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I. INTRODUCTION
B
F1
F3
SCs
CTsA
MOVs
CVTsA
{vA}
{iA}
F2
{vB}
Relay B
CVTsB
{iB}
TP
CTsB
AIR-GAPs
Relay A
SYSTEM B
(1)
i = P
VREF
where: q, P, VREF MOV parameters. The parameters of (1)
assumed in this study were: q=23, P=1 kA, VREF=150 kV.
Each MOV is protected from overheating by firing the
complementary air-gap by the thermal (overload) protection
a)
MOV i
A
LD
RD
Ro
type 13
DOWN
vA
iA
b)
INT
DOWN
COMP
Elim
c)
VOLTAGE / V_REF
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0
40
80
120
160
CURRENT / P
Fig. 3A. Three-phase voltage and current signals measured at the substation
A under the sample a-b fault.
Fig.4. Fault loop impedance estimation with the use of Fourier full-cycle
filters.
Fig. 5. Fault loop impedance estimation with the use of Fourier half-cycle
filters.
The results of the tests from Figs. 4 and 5 clearly show that
the Fourier methods are not suitable for series compensated
line protection.
Fig. 6. Fault loop impedance estimation with the use of differential equation
based method with rectangular differentiation
[
[
[
]
]
[
[
[
]
]
a1 = i f (k ), a2 = i f (k 1),
b1 = u f ( k ), b2 = u f ( k 1),
d1 =
d2 =
1
d
[3i f (k ) 4i f (k 1) + i f (k 2)],
[3i f (k 1) 4i f (k 2) + i f (k 3)],
2
2 2
2
1
4
)) + 2 sin( ) sin( ) ,
N
N
N
2
R
300
200
100
0
X
100
200
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Time (s)
0.06
200
Fig. 7. Fault loop impedance estimation with the use of differential equation
based method with rectangular differentiation and half-cycle pre-filtration.
(8)
where:
d = 2 (1 cos(
SIDE A: Fault-loop impedance [ ]
0.07
0.08
100
0
100
200
300
400
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Time (s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
Fig. 8. Fault loop impedance estimation with the use of differential equation
based method with Gear three point differentiation and half-cycle prefiltration
R
300
200
100
0
100
200
0.02
X
0.03
0.04
0.05
Time (s)
200
0.06
0.07
0.08
100
0
100
R
200
300
400
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Time (s)
Fig. 9. Fault loop impedance estimation with the use of differential equation
based method with rectangular differentiation combined with orthogonal
components.
Za =
U bc
I a_flt I a_pre
(10)
0
R
10
20
30
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.08
Time (s)
Fig. 10. Fault direction detection by the Relay A from the substation A under
the forward fault occurring behind the SCs&MOVs (Fig. 1 - fault F2).
0.05
10
0
R
10
X
20
30
0.04
VI. CONCLUSIONS
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Time (s)
Fig. 11. Fault direction detection by the Relay B from the substation B under
the forward fault occurring in front of the SCs&MOVs (Fig. 1 - fault F2).
VII. REFERENCES
[1]