Mary Yu

9/26/2015
Period 6
Annotated Source List
Abate, Tom. "Fake Skin Sends Pressure Signals to Brain Cells." Stanford University: n. pag.
Print.
A new fake skins that can be used to cover prosthetics could detect pressure sensitivity
and translate it to brain signals. The new skin is economically beneficially by being printed
through inkjet and the waffle pattern in the skin is filled with carbon nanotubes. When pressure is
applied, the nanotubes squeeze through and produce electricity. The short pulses of electricity
translates into pressure information for the brain. It is then proven that these electrical signals
could be recognized by a biological neuron through light pulse activation.
Although this source isnt directly related to pediatrics, it is informative in the way the
medical field is advancing through the aid of technology. The topic is interesting and pressure
sensitivity in prosthetics has been one of the biggest concerns, considering that this invention is
both affordable (as it can be produced in large quantities via printer) and useable, it could be the
start of future advancement.
"A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia." Medline Plus. National Institute of Health, 5 Jan. 2015. Web.
24 Oct. 2015. <https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html>
An online medical encyclopedia that detailed diseases and their causes, symptoms,
treatments, and preventions. The encyclopedia provides an alphabetized of articles with very
specific information relating to each disease or condition. Each article is referenced and cited
with background research and provides accurate as well as trustworthy information.
This was a very important source in my research. Throughout my internship, I
continuously come across unfamiliar terms and diseases that I have trouble understanding. This
source provides me definitions as well as informational details about the disease and its source.
Its easy to find the condition I am researching as well as technical equipment used around the
clinic.

Berman, Kevin, and David Zieve. "Cellulitis." A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. By Kevin
Berman. Ed. David Zieve. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print.

Cellulitis is an inflammation of the skin due to bacteria. Puncture or ruptures in the skin
may results in bacteria normally residing on top of the skin to slip in and cause an infection. The
skin becomes hot, red, and swollen. Typically, other symptoms will also follow including fevers,
pain and tenderness in the area, chills, warm skinetc. Cellulitis can be diagnosed by a physical
exam revealing the red warmth of the skin and possible drainage. Otherwise, blood culture can
also be ordered to further determine the condition. Treatment for cellulitis includes antibiotics by
mouth.
While interning, a patient came in complaining about cellulitis caused by a vaccination or
shot. The area was red and inflamed but the doctors were shocked due to being caused by a
needle. Further examination did determine that it was cellulitis. Even though the doctor I was
with explained cellulitis, researching the condition fully helps me to full understand the extent of
this condition as well as possible treatments and tests.
Costello, Elizabeth J. "Primary Care Pediatrics and Child Psychopathology: A Review of
Diagnostic, Treatment, and Referral Practices."PEDIATRICS. 78.6 (1986): 1044-051.
Print.
In this article by Costello, the number of children with mental illnesses that remains
undiagnosed by doctors are analyzed. It is found that in every five mentally ill child, 1 remains
undiagnosed, 3 receive care (that may be insufficient) from his or her pediatrician, and 1 receives
specialized care. It can also be concluded that being male, having contact with pediatricians,
poverty, being racially African American, and having no patriarchal role model in the house can
contribute to the development of mental illness. In the area studied, only 8 children were
psychiatric hospitalizations were recorded out of 18,000, and only three of them being referrals
from pediatricians. In addition, pediatricians who typically provide their own treatment often
offer supportive therapy or counseling rather than drug prescriptions to deal with symptoms.
Accurate diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses are very important in the role of
development in children. Since my topic is currently revolving around the emotions of children
in hospital settings, this article provides a different look at emotional expression through mental
conditions. Children with mental illnesses who receive little to no treatment in childhood often
suffer through it throughout their lives so being diagnosed and receiving specialized treatment is
important in the wellbeing of a child. This article provided that data and numbers to show
illnesses that affect children that remain untreated and may be useful to me if I ever need to cite
mental illnesses as a part of my research on emotion, as mentally ill children often have
fluctuating feelings.
Datiles, Manuel. Personal interview. 24 Oct. 2015.
Manuel Manny Datiles is one of the Pediatrians working at KinderMender. Manny
graduated from John Hopkins University with a major in public health and then attended
University of Maryland Medical School. As he rotated through the different specialties in

medical school, Manny fell in love with pediatrics because he realized that working with
Children can affect their whole lives while working with the elderly is like repairing a sinking
ship. Eventually, he specified his three years of residency in Tufts around pediatrics. In the
future, he hopes to stay in urgent care but is deciding not to venture into Well Child Care, which
he explains allows the doctor and patient to develop a lasting bond. At the end, he added that he
doesnt know if he would do this all again if he got the chance because Medical school is both
expensive and extremely time consuming; you can reach a similar status by studying to become a
nurse practitioner.
Hausen, Harald Zur. Introduction. Human Pathogenic Papillomaviruses. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
1994. N. pag. Print.
The Human Papillomavirus is an infectious virus that has been linked with the cancer of
the cervix. In the past years, HPV infections have become major risk factors for cervical cancer
due to large scale epidemiological studies. Historically, the location of lesions typically named
the groups of HPVs, for example, genital types originates from the genitals. Otherwise, a new
type was named as a probe in examining other tumors. Recently a new type of HPV (called
HPV-63) was identified by filamentous lesions on the soles of the foot as opposed to the typical
granular type found in HPV 1.
The source detailed HPV and its risk for cervical cancer. As HPV is described as one of
the vaccines recommended for children to receive, I thought it would be useful to know its
background. This source was very informative in the information it provided however it was
extremely wordy and slightly outdated. I dont think that I will be able to use this source in my
research paper but it was an interesting read.

Hepach, Robert, Amrisha Vaish, and Michael Tomasello. "Novel Paradigms to Measure
Variability of Behavior in Early Childhood: Posture, Gaze, and Pupil Dilation." Frontiers
in Psychology 6 (2015): n. pag. Print.
This article detailed the capturing of childrens emotional behaviors through eye dilation
and movement as well as posture when witnessing a person in need of help. In the eye dilation
and movement experiment, a child is asked to perform a task (stacking cans) to familiarize with
the action before being asked to sit in front of a screen to watch the reenactment by an adult. The

adult purposefully drops a can on the floor and the child is offered a chance to help. Throughout
this process, the childs eye movements are recorded by a camera and the amount of dilation is
averaged and also recorded. Note that the increase in eye dilation corresponds with increased
internal arousal (as documented by a previous study). It is discovered through the experiment
that a childs internal arousal increases when an adult is not helped, but decreases when the adult
is helped. Furthermore, the faster a childs eyes dilate after witnessing an event, the faster they
are likely to respond to it. The second part of the experiment focused on childrens postural
changes to a positive and negative event. Averaging results from both child and adult trials, it
was concluded that positive events elicited positive posture. A child might also experience a
change in posture due to the anticipation of an event or occurring. The article also contained
detailed descriptions of the equipment used in the trials and possibilities for future research.
Although the article provided me with useful information regarding the changes of a
childs behavior due to eye dilation and posture, I dont think itll be very helpful to me. The
article contained very detailed descriptions of the equipment and procedure undertook in the
experiments but had very little analysis that contained information new or interesting to me. I do
appreciate knowing the changes in pupil dilation but find that knowing how fast a childs eyes
dilate will be of little to no use to me in the future. Unless I had access to the new equipment that
they worked with in the trials, its hard to say that Ill be able to actually use their results since
their analyses were calculated so precisely without the use of a human eye. This article did point
out the importance of pupil dilation in childhood emotions and I think that Ill be able to utilize
that by paying more attention to childrens eyes when they experience harsh reactions. Maybe
Ill be able to find a pattern between slight eye variations (although Im doubtful) between
similar expressions in children.

"Hepatitis A." Vaccines.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Print.
Hepatitis A is virus that causes a contagious liver disease. It is typically transmitted
through touch or contact with objects, food, or water contaminated by the feces of an infected
person. The vaccine provided to prevent Hep A is typically given to infants and toddlers at the
age of 12-23 months, especially those who travel. It is given in two doses typically 6 months
apart. Others who are in risk of infection such as those with chronic liver disease and those who
use illegal drugs, should also consider taking the vaccine. Those who are ill at the time of
vaccination should postpone the appointment and get vaccinated when they recover.

One of the patients who entered KinderMender asked for a Hep A vaccine because her
child was sick when he was supposed to receive the vaccine. The child was only about 12
months old and still being carried in a basket. This source added more details to what I had
already known about Hep A from my HIPAA training. Facts about who should receive Hep A,
when they should receive it, and how the vaccine is administered are all important factors that I
did not have a chance to learn before. Since this is a common pediatric vaccine, reading this
source added more insight on what I already knew.
Kaneshiro, Neil K., and David Zieve. "Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)." A.D.A.M. Medical
Encyclopedia. By Neil K. Kaneshiro. Ed. David Zieve. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print.
This source provided a detailed analysis of Respiratory Syncytial Viruss cause,
diagnosis, treatment, and complications. RSV is transferred via hand-to-hand contact or direct
contact with the virus on countertops or contaminated tissue. The virus can affect any age group
but is more serious to infants and young children. Typically, older children develop cold-like
symptoms about 4 days after contracting the virus. Infants who develop severe symptoms of
wheezing or trouble breathing are treated with oxygen, IV, or humidified air. Otherwise,
symptoms will usually go away on its own and cause no lasting damage. RSV is not treatable via
antibiotics.
When I started my internship, one of the doctors treated a child with RSV. I was really
confused as to what it was and how it was diagnosed. There was a separate test kit just for this
virus so I decided to find out more regarding it. This source was extremely informative. I
discovered that the test conducted was a cotton swab diagnoses of nasal fluid and that the virus is
typically harmless. I will be able to recognize symptoms better having read this source and
knowing more information about the virus will allow me to know what the patients are going
through.

Kendall, Philip C., and Erka U. Brady. "Comorbidity in the Anxiety Disorders of
Childhood." Anxiety and Depression in Adults and Children (1995): 3-13. Print.
An insight into the relationship between anxiety and depression in children. Since adults
are typically vastly researched, this article focused on effects in children. Anxiety developed in
childhood can be increased and carried into adulthood. It was discovered that out of the three
types of anxiety experienced and diagnosed in children, separation anxiety disorder had the
lowest rates of comorbidity, which is the prevalence of one condition in the presence of another.
Later the relationships between anxiety and depression are analyzed. Although both have
affective, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components, they are still different. While
both anxiety and depression are characterized by high negative affectivity, which is supported by

adjectives such as fearful, distressed, nervous etc, depression is also characterized by low
levels of positive affectivity, that is, children with depression also experience sporadic moments
of enthusiasm and excitement.
This article was very informative on the types of anxiety and depression experienced by
children. It should be noted that the article also states that childrens anxiety levels typically
increase in a clinical or medical setting, in order words, at hospitals or pediatricians offices. This
is an extremely valuable source for me as my topic details the emotional states of children within
pediatric offices. The source also defined the difference of anxiety and depression that were
blurry before. Finally, the source is supported by multiple research discoveries and cited with
reliable sources, some of which I have actually encountered before.
"Kinder Mender: Walk-In Pediatric Center." KinderMender. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.kindermender.com/index.php>.
This is the informational website for my internship. The website contains details about its
founding, the staff, the wait time at each location, FAQs, contact information, and details about
common illness and injuries. The site contains a list of recently diagnosed conditions within the
month and offers the option of looking them up. In addition, in the Videos subsection, the site
offers comprehensives short videos regarding flu shots, ear infections, antibiotics, asthma, and
other common conditions. Furthermore, Visitors are also given the option of making an
appointment for a physical checkup.
The website is not only informative about the clinics but also helpful to parents who
might have questions regarding their childrens diagnoses. I really like the fact that theres an
updated wait time section at the side. Theres also an option to follow KinderMenders blog/news
and provided me with more information on the practices performed at the clinics. On the first
day, I was confused about terminology like RSV and Im very happy to find that theres a blog
update dedicated to this virus. I was able to learn about it and its treatments.
"Laceration - Sutures or Staples - at Home: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National
Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Print.
A laceration is a cut that goes through skin. If the cut is large enough and requires
medical attention, then stitches or staples may be needed to close wounds and stop the bleeding.
The difference between staples and stitches is that while stitches are special threads, staples are
made of special metal (however, it is not the same as office staples). In the first 48 hours, the area
should be dry and kept clean. When the time passes, gentle washing can occur while drying
should occur near the edges, direct contact with the stitches and staples should be avoided.
Stitches should be covered with a new bandage which staples do not need to be covered. When
the time comes for staples and stitches to be removed, the patient should visit the doctor.
Since I personally have never received stitches or staples, I did not know the procedures
with which to care for the site of affliction. I was fortunate enough to witness a stitches removal

so I thought finding a more detailed source could help me better understand the underlying uses,
treatments, and care for stitches and staples. This source was useful in the care of stitches but it
lacked the information I needed for the insertion and removal of stitches and staples.
Lee, Cynthia. "Antibiotics Help Malnourished Children Grow - Futurity." Futurity. N.p., 16 Apr.
2014.
In this review, antibiotics contribute to the height and weight of children who are
malnourished. Results show that the youngest children from the most vulnerable populations
benefit most and show significant improvements toward expected growth for their age and sex,
particularly for weight. Through the numerous amount of trials ranging from ages 1 month to 12
years, both weight and height increased: weight by 23.8 g/month and height by 0.04 cm/month.
Overall, effects on weight was largest in the trials conducted in Africa. In spite of overwhelming
benefits, more trials must be conducted to ensure safer treatment.
It never occurred to me that malnourishment could be treated via antibiotics. However,
considering the use for antibiotics and the bacteria that are slowly growing more tolerable to
antibiotics, I dont see how this method could be safe for weight gain. Since an over-application
of antibiotics produce a higher number of resistant bacterial strain, wouldnt this application
technically be getting rid of the medicines effectiveness to bacteria? Otherwise, I think this
source is a very good review of an innovative idea. The research is related to pediatrics as
malnutrition in children is a very relevant and important issue in many parts of the world.

Lee-McGill, Cynthia. "Children's Sleep Quality Matters for School." McGill University: n. pag.
Print.
It was discovered, through this article, that not only does the quality of sleep affect
students in school, but the types of core subjects that it is most likely to impact. Low sleep
quality showed that the students ability in math and languages because these incorporate skills
such as planning, paying attention, and multitasking. Subjects such as art and sciences are not
affected as much. 75 children between the ages of 7-11 were evaluated in this experiment. Their
sleep patterns were recorded through a wristwatch which tracked movement. Data was collected
and averaged over 5 days and then compared to the students report card. It is advised that
children get their sleep evaluated if they perform lowly in languages, math, or reading as it could
signify an underlying sleep disorder.
This was a very interesting read. It is common knowledge that the quality and amount of
sleep received correlates directly with academic performance; however, it is not noted just which
academic subjects this could affect. I dont know how useful this article will be to me in my

pediatric internship/project but it does provide valuable insight on the function of sleep and the
effects of losing it.
Lovegood, Maribeth. "Trends in Emergency Department Visits for Unsupervised Pediatric
Medication Exposures, 2004-2013." Pediatrics. 136.4 (2015): 821-829. Print.
A collection of emergency department visits for unsupervised medication exposures
throughout the 21 century and its trends. The dosages of overdosed medication is taken from a
national surveillance system. Overall, unsupervised medication exposures increased by 5.7%
annually but the decreased in 2010 to 2013. Most of the visits only concerned one medication
and was typically an oral prescription. In it concluded that by targeting prevention efforts for
parents, continuous urgent care visits and harm can be decreased in young children under the age
of six.
Due to my internship being located in an urgent care center, the trend of visits is very
interesting and useful. Even though my internship does not, and probably has not, encountered
drug overdose, it is still useful to see the national standards for emergency department visits due
to medication misuse. The trends are insightful but the study fails to comment on the change in
2010. In the conclusion, it is mentioned that prevention efforts can lower medication exposures
but there is no mention of a direct correlation between prevention efforts and the 2010 decline.

Miller, Diane B., and James P. O'callaghan. "Neuroendocrine Aspects of the Response to
Stress." Metabolism 51.6 (2002): 5-10. Print.
This article focuses on the neuroendocrine responses to stress. A stressor is defined as
anything that causes a disruption in the bods homeostasis. High levels and responses to stress
releases glucocorticoids and catecholamines, which are essential to the management of stress.
However, an accumulation of these hormonal mediators may promote disease. Following a
disruption of homeostasis, the HVA axis and SNS are activated and release three key hormones:
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), and a speciesspecific glucocorticoid, either cortisol (COR) (human, nonhuman primate, swine, and dog) or
corticosterone (CORT) (rodents) which aid in the management of stress. An abnormality
associated with the HVA axis have shone to have detrimental effects on the person physically,
causing a pathopsychological consequence, such as ulcers. Stress is often assumed to be an
etiological factor in many conditions such as PTSD or depression, although no all individuals
exposed to such conditions experience the same outcome. Beyond psychological disorders, stress
has also been associated with the development of cardiovascular or heart disease. Due to
Glucocorticoids role in regulating the differentiation of adipose (fat) cells, the idea of abdominal

fat being gained through the mishandling or excessive cortisol is supported. Since cortisol is
directly affected in the management of stress, it can be assumed that stress causes an increase in
fat, leading to heart and cardiovascular disease. The article then goes on to talk about possible
treatments for chronic stress focusing on antalarmin, which blocks CRH effects in rats.
As relating to my research topicreactions to stress in children, this article was very
informative regarding the neurological and biological responses to stress as well as lasting effects
of stress on the body from a pathological perspective. The most useful part about this source is
that it provided useful information about the immediate responses to stressfrom the releases of
specific hormones and the negative pathway relating to the HVA axis. Although my topic focuses
on children and their responses to stress and anxiety, I feel that this source, which fails to specify
the target experimental group (it can be assumed that it refers to adults), is still very informative
and useful regarding the endocrine responses. The source is well supported and cites all the
supportive information in a well-organized reference section. It also includes an image that aids
the reader in understand the structure of the HVA axis. Overall the source is accurate, useful, and
informative. It will most like serve as both background information as well as support for my
analysis.

"National Library of Medicine." National Institute of Health. National Institute of Health, 10

Oct. 1993. Web. 24 Oct. 2015. <https://www.nlm.nih.gov/>.
This is the National Institute of Health website that documents specific research and
experiments. Because it is listed under NIH, the National Library of Medicine is federally
supported. There are separate sections detailed each of the following types of research as well as
articles in each section: Human Genome Resources, Biomedical Research & Informatics,
Environmental Health & Toxicology, Health Services Research & Public Health, and Health
Information Technology. Documents on this website are all full-text and free to read.
The National Library of Medicine publishes a plethora of important texts that are free,
full, and easy to access. There are plenty of search tools to help guide and narrow down topics
and articles. In addition, sources published on this website is typically very reliable being a
government website. I have been able to access articles that pertain to my topic that are
unavailable on other sites or sources.
NASA Technical Report Server. NASA, n.d. Web.
A research resource for finding journal articles. Articles contain full-text and very
specific abstracts. Each article is cited with authors and publication year as well as acquired date

making the sources both easy to use and read. When Pediatrics was searched, over 300 results
matching the search appeared in order of relevance.
This is a great resource because it provided the sources in both an organized fashion both
in terms of order and citation. The external online source is all labeled very nicely and everything
is in order Document ID. I really enjoyed surfing through the source but found little articles that
related to my topic of emotions within pediatrics. Many of the results that popped up were in
relation to asthma and viruses.

Pediatrics Digest 136.4 (2015): n. pag. American Academy of Pediatrics. Web.

A professional journal surrounding research conducted in correspondence
with Pediatrics supported by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The eArchives
offers free full-text articles regarding pediatrics as well as a documented list of
articles ranging back to 1948. The current October 2015 issue is available to be
viewed online and articles are full-text and free pdfs. Articles cover a wide range of
topics from Timing of the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and
Autism Spectrum Disorder to Survival of Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart
Syndrome.
This journal is backed up by AAP and is very reliable. In addition, articles are
specific and interesting, not to mention in full-text with subscription. The website is
a tiny bit confusing but not impossible to navigate. Since the journal focuses on
Pediatricsmy topic, its very helpful in terms of information and topics.

Popoola, Adebowale. Personal interview. 25 Oct. 2015.

Doctor Popoola graduated from Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Ogun
State University and is currently a certified psychiatrist in Winsor Mill, MD. He is the CEO and
Medical Director of HCLFF. When questioned, he provided insight on the project idea of
Emotions through Pediatrics. He encouraged the specification of the topic, for example an age

range for the patients. The younger the child, the more automatic and primate the responses and
as a child ages, they gain experiences that are stored for memory access. As a child nears the age
of 10, they are much more emotionally developed than those younger. Emotions such as anxiety
are related to the brain and further research should be conducted to seek the connection between
emotions and epinephrine levels.
Rafei, Keyvan. Personal interview. 11 Sept. 2015.
I talked to Dr. Rafei when I first started interning at KinderMender. Before founding
KinderMender, Dr. Rafei was Chief of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Chairman of the
Pediatric Asthma Program at the University of Maryland Hospital for Children. His main
motivation for starting KinderMender was to create a pediatric urgent care center that offered an
open, inviting atmosphere for children and their parents, where they could receive top quality
medical care without the long waits, indifferent staff, and sterile environment that often
characterizes the average doctor's office. In addition to being a pediatrician and the owner of
KinderMender, Dr. Rafei also published many articles in a multitude of pediatric textbooks and
journals, and is also an accomplished speaker, having presented his work at many national and
international conferences.
Saarenpaa, Heli-Kaisa. "Lung Function in Very Low Birth Weight Adults."Pediatrics. 136.4
(2015): 914-21. Print.
Childhood lung function is one of the contributing factors in airway disease (lung
diseaseetc) in later life. The study focused on the relationship between premature birth, low
birth weight, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in relations to other prenatal and neonatal
conditions. Spirometry, or the measurement of how well the lungs intake air, was measured for
160 18-27 year of subjects with very low birth weight, 29 of whom have bronchopulmonary
dysplasia along with 160 controlled subjects. The results concluded that maternal smoking in
pregnancy affected the airflow of subjects negatively, strongest in the very low birth weight and
bronchopulmonary dysplasia group. Furthermore, young adults born with low birth weights
correlated with reduced airflow and restricted airways.
This source was very well written and easier to understand. I do question the validity of
the source. Depending on the birth circumstances of the infants, the poor airways may be result
from the mother or fathers genes rather than only birth weight. It can be assumed that if a child
is born prematurely, he or she is more likely to have a lighter weight. Since this source highlights
the mothers smoking in pregnancy as a contributor to poorer airflow, it can be assumed that
many of the subjects studied were affected by this condition. Therefore, it could be said that the
poor airways did not result from birth weight (or directly relate) but rather to maternal actions (or
even genes).
"Scabies." American Academy of Dermatology (2004): 819-24. Print.

Scabies are parasites that affect both children and the elderly (as well as those with
weakened immune systems due to disease). The source outlines the causes, treatment and
symptoms of the disease. Scabies is transferred via touch and sexual contact. All those who are
diagnosed as well as those they live with must all receive treatment in the form of ointment or
ivermectin due to the slow nature of the disease in showing symptoms. Symptoms include
itching, mainly at night, scabies rash in children and infants, and crusted scabies (Norwegian
scabies).
The source appears reliable and corresponds with other facts I had learned about Scabies
from mentors and other medical dictionaries. The source explains very clearly the overall course
of the disease from transaction to treatment. It is very interesting to note, that scabies will not
transmit from a hug or handshake despite its highly contagious nature. It requires touch long
enough to a mite to crawl from person to person. In spite of this, all family members must still be
treated if one appears to have scabies. I found this disease to be very interesting since witnessing
it at the clinic, the source provided sufficient information and helped to explain every part of the
disease.
Science in Context. Gale, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2015. <http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/home?
u=elli29753&p=SCIC>
This source is provided through the Howard County resources list and provides easy to
understand sources in the scientific field. There are an abundance of references from lyme
disease to arachnids. These sources are all full-text and free to view through the Howard County
school system.
These sources are very informational. Because Gale is trustworthy and included as one of
the sources available through the school system, these articles will definitely prove to be useful.
The topics of the articles are wide ranging and cover not only health but also biology. I have
already located several pediatric related articles through Science in Context.
Science Reference Center. EBSCO Industries, Inc., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2015.
The Science Reference Center is supported by the Howard County Library System.
Through the source, there are six sections of various science topics: Applied Sciences, Earth
Sciences, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientists, as well as Space Sciences and Astronomy.
There is also an area to search a topic of interest and all articles that responds are full-text and
free to view. In addition, readers are given the option of having the text read back to them in a
multitude of different speeds and accents. Journals cover articles from 1951 to present day.
I found a few articles that were especially interesting on this website. I think my favorite
part about this source, besides it offering free full-text articles is the read-aloud option. Since I
prefer listening to audiobooks while reading, it helps me to better understand and focus on the

reading. Otherwise, the source is very insightful and delivered many scientific topics that cover a
variety of subjects.

Teicher, Martin H., Susan L. Andersen, Ann Polcari, Carl M. Anderson, Carryl P. Navalta, and
Dennis M. Kim. "The Neurobiological Consequences of Early Stress and Childhood
Maltreatment." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 27.1-2 (2003): 33-44. Print.
This clinical study researched the lasting effects of stress during early childhood and
adolescence on psychological and neurological development. The study starts off with a focus on
the hippocampus. In the two studies that were analyzed, one mentioned a reduction in the left
hippocampal volume while the other study mentioned little to no differences between
independent variableshealthy and stressed individuals. This was credited to the fact that
individuals studied in the first experiment had undergone drug and alcohol abuse which
contributed to the decrease in volume. The next study focused on Amygdala, whose nuclei are
one of the most sensitive brain structures for the appearance of kiddling, a process that leads to
seizures. In tests regarding self-reported and recorded individuals, it is noted that those with a
history of physical or sexual abuse had increased experienced symptomatic problems, however,
no amygdala mass was recorded to have physically decreased. Next, the myelinated regions like
the corpus callosum was studied and found to be gender specific. Early childhood environment
stress factors seemed to affect myelinated regions differently in male and female: environment
affected the number of female myelinated axons and affected the males myelinated axon
diameters. Reduced size of the corpus callosum has shown to affect the communication between
the cortical hemispheres, resulting in hemisphere suppression during memory recalling. It is
discovered that boys are often times more affected by girls. The study goes on to include
information about cerebellar vermis and cerebral cortex, both of which were affected when
studied in isolated monkeys. Through the analysis of these studies, it is discovered that unlike
previously thoughtstress being detrimental to healthindividuals merely adapt to the high
stress levels and undergo a different developmental pathway. It should be noted, however, that
these changes are not optimal for reproduction in a benign environment.
This was definitely one of the most interesting articles Ive read on childhood stress.
Although this article highlights the effects of lasting stressors in a childs life, its informative in
the harm that stress cause on a biological/neurological perspective. The best part is that it

thoroughly analyzed each and every component of the brain that may or may not be affected long
term. The article is very comprehensive and every experiment is supported by evidence and
previous research. The work is concise and to the point, featuring both positive and negative
results. Its important that they revised their previous belief of stress being ultimately a bad
experience in ones life. Coping with stress, as it is mentioned in the article, is merely another
developmental pathway. Due to my topic being focused on stress, emotions, and reactions in
children, this was a very useful biological article. Unfortunately, the article targets only longterm effects and fails to note the short term reactions found in children during childhood. This
prompts me to research a more cohesive article that details the immediate neurological reactions
in children at a young age. Overall, I think the article will be useful in providing background
information, but not in the arguments.
Turcot, Andree. "Effects of Genotype and Sleep on Temperament."Pediatrics. 136.4 (2015): 91421. Print.
In this study, the relationship between sleep problems and a gene which causes emotional
function is studied. The trials were organized based on 36 month old subjects who reported sleep
dysfunction or normal sleep. In the end, it was revealed that those with sleep issued often also
possessed low expressing 5-HTTLPR gene. The results of the study show that those with the
gene often experience trouble sleeping early on in life. Because the study was only conducted
with toddlers, its hard to say the effect of the trait on older children. It is also concluded that the
gene presents not only emotional function but also a higher sensitivity with environmental
factors and that the Differential susceptibility theory posits that certain factors may increase an
individuals susceptibility to the environment, in either a positive or negative fashion.
Genetics play a very important part in childhood behavior. This source not only contained
the gene for emotional function but also the effect of it on something completely unrelated
sleep. This source could be very helpful to my project as it conveys the connection between
emotions and other aspects of the brain regarding sleep. On the other hand, however, the source
is not directly related to emotion and focused more on sleep irregularity so it may not be useful
in providing support.

Umamaheshwari, N., Sharath Asokan, and Kumaran S. Kumaran. "Child Friendly Colors in a
Pediatric Dental Practice." Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive
Dentistry 31.4 (2013): 225-28. Print.
In order to find a way to calm pediatric dental patients, researchers tried to find the color
that calmed patients down the most in a clinical setting. This experiment was meant to be carried
out in a dental office setting and hoped to utilize the results in order to provide a more childfriendly environment to ease anxiety. Test subjects were first assessed by a calibrated examiner
in the waiting room on a scale of 5. They were then separated into groups of very anxious or not
very anxious. Then, each subject was handed a picture of a smiling face and offered a variety of
colors to color the face. It was discovered that for the smiling face, the most prevalent color was
yellow and blue. After that, they were each presented with a frowning face and again asked to
color. Most of the subjects chose red or black. It was discovered from the first test that older kids
tend to be less anxious while younger kids were more likely to be anxious upon entering a dental
office setting. The article also detailed that The color yellow is associated with happiness,
cheerfulness and a positive emotional state; the color blue is associated with secure, calm,
comforting; green with quietness; red with anger, aggression, excitation; black with depression
or anxiety, providing further explanation on why a particular color mightve been chosen over
another. It should be noted however, that since this is a human experiment, color choices are
widely varied from individual to individual through prior experience. A child was said to prefer
black to smiling faces because he/she associated black fishes in aquariums with happiness.
I found this article to be interesting but repetitive. As an art student, the temperature of
color in relation to emotions is one of the most basic studies. I also think that yellow being
associated with happiness might not be total due to the fact that children perceived yellow to be a
positive color, but the fact that smiling face emoji is typically colored yellow and so they are
inclined to choose that color. It was interesting to find, however, that younger and older kids do
not have a huge difference in anxiety level. Although not noted in the summary, approximately
66% of younger children were found to be anxiety while approximately 33% of older children
are found to be anxious. Although this was a significant difference in data, I still found it
interesting that still 39% of older children find dental offices to be intimidating. From prior
knowledge, I had assumed that older children were much calmer when faced with a situation
such as a wait room. It is also nice to note that blue can also be interpreted as being calming or
comforting; in a typical color study, blue is usually associated with cool colors or the emotion of
sadness.

Vorvick, Linda J. "Strep Throat." A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print.
Strep throat is a common disease most often caused by the strep virus that mostly infects
children aged 5-15. Symptoms occur about 2-5 days after infection and reflect common cold
symptoms. However, some distinguishing symptoms could be white patches on an otherwise red
and sore throat, and tender neck glands. Strep tests may turn out negative even if the
bacteria/virus is present and therefore a further test can be conducted via culturing. If test results
positive, antibiotics must be administered to prevent worsening. (Otherwise, typical sore throats
should not require antibiotics. Since strep throat virus is transferred via fluids, eating utensils
should be disinfected between family members and toothbrushes should be changed to prevent
reinfection.
Strep throat is extremely prevalent among children especially in this time period, along
with the typical flu. Just the Saturday of October 24, there were more than 5 cases of strep. I find
this incredibly useful as it can be noted that strep tests can results in negative even if the virus is
present. This confirms the actions of doctors at the clinic that forwarded samples to the local labs
for further cultivation and study. One of the doctors also asked to check the throat of a brother of
a strep confirmed patient because of the highly contagious nature of the disease. Knowing basic
knowledge of common diseases will aide me in distinguishing them in the future. This source
was concise and informative. Since it came from a government medical dictionary, I can assume
that the source is very reliable.

Wenner, Moyer. "My Son Has a Disorder That May Not Exist." Scientific American Mind 26.5:
62-67. Print.
Wenner begins this article by describing her son, who she claims to have sensory
processing disorder. Sensory processing disorder is when a patient has a hard time responding to
and integrating sensations that can affect his social communications and life. For example, one
could be overly or under sensitive to the sound of whirling fans or smell the scent of a fruit from
across the room. The article is then led to explain that sensory processing disorder is not an
actual disorder as recognized by several associations. Through multiple clinical trials,
however, where SPD patients performed vastly differently from control groups, SPD should be
considered a disorder. Due to insufficient funding because of a lack of recognition and
understanding, those supporting SPD have a hard time trying to reveal treatment and facts.
Wenner also notes that it is hard to trace these symptoms in adults because adults find ways to
avoid uncomfortable situations as opposed to simply growing out of it.
I think that this article detailed a very important aspect of pediatrics. Although it was not
directly related to pediatrics, it offered a specific insightthe fact that some disorders are
unrecognized and ignored. One important aspect of working with children is understanding what
they are going through. Because they are much less experienced, children have a hard time trying
to express their thoughts in an understandable way. This article highlights on the fact that there
are still many mysteries in the medical field that are commonly unaddressed. Similarly, in
pediatrics, if children have a hard time conveying their problems, then those too remain ignored.
This passage urges me to approach issues from more than one perspective to gain more insight
especially with childhood expressions.

Williams, Mike. "Nanotubes Found in the Lungs of French Children." Rice University: n. pag.
Print.
In samples taken from the lungs of 69 random asthma patients ages 2-17, it was
discovered that they contained carbon nanotubes. Because the nanotubes are too small to be
viewed under an optical microscope, they were ignored until studied with new technology. This
discovery raised new questions. It is assumed that nanotubes could act similarly to known
carcinogens and may even be a contributing factor in black substance found in the lungs of
emphysema diagnosed patients. In addition, these nanoparticles may very well be present in the
lungs of everyone. Lon Wilson, a chemist at Rice University states that In our laboratory,
working with carbon nanotubes, we wear facemask to prevent exactly what were seeing in these
samples yet everyone probably has at least a small concentration of carbon nanotubes in
their lungs, highlighting the prevalence of nanotubes in everyday life.
It can be observed that from a young age, children are already being exposed to
nanotubes typically found in car exhaust. This article may not be directly connected to my
research topic but it does point out the declining health of children today as compared to those of
20 or 30 years ago. The declining health of children directly correlates to the amount of visits by
patients to urgent care centers. This study could be compared to beyond simply nanotubes, which
all children are exposed to today, and be instead used with the everyday environment on the
health of children. In addition, it is stated in the passage that the concentration of nanotubes in
the lungs of children MAY cause asthma. Although unproven, this could pose a very important
question in the pediatric field.