Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Cristian Taranu
Andrei Belehuzi
Ionut-Robert Panciu
Nella Kazakevicha
The Tanker
Chartering Market
1
Introduction
The main source of energy for humanity it is
represented by oil.
Introduction
Oil has been used from many thousands of
years for many purposes.
Its real commercial value was put in value in
the second half of the 19th century.
This happened in the USA where starting with
1859 was an oil rush.
The oil rush began in Titusville, Pennsylvania,
in the Oil Creek Valley.
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Introduction
Introduction
The biggest interest at that time for oil was for
use him in lighting (kerosene).
After the extraction of kerosene from oil there
are some residues remaining which at that
time were just burnt in furnaces.
On the other hand the other light constituents
of oil, like gasoline were kind of a problem.
5
Introduction
Oil become very important with the apparition
of internal combustion engines.
Thereby prospection for oil in USA proceeded
in a rapid way and for many years, USA
dominated the oil production market.
The British and Dutch joined this race also.
So a plenty of oil fields were being developed
in South America and South East Asia;
Russia also discovered important amount of
oil reserves.
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Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
However the largest oil companies are not
Arabic. They are originary from USA.
Glckauf
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Glckauf
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Oil Tanker
Oil Tanker (also known as a petroleum
tanker) is a merchant ship designed for
the bulk transport of oil.
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Oil Tanker
Type of Tankers
Crude Carriers
Product Carriers
Chemical Carriers
Parcel Tankers
Gas Markets
Other Liquid Cargoes
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Crude Carriers
Crude , as its name implies, is the oil
just as it comes out of the ground.
In the natural state , it is a complex
mixture ranging from heavy, dark coloured
substances which are virtually solid at
normal temperatures at one end to very
volatile gases at the other.
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Crude Carriers
After a series of refining processes, the
crude oil is transformed into :
Gasoline ( Petrol )
Kerosene ( Paraffin Oil )
Diesel Oil
Fuel Oil
Chemical Liquids
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Crude Carriers
Gasoline is a
transparent,
petrolium-derived
liquid that is used
primarily as a fuel in
internal combustion
engines.
Fig : A jar of gasoline27
Crude Carriers
Kerosene is a
combustible
hydrocarbon
liquid widely used
as a fuel, in
industry, and in
households.
Fig : Kerosene
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Crude Carriers
Fuel Oil is a fraction obtained from
petroleum distillation , either as a distillate
or a residue.
Fuel Oil is made of long hydrocarbon
chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes
and aromatics.
Diesel Oil is a type of Fuel Oil.
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Crude Carriers
Crude Oil vary considerably depending upon their origins like :
Crude Carriers
The Crude Oil is transported in the largest
tankers such as VLCCs and ULCCs.
Crude Carriers
VLCC ( Very Large Crude Carrier)
Between 160.000-319.999 DWT
Crude Carriers
ULCC ( Ultra Large Crude Carrier)
Between 320.000-549.999 DWT
Crude Carriers
VLCCs and ULCCs are relatively
straightforward in their construction
because there is no requirement to take
elaborate precautions against
contamination.
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Crude Carriers
The words relatively straightforward were
used to describe the construction of crude
carriers , but they still include a fair amount
of complex machinery and instrumentation.
For example: Each tank must have its own
set of pipelines with accompanying system of
valves and instruments to allow the right
combination of tanks to be selected.
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Crude Carriers
For many years, tankers were constructed
with single plating, that is to say just one
skin of metal between the cargo and the
sea.
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Crude Carriers
Some catastrophic instances of pollution o of the
sea and the sea shore through tanker accidents
has led to increasing anti-pollution controls.
The most stringent of these was the USA Oil
Polution Act of 1990 ( OPA90 ) which required
all tankers operating in USA waters to have
double hulls.
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Crude Carriers
This requirement has also been
internationally adopted under the
MARPOL convention so all new tankers
are built with double hulls and an enforced
scrapping programme means that by 2015
no single hull oil and chemical tankers will
be trading.
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Crude Carriers
Crude Carriers
Each tank must have its own set of
pipelines with accompanying system of
valves and instruments for loading and
discharging its own cargo.
The method of getting the heavy residues
away from the sides of the tanks when
discharging is known as Crude Oil
Washing ( COW).
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Crude Carriers
COW
Crude Oil Washing ( COW) is a system
which comprises devices somewhat like
huge, inverted lawn sprinklers which spray
oil from the ships own cargo around the
insides of the tanks to wash the residues
down.
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Crude Carriers
COW
Stage One: The limits to cover the top of the cycle would
need to be adjusted to be pointing upwards. Where
portable drive units are employed these would have to
be initially fitted and limits set accordingly ;
Stage Two: The second stage starts when one-third of
the tank is discharged and the washing jet will only be
allowed to travel down to a point where the jet strikes the
bulkhead just above the level of the oil in the tank. At this
stage the machine completes 112 cycles and must
therefore be adjusted, up again, before the start of the
next stage;
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Crude Carriers
COW
Stage Three: The third stage is where the machine
washes where two-thirds of the tank has been
discharged and between one- and two-thirds of the tanks
structure is washed.
Last Stage: The final stage washes the last third and the
bottom of the tank with the jet pointing in the downward
position.
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Crude Carriers
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Crude Carriers
Many types of crude oil are extremely
viscous and would even become almost
solid if cooled down, therefore crude
carriers are equipped with heating
coils.
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Crude Carriers
Heating coils is a system of pipework in
the tanks through which steam may be
pumped to keep the oil at a pourable
temperature.
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Crude Carriers
Another set of pipelines is involved in
providing the inert gas system.
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Crude Carriers
Fig : IG System
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Product Carriers
Petroleum Products are divided into two
categories:
Clean products
Dirty products
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Product Carriers
Clean products : gasoline,kerosene,gas
oil and diesel oil.
Dirty products : heavy oils such as the
different types of fuels oils especcialy the
so-called residual oils which are now the
main type of bunker fuel of ships
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Product Carriers
Tankers carrying clean products have to
be meticulous in their cleanliness and
cargo segregation because their cargoes
are for use.
Heavy fuel oils are not so sensitive but
even so have to arrive in a satisfactory
condition for immediate use.
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Product Carriers
Product carrier for clean cargoes are
usually in the 40.000 tonnes range while
the dirty product carrier can be any size
even up to 150.000 tonnes.
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CHEMICAL CARRIERS
A chemical tanker is a type of tanker ship
designed to transport chemicals in bulk.
As defined in MARPOL Annex II, chemical
tanker means a ship constructed or
adapted for carrying in bulk any liquid
product listed in Chapter 17 of the IBC
Code.
CARGO TRANSPORTATION
Total gross tonnage of chemical tankers
worldwide is approximatelly 16.3 million and
there are 3 main types of Chemical tankers:
Type 1 Ship-Specialised Chemical
Carrriers*
Type 2 Ship-Complex Parcel Chemical
Tankers
Type 3 Ship-Product/Chemical Tankers
CARGO STORAGE
Around 70% of cargo tanks in the global
fleet are constructed from mild steel. In
order to protect these tanks from corrosion
and from the carriage of often very
aggressive cargoes,
cargoes a coating is applied
on them.
LIQUEFIED GASES
Liquefied gases carried by sea are liquids
with a vapor pressure exceeding 2.8 bar
absolute at a temperature of 37.8C.
Gases are always liquefied for
transportation in bulk because more cargo
can be fitted in a given volume.
TYPES OF LGs
Principal LGs are:
Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG)
Natural Gas Liquids(NGLs)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG)
Ammonia
Ethylene
Propylene
Butadiene
Vinyl chloride
LNG
There are two distinct types of gas regularly
carried in ships, LNG&LPG.
Natural gas occurs as a mixture of gaseous
minerals, including both hydrocarbon and
non-hydrocarbon gases, in reservoirs
beneath the earths crust.
Most of the worlds crude oil fields have
deposits of natural gas associated with
them.
LNG ADVANTAGES
Principal advantages of LNG are:
High calorific value
Clean burning characteristics
Low cost
Ready availability
LNG USAGE
LNG has big importance in:
Residential/Commercial
Household appliances,water and space heating
Industrial Uses
Glass,ceramic,baking Industries
Petrochemical Industry
Fertilizers,plastics,adhesives
Vehicle and Aircraft Fuel
LNG COMPOSITION
LNG composition varies according to where
it is found, but methane is the predominant
constituent, ranging from 70% to 99%.
Pentanes and other heavier hydrocarbons
must be removed from the natural gas.
Gas with large amounts of pentanes is
called wet gas and gas free of heavier
hydrocarbons is called dry gas.
LNG PRODUCTION
After removing impurities,the main gas flow,
mostly methane is liquefied into the end
product.
There are 3 basic liquefaction processes to
lower the temp. of methane to about -162C:
Pure refrigerating cascade process
Mixed refrigerating process
Pre-cooled mixed refrigerating process
LNG TRANSPORTATION
LNG is carried by LNG carriers at sea.
LNG carriers must comply with the
standards set by the IMO in the Gas
Codes and with all safety and pollution
requirements common to other ships.
LNG STORAGE
Cargo tanks are constructed in order to
protect the ships hull structure from coming
into contact with the LNG at -162C.
Containment systems are divided into 2
general categories:
Free-standing(Self-supporting)
Membrane type(Non-self-supporting)
Cargo tanks accounts more than 25% of
the total vessel cost.
LNG&LPG CONTAINMENT
Containment types:
Prismatic Free-Standing Tanks
Spherical Free-Standing Tanks
Cylindrical Free-Standing Tanks
Membrane Tanks
Semi-Membrane Tanks
Tank Insulation:
Tank Materials:
Balsa
Low Nickel Steel
Polyurethane Foam
Nickel Steel >9% Ni
Perlite
Polystyrene Foam
High Nickel Alloys
Internal Insulation
Austenitic Stainless
Polyurethane Foam
Steel
Polyphenylene Oxide Foam
Aluminum
Values are dating from 2013 and are expressed in billion cubic meters.
LNG MARKET
As of December 2013, the LNG existing
fleet comprised of 387 ships and the
orderbook stood at 114 ships.
The total capacity of the global LNG
carrier fleet doubled since 1970, rising
from 75 000 m3 to 150 000 m3.
LNG POLLUTION
If there's a leak or spill from a tank or
pipeline the LNG would convert back to a
gas. As it diluted with air, the natural
gas/air mixture could become potentially
explosive if the concentration of natural
gas in air reached between 4% and 17%.
Nitrogen oxide emissions create acid rain,
which harms waterways and fish and
creates smog, which causes respiratory
problems for children and the elderly.
LPG
The other gas, regularly carried in ships is
LPG.
The LPG gases comprise propane, butane
and mixtures of the two. These products
can be obtained, in pressurized form, from
the refining of crude oil coming from
underground reservoirs.
LPG ADVANTAGES
Principal advantages of LPG are:
Economical source of fuel
It is not water soluble
Burns with low combustive emissions
Has a high octane rating
LPG USAGE
LPG is most used as:
Main fuel for vehicles
Refrigerant
Drying processes
Matter for producing electrical energy
Raw material in Plastic Industry
Household appliances, space heating
LPG PRODUCTION
LPG can be produced in 2 ways:
Natural gas processing-source
of 60% of the
processing
LPG worldwide
Crude Oil refining-source
of 40% of the LPG
refining
LPG TRANSPORTATION
There are 3 types of carriers that transport
LPG at sea:
Fully refrigerated ships
Semi-pressurized and refrigerated ships
Pressurized ships
LPG MARKET
Total number LPG carriers at the start of 2014
was 1269.
The number of LPG carriers on order at the
start of 2014 was 171.
Approx. volume of LPG moved by sea in 2013
(mt) was 64 millions.
LPG POLLUTION
Burning LPG releases carbon dioxide, a
greenhouse gas.
The reaction also produces some carbon
monoxide.
LPG does, however, release less CO2 per
unit of energy than does coal or oil.
GAS PRODUCTION
&CONSUMPTION 2011
PARCEL TANKERS
Chemical parcel-tanker means a vessel that has:
a cargo-carrying capability consisting of individual cargo tanks for bulk
chemicals that:
are a permanent part of the vessel
have segregation capability with piping systems to permit simultaneous
carriage of several bulk chemical cargoes with minimum risk of crosscontamination
has a valid certificate of fitness under the International Maritime
Organization Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying
These ships have a significant proportion of the cargo tanks made with
stainless steel, allowing maximum flexibility to carry cargoes that need
their quality safeguarded.
LIQUID CARRIERS
Generally, the liquid carried by sea is:
Petroleum
Gasolin
LNG
Chemicals
Vegetable oils
Juice
Wine
Molasses
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Conclusions
Oil is the main source of energy for humanity.
Oil is carried in Oil Tankers.
The words relatively straightforward were used to describe the
construction of Oil Tankers.
Tanker market has its own standard forms with two exceptions.
The 1969 CLC has introduced the principle of strict liability.
Tanker Chartering always was essentially desk-based.
Tanker Charters have no provision for despatch money.
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Bibliography
Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers, Tanker
Chartering , 2012
McGuire and White, Liquified Gas Handling
Principles on Ships and In Terminals , Third
Edition-2000
Michael Corkhill ,B.Sc. , LNG Carriers.The
Ships and their Market,1975
www.wikipedia.com
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