation,

, respectively. By the first

. Plugging this in to the second equation and simplifying

yields
get

WLOG, let

. Now substitute
or

. Solving the quadratic in , we

As both of the original equations were symmetric in

, so

and ,

. Now plugging this in to either one of the equations, we get

the solutions

. Now plugging into what we want, we

get

Solution 3
Add three times the first equation to the second equation and factor to
get
. Taking the cube root
yields
. Noting that the first equation is
, we
find that

. Plugging this into the second equation and dividing

yields

. Thus the sum required, as noted in Solution 1,

is

Problem 15
Circles and
have radii and , respectively, and are externally tangent at point .
Point
is on and point
is on
such that
is a common external tangent of the
two circles. A line through intersects again at
and intersects
again at .
Points
and
lie on the same side of , and the areas of
and
are
equal. This common area is
Find
.

, where

and

are relatively prime positive integers.

Hint
This is a #15 on an AIME, so it must be difficult. Indeed, there are two possible approaches
(both of them very computational): coordinate geometry, or regular Euclidean geometry
combined with a bit of trigonometry.

Solution 1

Call
and
the centers of circles and , respectively, and call
the altitudes from
to
and
to
, respectively. Extend
meet at point

. Using the fact that

have that

and
and

the feet of
to

and setting

, we

. We can do some more length chasing using triangles

similar to
to get that
,
, and
. Now, consider
the circles and
on the coordinate plane, where is the origin. If the line through
intersects at
and
at , then
. To verify this, notice
that
from the fact that both triangles are isosceles
with
, which are corresponding angles. Since
, we
can conclude that
.

Hence, we need to find the slope

of line such that the perpendicular distance from
to
is four times the perpendicular distance from
to
. This will mean that the
product of the bases and heights of triangles
and
will be equal, which in turn
means that their areas will be equal. Let the line have the
equation
, and let
be a positive real number so that the
negative slope of is preserved. Then, the coordinates of
are
, and the coordinates of
Using the point-to-line distance formula and the fact that

are

.
, we have

Since
takes on a positive value, we must switch the signs of all terms in this equation when we get
rid of the absolute value signs. We then have
Thus, the equation of
is

Then we can find the coordinates of

by finding the point
other than
where the circle intersects . can be represented with the equation
, and substituting

into this equation yields

Discarding
the -coordinate of

is

. The distance from

then

to

is

The perpendicular distance from

height of

is

is

to

or the

Finally, the common area

, and

Solution 2
By homothety, we deduce that
. (The proof can also be executed by similar
triangles formed from dropping perpendiculars from the centers of
and to .) Therefore,
our equality of area condition, or the equality of base times height condition, reduces to the
fact that the distance from
to is four times that from
to . Let the distance from
be and the distance from
be .
Let
and
from
to
that
and

be the centers of their respective circles. Then dropping a perpendicular

creates a
right triangle, from which
and, if
. Then
gives

, and the Law of Cosines on triangles

and

Now, using the Pythagorean Theorem to express the length of the projection of
line gives

onto

Squaring and simplifying gives

and squaring and solving gives

By the Law of Sines on triangle

so a small computation gives

, we have

But we know

The Pythagorean Theorem now gives

, and

and so the common area

is

The answer is