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Apparatus Bushings
Sponsored by the
Transformers Committee
IEEE
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New York, NY 10016-5997
USA
(Revision of
IEEE Std C57.19-100-1995)
22 February 2013
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(Revision of
IEEE Std C57.19.100-1995)
Transformers Committee
of the
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Abstract: Guidance on the use of outdoor power apparatus bushings is provided. The bushings
are limited to those built in accordance with IEEE Std C57.19.00TM-1991. General information and
recommendations for the application of power apparatus bushings when incorporated as part of
power transformers, power circuit breakers, and isolated-phase bus are provided.
Keywords: circuit breakers, IEEE C57.19.100TM, isolated-phase bus, power apparatus bushings,
transformers
ISBN 978-0-7381-8132-5
ISBN 978-0-7381-8133-2
STD98087
STDPD98087
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iv
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Participants
At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Guide for
Application of Power Apparatus Bushings Working Group had the following membership:
Thomas Spitzer, Chair
Jesse Patton, Vice Chair
Carlo Arpino
Ray Bartnikas
Jeffrey Benach
Gene Blackburn
John Brafa
Florian Costa
John Crouse
Larry Davis
Arturo Del Rio
Lonnie Elder
Fred Elliott
Keith Ellis
Mary Foster
Charles Garner
Joseph Garza
John Graham
Roger Hayes
Chungduck Ko
Reiner Krump
Mario Locarno
Van Nhi Nguyen
Leslie Recksiedler
Randolph Rensi
Devki Sharma
Craig Steigemier
John Stein
Jane Vermer
Eric Weatherbee
Michael Williams
Shibao Zhang
Peter Zhao
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
Mohamed Abdel Khalek
Stephen Antosz
Carlo Arpino
Peter Balma
Robert Barnett
Barry Beaster
Jeffrey Benach
W. (Bill) J. Bergman
Wallace Binder
Thomas Blackburn
W. Boettger
John Brafa
William Bush
Arvind K. Chaudhary
Bill Chiu
Robert Christman
Kurt Clemente
Jerry Corkran
John Crouse
Willaim Darovny
Gary Donner
Fred Elliott
Keith Ellis
Gary Engmann
James Fairris
Jorge Fernandez Daher
Patrick Fitzgerald
Joseph Foldi
Marcel Fortin
Robert Ganser
Charles Garner
Saurabh Ghosh
David Giegel
David Gilmer
Jalal Gohari
Edwin Goodwin
James Graham
William Griesacker
Randall C. Groves
Bal Gupta
Charles Hand
David Harris
Roger Hayes
Lee Herron
Gary Heuston
Gary Hoffman
Philip Hopkinson
John Kay
Gael Kennedy
Sheldon Kennedy
Joseph L. Koepfinger
Jim Kulchisky
Saumen Kundu
John Lackey
Chung-Yiu Lam
Hua Liu
Albert Livshitz
Thomas Lundquist
Greg Luri
Richard Marek
J. Dennis Marlow
Lee Matthews
Andrew McNulty
Georges Montillet
Jerry Murphy
Ryan Musgrove
K. R. M. Nair
Arthur Neubauer
Michael S. Newman
Joe Nims
Ted Olsen
Lorraine Padden
Bansi Patel
Shawn Patterson
Jesse Patton
Brian Penny
Paul Pillitteri
Alvaro Portillo
Lewis Powell
Iulian Profir
Reynaldo Ramos
Jean-Christophe Riboud
Johannes Rickmann
John Roach
Michael Roberts
John Rossetti
Marnie Roussell
Thomas Rozek
Daniel Sauer
Bartien Sayogo
Devki Sharma
Gil Shultz
James Smith
Jeremy Smith
Jerry Smith
Brian Sparling
Thomas Spitzer
Gary Stoedter
John Vergis
Jane Verner
Loren Wagenaar
David Wallach
Barry Ward
Joe Watson
Eric Weatherbee
Peter Werelius
Kenneth White
Wael Youssef
Jian Yu
Matthew Zeedyk
Shibao Zhang
Peter Zhao
Xi Zhu
Waldemar Ziomek
vi
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When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 5 December 2012, it had the following
membership:
Richard H. Hulett, Chair
John Kulick, Vice Chair
Robert Grow, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary
Satish Aggarwal
Masayuki Ariyoshi
Peter Balma
William Bartley
Ted Burse
Clint Chaplin
Wael Diab
Jean-Philippe Faure
Alexander Gelman
Paul Houz
Jim Hughes
Young Kyun Kim
Joseph L. Koepfinger*
David J. Law
Thomas Lee
Hung Ling
Oleg Logvinov
Ted Olsen
Gary Robinson
Jon Walter Rosdahl
Mike Seavey
Yatin Trivedi
Phil Winston
Yu Yuan
*Member Emeritus
Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:
Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative
Michael Janezic, NIST Representative
Patrick Gibbons
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development
Erin Spiewak
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development
vii
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Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012, IEEE Guide for Application of Power Apparatus Bushings.
In August 1968, the ANSI C76 committee decided to separate ANSI C76.1 into three parts: The rst
(C76.1, currently IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991 a) part was to cover the general requirements and test
procedures; the second (C76.2, currently IEEE Std C57.19.01TM-1991) was to cover explicit ratings and
dimensions; and the third (C76.3) was to be an application guide. This document, IEEE Std C57.19.1002012, is the application guide.
When the ANSI C76 committee was developing the rst draft of the application guide, it was decided that
the loading guide portion of the guide should be published for trial use before completion of the application
guide. This would allow experience with its use and possible modications prior to publication within the
application guide. The trial-use loading guide was approved but not published before the disbanding of the
ANSI C76 committee.
The Working Group on Bushing Application Guide was established by the Bushing Subcommittee of the
IEEE Transformers Committee to take over the development and completion of the application guide so
that it could be submitted for IEEE Standards Board approval and publication. IEEE published the trial-use
loading guide in July 1989 as IEEE Std C57.19.101-1989. It was upgraded to a full-use guide on June 18,
1992, and it was designated as IEEE Std C57.19.101-1992. The current guide, IEEE Std C57.19.100-2012,
is the application guide in its entirety, which includes the loading guide (Clause 4), and hence, it supersedes
IEEE Std C57.19.101-1992. This revision is intended to provide additional information to clarify the
previous standard and include newer technologies for manufacture and operation of bushings currently in
use.
In the latest revision of this guide, the document was updated to current IEEE styles, references were
updated, and general revisions were made. In addition, information on draw-lead and draw-rod bushings,
the application of outdoor bushings indoors, bushing monitors, bushing repair, and additional guidance on
power factor and capacitance testing were also added.
viii
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Contents
1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 1
2. Normative references.................................................................................................................................. 2
3. Denitions .................................................................................................................................................. 2
4. Thermal loading above nameplate rating for bushings applied on power transformers ............................. 3
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................ 3
4.2 Temperature calculations for short-time loads above bushing rating .................................................. 5
4.3 Test procedures for derivation of mathematical model ....................................................................... 8
5. Special considerations for application of bushings to power transformers ............................................... 11
5.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 11
5.2 Loading of bushings with transformer top oil temperature rises between 55 C and 65 C .............. 11
5.3 Application of bushings in transformers with conservator oil preservation systems ......................... 12
5.4 Draw-lead application........................................................................................................................ 12
5.5 Draw-rod application ......................................................................................................................... 13
6. Thermal loading for bushings applied on circuit breakers........................................................................ 13
7. Thermal loading for bushings used with isolated-phase bus .................................................................... 13
7.1 Concerns for bushings used in isolated-phase bus ............................................................................. 13
7.2 Thermal coordination between the bushings and the isolated-phase bus........................................... 14
8. Allowable line pull (cantilever loading) ................................................................................................... 14
8.1 General (transformers and circuit breakers) ...................................................................................... 14
8.2 Mounting angles greater than 20 ...................................................................................................... 14
8.3 Circuit breaker applications ............................................................................................................... 15
9. Application of bushings in unusual service conditions............................................................................. 15
9.1 Contaminated environments .............................................................................................................. 15
9.2 High altitudes..................................................................................................................................... 18
9.3 Application of outdoor bushings in indoor locations ......................................................................... 18
9.4 Bushing monitors ............................................................................................................................... 18
10. Bushing maintenance practices .............................................................................................................. 18
10.1 Mechanical maintenance and inspection ......................................................................................... 18
10.2 Bushing repair.................................................................................................................................. 20
10.3 Routine and special tests .................................................................................................................. 21
10.4 Bushing storage ............................................................................................................................... 23
10.5 Bushing replacement ....................................................................................................................... 24
11. Checklist ................................................................................................................................................. 25
Annex A (informative) Examples of calculation procedures to determine hot-spot temperatures for
bushings applied on transformers ................................................................................................................. 26
Annex B (informative) Bibliography............................................................................................................ 30
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1. Overview
1.1 Scope
Guidance on the use of outdoor power apparatus bushings is provided in this document. The bushings are
limited to those built in accordance with IEEE Std C57.19.00TM-1991 (not the latest revision). 1 The latest
revision, IEEE Std C57.19.00TM-2004, does not address the use of condenser bushings in oil circuit breakers
and several voltage classes were dropped that are still in use.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this guide is to present general information and recommendations for the application of
power apparatus bushings when incorporated as part of power transformers, power circuit breakers, and
isolated-phase bus. The loading model developed in this guide is based on oil-impregnated, paperinsulated, capacitance-graded bushings. Similar loading models could be developed for other bushing
constructions.
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2. Normative references
The following referenced document is indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., it must be
understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
IEEE Std 4TM, IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing. 2,3
IEEE Std C37.010TM, IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis (including Supplement IEEE Std C37.010d).
IEEE Std C37.017TM, IEEE Standard for Bushings for High Voltage [over 1000V(ac)] Circuit Breakers and
Gas-Insulated Switchgear.
IEEE Std C37.23TM, IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Bus and Calculating Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus.
IEEE Std C57.12.00TM, IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,
and Regulating Transformers.
IEEE Std C57.19.00TM-1991, IEEE General Requirements and Test Procedures for Outdoor Apparatus
Bushings.
IEEE Std C57.19.00TM-2004, IEEE General Requirements and Test Procedures for Power Apparatus
Bushings.
IEEE Std C57.19.01TM, IEEE Standard Performance Characteristics and Dimensions for Outdoor Apparatus
Bushings.
IEEE Std C57.91TM, IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers.
3. Denitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards
Dictionary Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 4
For definitions of terms used in this standard, also see IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991.
draw-lead bushing: A bushing that will allow the use of a current-carrying draw-lead conductor drawn
through the hollow tube and enabling its connection to the top terminal.
draw-lead conductor: A cable or a solid conductor that has one end connected to the transformer or a
reactor winding lead and the other end drawn through the bushing hollow tube and connected to the top
terminal of the bushing. A solid conductor can be either one piece or multiple pieces connected together.
draw-rod: A non-current-carrying rod (current is carried by the bushing tube) that has one end connected
to the transformer/reactor lead end terminal and the other end drawn through the bushing hollow tube and
connected to the top end of the bushing. A draw-rod can be either one piece or multiple pieces connected.
2
This publication is available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://standards.ieee.org/).
The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
4
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online subscription is available at: http://www.ieee.org/portal/innovate/products/standard/
standards_dictionary.html.
3
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draw-rod bushing: A bushing that allows the use of a non-current-carrying rod drawn through the hollow
tube and enabling a connection between the bushings inboard end terminal and the transformer or reactor
winding lead.
The top oil rise of many transformers is signicantly below 65 C when the transformer is operated
at nameplate loading. This is most likely to occur on forced oil-cooled (OFAF or ODAF)
transformers.
b)
Bushings are totally sealed from the atmosphere at the time of manufacture, thus preserving their
dielectric and thermal integrity.
3
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c)
Bushing insulation is generally processed to a greater degree of dryness than transformer insulation,
thus providing a lower power factor, lower dielectric losses, and consequently prolonged life at any
temperature.
d)
The end-of-life of cellulose insulation in transformers may be governed by its ability to withstand
mechanical forces that are associated with fault currents through the transformers. Cellulose
insulation in bushings is not subjected to similar forces.
e)
f)
The use of bushings with current ratings greater than the transformer current ratings as described in
4.1.1.1 reduces the temperature rise inside the bushing at rated transformer current.
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further increased. Under some extreme conditions, thermal runaway may occur. This risk should be
considered when the guide is applied.
Special capacitance-graded bushings built with insulation systems such as thermally upgraded paper or
resin impregnated paper, rated higher than temperature index 105 insulation class, are sometimes used.
These insulation systems may have higher power factors particularly at higher temperatures and may
experience thermal runaway if loaded signicantly beyond the nameplate rating. For specic information,
the manufacturer should be contacted.
4.1.2.5 Stray magnetic flux
Additional heating may occur in bushings placed in the magnetic field of the windings and leads. The
heating can result from the eddy current flowing in the metallic portions of the bushing below the mounting
flange. The magnetic flux will increase with the load current.
Magnetic fields can create high eddy current losses in tanks, flanges, and bus enclosures during overload
conditions, causing them to reach high temperatures. High temperatures of the part itself may not be of
concern, but the heat may transfer to the bushing causing high-temperature bushing concerns.
=
K1 I n + K 2 0
HS
(1)
where
HS
0
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I
n, K1, and K2
Typical values of K1 range from 15 to 32. Typical values of K2 range from 0.6 to 0.8. The exponent n
generally ranges between 1.6 and 2.0, with 1.8 being the most common value.
When a bushing is operated in the draw-lead mode, the thermal performance is dominated by an integral
part of the transformer that is inserted through the tube of the bushing. This lead is not an integral part of
the bushing, so the thermal performance cannot be directly related to a specic design of bushing that may
also be operated in other transformers with different size draw leads.
The temperature of the hottest spot of the conductor, when operated in the draw-lead mode, may be
determined in the same manner, with I being the per unit load current of the draw lead.
4.2.2 Transient hottest-spot temperature calculations
After changes in load current or ambient temperature occur, both the immersion oil temperature and
bushing hottest-spot temperature will change with time from the initial to the nal value in an exponential
manner. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the initial and nal transformer top oil temperature and the
rate of change by the procedures established in IEEE Std C57.91. After the changed per unit current I, the
transformer top oil rise 0, and the transformer top oil time constant to have been established, the
transient response of the bushing may be determined using K1, K2, n, and the bushing time constant t.
K1, K2, and n are the same constants and exponent used for the steady-state bushing calculations.
The bushing time constant to is the length of time required for the temperature change to reach 63.2% of the
nal temperature change.
4.2.2.1 Iterative method
One method is to simulate the exponential rise by making a series of repeated calculations of the bushing
hottest-spot temperature rise in successive time increments following steps AF.
where
T
t
t1
t2
o
HS(t1)
HS (t2)
For the new load (C)
is the bushing hottest-spot temperature rise at the end of the transient load period
HS (T)
or
HS (T) = HS (t1+t) (C)
is the immersion oil temperature rise as determined for time t1 (C)
O(t1)
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O(t2)
O (t1 + t)
HS (t1+t)
HS ( t1 ) + HS ( t2 ) HS ( t1 ) 1 e ( t / 0 )
(3)
Step A: Determine initial bushing hottest-spot temperature rise at start of rst increment, HS
(t1) from Equation (1) for prior per unit load I and O (t1).
Step B: Determine new transformer immersion oil temperature rise at end of rst increment,
O (t1+ t) from Equation (2).
Step C: Determine the new ultimate bushing hottest-spot rise HS (t2) for the conditions that
apply from Equation (1) using O (t1+ t) from step B.
Step D: Calculate the new transient bushing hottest-spot rise HS (t1+t) at the end of the time
increment from Equation (3) using HS (t1) and HS (t2) from steps A and C.
Step E: Use this new transient bushing hottest-spot rise HS (t1+t) as the new HS (t1) for
input to the subsequent incremental step.
Step F: Repeat the incremental procedure of Steps AE until the end of the transient load period
(t = T).
See the example in Figure 1.
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}{
HS ( t1 ) + K1 I n + K 2 0 ( t1 ) + ( 0 ( t2 ) 0 ( t1 ) ) 1 e (T / 0 ) HS ( t1 ) 1 e (T / t )
(4)
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Prepare the test unit by installing thermocouples on each terminal and in at least four locations
not more than 762 mm (30 in) apart on the center conductor. The thermocouples may be
attached directly to the outside of the conductor by removing portions of the insulation, or the
thermocouples may make contact with the inside of a hollow conductor by means of a phosphor
bronze thermocouple brush. The thermocouple leads may be threaded through the bottom end of
a hollow center conductor, through a small hole in the top terminal, or brought out at some
convenient location above the internal oil level.
b) Install a pressure gage in such a way that the additional gas space of the gage and connections
will not exceed 0.5% of the normal gas space. Seal the test unit with the gas chamber charged
with the proper gas at the sealing pressure. If the thermocouple connections of item a) have
disturbed the sealing characteristics of the test unit, then a duplicate unit may be prepared for
pressure monitoring. If the test tank is of sufficient size to avoid proximity effects, then the
pressure unit may be mounted adjacent to and connected in series with the test unit. As an
alternative, the pressure unit may be tested separately.
c)
Mount the bushing on a suitable nonmagnetic metal plate that complies with the minimum size
tab calculated as follows:
Bushing mounting plate
bolt circle
(in)
(mm)
6 to 9 1/4
152 to 235
13 to 15 337 to 400
21 to 25
530 to 635
Thickness
(in)
5/8
(mm)
6.4
13
16
f)
Attach air-end bus at least 1 m (3 ft) long, projecting from the terminal connector in a horizontal
plane. The cross section of the bus should be such that at rated current the temperature rise at a
location 1 m (3 ft) from the bushing should be at least 30 C above ambient.
g) Attach thermocouples to the bus work connectors, mounting plate, and exterior of the bushing.
h) Mount the bushing so that the oil level complies with either 5.4.1 of IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991
or the level required in the actual bushing application after the steady-state test tank oil
temperature has been achieved.
i)
Heat and circulate the oil to maintain a minimum vertical temperature gradient over the bushing
immersion depth without oil flow being directed at the test bushing.
j)
k) Make load tests, as required, for obtaining the data necessary for a good statistical basis for a
bushing mathematical model. Some suggested conditions are as follows:
I
Current (pu)
0.0
0.7
o
Oil rise (C)
55
55
1.0
1.25
55
55
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I
Current (pu)
0.0
o
Oil rise (C)
70
1.0
70
1.5
70
2.0
70
l)
Record temperatures at appropriate intervals until the thermal conditions become constant or until
the measured temperatures do not increase by more than 1 C for 2 h for bushings up through
900 kV basic insulation level (BIL) and not more than 1 C for 4 h for bushings 1050 kV BIL and
above.
m)
Report initial and final values of conductor hottest-spot rise, top and bottom terminal connector
rises, and increase in pressure. Also report the bushing time and temperature readings.
Obtain a steady-state temperature prole at rated current with the bottom end immersed in hot
oil by the procedure discussed in 4.3.1. This establishes o(I = 1 pu) and HS(I = 1 pu).
b) Reduce the current to zero and determine the steady-state temperature of the location that was
the hottest spot at rated current. This establishes o(I = 1 pu) and HS(I = 0 pu).
c)
The constants K1 and K2 can be calculated using Equation (5) and Equation (6):
K2 =
HS ( I =
0 pu ) / o ( I =
K1 =
HS ( I =
1 pu ) K 2 [o ( I =
0 pu
(5)
1 pu )]
(6)
d) The exponent n can be calculated from additional tests using Equation (7):
=
n
[1
=
/ ln ( I Xpu ) ]ln{[=
HS pu
( I X ) K=
( I X )] / K1}
2 o pu
(7)
The bushing time constant can be determined by analysis of the timetemperature curves from
the tests.
Additional tests as recommended in item k) in 4.3.1 will conrm the nominal values of constants K1, K2,
and n or give additional data to rene the estimates by graphical or statistical means.
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Operation of bushings in transformers with top oil temperature rise greater than 55 C
b) Increased transfer of heat into the bushing from top oil in transformers with conservator oil
preservation systems
c)
d) Stray flux heating in the flange and other metallic bushing parts
5.2 Loading of bushings with transformer top oil temperature rises between 55 C
and 65 C
If a transformer has a top oil temperature rise greater than 55 C but less than or equal to 65 C, then a
bushing with a higher nameplate current rating than the transformer current rating may be applied by using
an appropriate derating factor. If the bushing thermal constants are known, then the derated current Id may
be determined from the following:
Id = dIr
(8)
where
Id
d
Ir
K1, K2, and n
If the bushing thermal constants are not known, then the curve in Figure 2, derived by setting K1 = 21,
K2 = 0.8, and n = 1.6 in Equation (8), may be used to determine item d) in 5.1.
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Figure 2 Bushing current derating factor for transformer top oil temperature rises
between 55 C and 65 C
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determines the rating of the draw-lead cable. When the bushing manufacturer supplies the draw-lead
conductor as part of the bushing, the current is limited to the rating specified on the bushing nameplate.
5.4.2 Draw-lead cable/bushing loading
The current-carrying capacity of the draw lead cable is determined by the size and type of the cable used by
the transformer manufacturer. The current is limited to the rating specified on the transformer nameplate.
When applying bushings in the draw-lead mode, the bushing manufacturer should be consulted for
guidelines on draw-lead sizes, ratings, and loading. To minimize cable insulation loss of life during
overloads, it would be preferable to choose a cable with current rating of at least 20% above the rated
current of the transformer. If higher overloads are anticipated, then cables with even greater margin should
be considered.
Although specific guidelines should be obtained from bushing or transformer manufacturers, following
general guidelines can be used for rating draw-lead cables with thermally upgraded 65 C insulation.
Maximum ambient 40 C
Maximum cable hottest-spot temperature rise above ambient air at rated current 80 C
Maximum cable hottest-spot temperature rise above ambient air under overload condition
100 C
The 80 C rise limit agrees with the maximum winding hottest-spot temperature rise for 65 C rise
transformers as per IEEE Std C57.12.00.
The 100 C hottest-spot temperature rise limit is based on maximum oil temperature of 140 C with
maximum ambient air temperature of 40 C. Operation at hottest-spot temperature above 140 C may result
in gassing of oil/paper insulation.
Because it is not possible to detect the absolute hottest spot in the cable, it is prudent to keep temperatures
below these maximums.
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to conductor and enclosure temperatures that violate the conditions specied in 4.1 of
IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991. Table 5 of IEEE Std C37.23-2003 lists the temperature limits of isolated-phase
bus conductors, enclosures, insulation, and terminations. After selecting the temperature rise rating of the
conductor and enclosure, the user should identify this unusual service condition in the equipment
specication.
7.2 Thermal coordination between the bushings and the isolated-phase bus
To ensure proper thermal coordination between the bushing and the bus, steps should be taken to reduce
the temperature of the bus conductor, the surrounding medium, and the bus duct. Such steps could include
the following:
a) Increase cross-sectional area of the conductor or the connection between the bushing and the
conductor.
b)
Use flexible cable or braids and silver-surfaced or tinned joints at the connection between the
bushing and conductor.
c)
Increase the cross-sectional area and the diameter of the bus enclosure surrounding the bushing.
d)
Circulate forced air around the bushing or through the ventilated bus duct to keep the air
temperature within the acceptable range.
As an alternative, bushings and gaskets suitable for high-temperature application can be considered, for
instance bushings with aramid insulation, oil-lled bushings, or bushings with insulating materials other
than oil-impregnated paper. Use of fluorocarbon or other high-temperature gasket materials may sometimes
be necessary.
Information on material temperature classication is covered in Table 3 of IEEE Std 1TM-2000.
Information on temperature rises of bus systems is covered in IEEE Std C37.23.
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Standard bushings may not be acceptable for replacements on mobile transformers or substations. Always
consult with the bushing manufacturer regarding the specific application before selecting a replacement.
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Medium
Heavy
Extra heavy
Typical environments
Areas without industries and with a low density of emission-producing residential
heating systems. Areas with some industrial or residential density but subject to
frequent winds and/or precipitation. Agricultural areas (exposure to wind-borne
fertilizer spray or crop-burning residues can lead to higher contamination levels).
Mountainous areas. These areas are not exposed to sea winds or located near the sea.
Typical measured equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) levels are 0.03 mg/cm2 to
0.08 mg/cm2.
Areas with industries not producing highly polluting smoke and/or with an average
density of emission-producing residential heating systems. Areas with high industrial
and/or residential density but subject to frequent winds and/or precipitation. Areas
exposed to sea winds but not located directly on the coast. Typical measured ESDD
levels are 0.08 mg/cm2 to 0.25 mg/cm2.
Areas with high industrial density and large city suburbs with a high density of
emission-producing residential heating systems. Areas close to the sea or exposed to
strong sea winds. Typical measured ESDD levels are 0.25 mg/cm2 to 0.6 mg/cm2.
Small areas subject to industrial smoke-producing thick conductive deposits. Small
coastal areas exposed to very strong and polluting sea winds. Typical measured
ESDD levels are above 0.6 mg/cm2.
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9.1.5 Countermeasures
The user will need to evaluate the following and any other options available to determine their suitability to
the situation:
a) Install extra creep distance bushings. The following minimum creep values based on the
bushing nominal line-to-ground kV rating are recommended. These values may need to be
adjusted for factors such as shape, number of sheds, and bushing inclination.
Contamination
Light
Medium
Heavy
Extra heavy
Creep distance
28 mm/kV
35 mm/kV
44 mm/kV
54 mm/kV or greater
b) Apply protective coatings. Protective coatings can be applied to the surface of the bushings to
improve their dielectric performance. There are temporary coatings, such as silicone grease, that
require periodic replacement and permanent coatings that are nonremovable. These coatings
may cause power factor testing issues and they may become contaminated.
c)
Install conductive glaze bushings. Consult the manufacturer for specic application information.
Periodic cleaning of bushing surfaces. Bushings with known contamination cycles can be
cleaned periodically as part of a maintenance program.
f)
Eliminate air bushings. Installations can be designed to minimize the number of bushings
exposed to atmospheric contamination.
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The rating of bushings is assigned at an ambient air temperature not exceeding 40 C, and the
average temperature of the ambient air is not exceeding 30 C in any 24 h period. These limits
may be exceeded in the indoor locations. If it should be determined that the ambient air
temperatures will exceed the allowable temperature, then the user may either select a bushing
with higher rating or accept a moderate degree of accelerated aging.
b) The environmental contamination should be reviewed. If the ventilation system allows the air
from the outdoors to circulate freely indoors without any filtration, contaminants present
outdoors will be indoors and will be deposited on the bushing. However, unlike outdoor
bushings where the contaminants are washed away by rain, the contamination level on indoor
bushings will keep increasing. The user may select bushings with higher creepage distance and
institute maintenance programs to include bushing insulator cleaning.
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Small cracks in the sheds may be ground off to prevent further propagation. Large cracks may require
bushing replacement.
Any damage to the main porcelain body would be a cause for concern and may require bushing
replacement.
Bushings may be periodically cleaned by either hand-washing (deenergized installation) or by a suitable
spray or jet method using low conductivity water.
Silicone-based greases and coatings can be applied to increase the time interval between cleanings.
However, this treatment prevents normal rainfall from cleaning the porcelain surfaces.
10.1.2 Terminals
Inspect bushings for overheated connections when the unit is energized and loaded. Infrared cameras are
sometimes used to detect overheated terminal connections. Loose connections should be tightened
according to the bushing manufacturers recommendations.
10.1.3 Mounting hardware
Inspect the mounting hardware for tightness.
10.1.4 Gaskets
Gaskets that are part of the bushing normally do not require replacement. Be sure that replacement gaskets
between the bushing flange and the associated equipment are the right thickness and suitable material.
Gasket stop rings, if used, should be in place.
Gaskets that are sensitive to ultraviolet radiation may deteriorate rapidly when exposed to combined
sunlight, high humidity, and contamination. These materials should be avoided in these conditions. As an
added precaution, gaskets in these conditions should be protected from exposure to sunlight.
10.1.5 Oil level
Loss of oil threatens the integrity of a bushing; therefore, any bushing that shows an abnormal oil level
should be investigated as soon as possible. Follow the manufacturers recommendations in correcting the
cause of the abnormal oil level and in relling the bushing.
The associated apparatus should be checked to ensure that the lower end of the bushing is immersed in oil
to the proper level.
Special measures may be required to keep oil over internal insulation in bushings mounted at angles greater
than 20 from vertical.
10.1.6 Bushing taps
Inspect the bushing voltage and test taps for proper gaskets and grounding. The voltage tap compartments
should be lled with insulating oil or compound when recommended by the bushing manufacturer.
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Damaged porcelain: Small chips or breaks in porcelain are not detrimental to bushing
performance, as modern electrical porcelain is a nonporous material. Larger chips or breaks
generally will not hinder performance either but may have improved appearance by painting
over the area with a suitable paint (bright-colored paint is often used for safety purposes).
Cracks in the main porcelain body are cause for immediate replacement. Damages to sheds that
significantly reduce creepage distances are also cause for bushing replacement or professional
repair. Care should be taken when working with damaged porcelain, as broken edges are often
extremely sharp.
b) Damaged oil sight glasses: A cracked, chipped, or shattered oil sight glass often allows moisture
to enter into the bushing and is cause for bushing replacement or professional repair. To
minimize damage to the bushing core, it is recommended to wrap the affected area as soon as
possible. Field repairs are not recommended.
c)
Malfunctioning oil-level gages: An oil-level gage that does not correctly indicate the oil level in
the bushing can lead to future problems and is reason for repair. Many oil level gages can be
replaced without disassembling the bushing. The mechanism that measures oil level, however, is
internal to the bushing and cannot usually be replaced in the field. The manufacturer or a
professional repair service should be contacted to determine if the gage design can be replaced
in the field.
d) Leaking seals: Loss of oil threatens the integrity of a bushing and may be cause for bushing
replacement or professional repair. Gaskets that are bulging out between bushing sections,
unevenly seated, cracked, overheated, have lost their elasticity, or appear in any way damaged,
have most likely permanently ceased to protect the bushing and should be replaced, even if no
leaks are in evidence, or at least the bushing should be closely monitored. Bushings that have
been subjected to overload may have damaged gaskets. These should be examined closely and
replaced if any signs of damage are present even if they are not currently leaking. Some leaks
may be temporarily sealed using an oil-compatible sealant, but it is important to repair the seal
as soon as possible. Professional repair services can often eliminate the leak by disassembling
the bushing and replacing the gaskets. The manufacturer or a professional repair service should
be contacted if a significant reduction in oil level has occurred.
e)
Leaking taps: Loss of oil into the bushing tap space can often be temporarily sealed with the
provided tap cover. Some bushing taps can be replaced in the field by positioning the bushing
horizontally and installing a suitable replacement. The manufacturer or a professional repair
service should be contacted to determine if tap replacement is possible in the field.
f)
Damaged taps: Damage due to electrical activity at the bushing tap can cause high- or lowpower factor readings and is reason for repair. Some bushing taps can be replaced in the field by
positioning the bushing horizontally and installing a suitable replacement. The manufacturer or
a professional repair service should be contacted to determine if tap replacement is possible in
the field.
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Any bushing that exhibits a history of continued power factor increase should be further investigated and
considered for removal from service. The bushing manufacturer should be consulted for guidance. If any
bushing exhibits an increase in power factor over a period of time, then the rate of change of this increase
should be monitored by more frequent tests. The decision on when to increase test frequency or remove
from service should consider manufacturer recommendations, user and industry experience with service
aged equipment, and bushing design, among other factors. Some bushing manufacturers consider an
increase between 1.5 and 2 times the initial reading to be significant. Bushing capacitance should be
measured with each power factor test and compared carefully with both nameplate and previous tests in
assessing bushing condition. This is especially important for capacitance-graded bushings where an
increase in capacitance of 5% or more over the initial/nameplate value is cause to investigate the suitability
of the bushing for continued service. The manufacturer should be consulted for guidance on specific
bushings.
It is usually impossible to make absolute ungrounded specimen test (UST) measurements of the bushing
core capacitance and power factor of resistance-graded bushings because of the influence of the resistive
glaze on the surface of the bushing porcelain. Differences in the glaze can cause significant variations in
measurements between different bushings of the same voltage class and type. In some instances, the
measured UST power factor may even be negative.
Standard practice during diagnostic testing of resistance-graded bushings is to record the measured UST
values of capacitance and power factor for comparison with other measurements made on the same
bushing. When there is evidence of a permanent increasing or decreasing trend in the measured values, the
bushing manufacturer should be consulted for assistance in evaluation of the condition of the bushing.
Most modern high-voltage bushings are equipped with voltage or test taps. Voltage (or capacitance) taps
are used generally on bushings rated above 69 kV, and test (or power factor) taps are used generally on
bushings rated at 69 kV and below. Routine bushing field tests should include power factor tests on the tap
insulation. These measurements are effective for detecting problems such as deteriorated or contaminated
oil, defective tap compartment seals, mechanical damage to the tap insulators, and the failure of the top
terminal gaskets. Abnormal readings can alert the user to a potential failure hazard before the C1 insulation
is affected. While the test tap (C2) insulation is not controlled during the manufacturing process, significant
changes in either the C2 capacitance and/or power factor from an initial value may be indicative of a
problem. The manufacturer should be contacted.
10.3.2 Gas in oil
This test is not recommended as a routine test because it requires that the bushing be opened up and
exposed to the outside atmosphere. This introduces the possibility of moisture entering the bushing while
the bushing is open or after improper sealing of the opening. While this test is performed by some
companies, the degree of expertise to perform and interpret it makes it impractical for most users. There are
no IEEE values for DGAs in bushings. Transformer values are not applicable due to the differences in oil
volumes and paper/oil ratios. IEC/TS 61464 [B7] may be used for a reference.
The gas-in-oil test should only be used for diagnostic purposes on bushings that are suspect due to highpower-factor measurements or other reasons. Gas-in-oil results should be compared with test results from
other bushings and not with power transformer test results. The different mixture of materials in bushings
and in transformers will give different results. Experts with experience in interpreting bushing gas-in-oil
tests should be consulted if help is needed.
A good noninvasive alternative to taking an oil sample is to perform the C2 test. This test energizes the oil
in the vicinity of the energized tap lead near the bushing flange and thus includes any watts loss caused by
contamination of that oil in the results. This contamination would be apparent as long as there was a
sufficient amount in the tap lead area and if the tap housing area were clean and dry so as not to mask the
contamination in the oil.
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The bushing manufacturer should be consulted for assistance in taking samples and interpreting results. The
bushing oil level should be checked and adjusted if needed after oil samples are taken.
10.3.3 Dielectric tests
Bushing dielectric tests are sometimes performed in the eld. Insulation dielectric strength generally
depends on the level of insulation degradation. When dielectric tests are performed on service aged
bushings, the following guidelines can help in determining the appropriate test levels:
a)
Transformer bushings that will be removed from the transformer for testing should undergo
60 Hz tests at the 100% voltage test levels specied in IEEE Std C57.19.01. This will minimize
any problems that may develop during the testing of the transformer after the bushing is
reinstalled.
b) Transformer bushings that will be tested while mounted in the transformer can only be tested at
the lower of either the applicable bushing or transformer test levels. Test levels of 60 Hz should
be limited to 1.5 times rated line-to-ground voltage or 85% of the withstand voltage level,
whichever is lower. The voltage application should be limited to 1 min.
Partial discharges should be monitored during these tests to provide data for evaluating the condition of the
bushing. IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991 gives additional information on partial discharge testing.
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The type of bushing and expected storage time should both be considered when determining storage
options. Knowledge of bushing construction is helpful in developing storage plans. In all cases, the goal
should be to cause no damage to the bushing and to keep it in good operating condition. If the bushings are
subject to periodic testing, then the storage facility should be arranged such that this can be accomplished.
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11. Checklist
The following is a checklist for ordering replacement bushings.
Checklist for ordering replacement bushings
Bushing manufacturer
Year built
Bushing style
Outline drawing (to be attached with order)
Insulation class
kV
BIL
kV peak
V max L-g
kV
V withstand/1 min
kV
Rated current
Amp
Conductor connection
Bottom connected or draw lead
Air side dimension
inch
Oil side dimension
inch
CT pocket lengtha
inch
a
Flange BCD/#Holes/OD
Minimum creep distance
inch
Arcing distance
inch
Insulator color
Top terminal
Bottom terminal
Additional notes:
a
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Annex A
(informative)
Examples of calculation procedures to determine hot-spot temperatures for
bushings applied on transformers
Bushing exponent n = 2
A.2 Example 1
The equivalent load shape is 10 h at 0.64 pu followed by 14 h at 1.14 pu. The ultimate transformer oil
temperature rises for the two load periods are 25.2 C and 69.5 C.
The duration of the initial load and the peak load periods are relatively long compared to the time constants
of both the transformer and the bushing. This means that essentially constant conditions will be achieved in
both periods. The average ambient temperature during the 10 h period is 27 C, and during the 14 h period,
it is 33 C.
The rise above ambient of the hottest spot in the bushing can be calculated using Equation (1) for each of
the two load periods.
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A.3 Example 2
The equivalent load shape is 1.22 pu for 11 h followed by 1.5 pu for 3 h. The ultimate transformer oil
temperature rises for the two load periods are 78.2 C and 115.7 C, respectively. The average ambient
temperature during the total of both load periods is 5.4 C.
The rise above ambient temperature of the hottest spot in the bushing can be calculated using Equation (1)
for the 11 h period since it is long compared to the bushing and transformer constants.
A.3.1 Load of 1.22 pu for 11 h
HS = 29.07 (1.22)2 + 0.635 78.2 = 92.9 C
Hottest-spot temperature = 5.4 C + 92.9 C = 98.3 C
The conditions during the peak load of 1.5 pu for 3 h will not reach steady-state conditions. Therefore, it is
necessary to use the procedures in either 4.2.2.1 or 4.2.2.2.
A.3.2 Load of 1.5 pu for 3 h
The calculations in 4.2.2.1 are most easily performed using a digital computer or a programmable
calculator. However, for the purpose of this example, manual calculations following the step-by-step
procedure in 4.2.2.1 will be performed. Additional manual calculations will be made using Equation (4).
Finally, the results of both methods obtained by use of a digital computer will be tabulated.
The time interval chosen for the calculations is 5 min. The calculations using procedures from 4.2.2.1 are as
follows:
a)
b) Step B1. The oil temperature rise at the end of 5 min is:
0 ( 5 min
=
=
) 78.2 + {115.7 78.2}{1 e5/166
} 79.312 C
Note that several signicant gures are carried to improve the accuracy of the iterative
calculations but are not to imply such a degree of accuracy in the nal temperature rise.
c)
Step C1. The ultimate hottest-spot rise based on conditions at 5 min is:
HS = 29.07 (1.5)2 + 0.635 79.312 = 115.771 C
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f)
Step B2. The oil temperature rise at the end of 10 min is:
0(10 min) = 79.312 + {115.7 79.312} {1 e5/166 } = 80.392 C
g) Step C2. The ultimate hottest-spot rise based on conditions at 10 min is:
HS = 29.07 (1.5)2 + 0.635 80.392 = 116.457 C
h) Step D2. The hottest-spot temperature rise at 10 min is:
HS(10 min ) = 94.751 + {116.457 94.751} {1 e5/60 } = 96.487 C
These steps can be repeated in the same manner until the entire 180 min time period has been covered. The
calculations using Equation (4) from 4.2.2.2 for 180 min are as follows:
2
min) 92.9248 + 29.07 (1.5 ) + 0.635 78.2 + (115.7 78.2 ) 1 e 180/166 92.9248
HS (180
=
60
128.938 C
1 e 180/
=
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Results
Elapsed time (min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
180 Final
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Annex B
(informative)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
only.
[B1] Craghead, D. O., and J. K. Easley, Thermal test performance of a modern apparatus bushing, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-97, no. 6, pp. 22912299, Nov./Dec. 1978.
[B2] Easley, J. K., Digest and application of IEEE Guide for Loading Power Apparatus Bushings,
Minutes of the Fiftieth Annual International Conference of Doble Clients, pp. 4-1014-106, 1983.
[B3] Easley, J. K., and W. McNutt, Mathematical modeling, a basis for bushing load guides, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-97, pp. 23932404, Nov./Dec. 1978.
[B4] General Electric Company, Transmission Line Reference Book, 345 kV and Above, 2d ed. Palo Alto,
CA: Electric Power Research Institute, 1982.
[B5] IEC 137 (1984), Bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 V. 6
[B6] IEC 815 (1986), Guide for the selection of insulators in respect of polluted conditions.
[B7] IEC/TS 61464 (1998), Ed. 1.0, Insulated bushingsGuide for the interpretation of dissolved gas
analysis (DGA) in bushings where oil is the impregnating medium of the main insulation (generally paper).
[B8] IEEE Std 1TM-2000, IEEE Recommended PracticeGeneral Principles for Temperature Limits in the
Rating of Electrical Equipment and for the Evaluation of Electrical Insulation. 7,8
[B9] IEEE Std 957TM-1987, IEEE Guide for Cleaning Insulators.
[B10] IEEE Std C37.04TM-1999, IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
[B11] IEEE Working Group on Insulator Contamination, Lightning and Insulator Subcommittee,
Application of insulators in a contaminated environment, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. PAS-98, no. 5, pp. 16761695, Sept./Oct. 1979.
[B12] Ozaki, Y., et al., Flashover voltage characteristics of contaminated bushing shells for UHV
transmission systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-100, no. 8,
pp. 37333743, Aug. 1981.
[B13] Power Technologies Inc., Transmission Line Reference Book, 115-138 kV Compact Line Design,
1st ed. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute, 1978.
[B14] Ueda, M., et al., Performance of contaminated bushing of UHV transmission systems, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-104, no. 4, pp. 891899, Apr. 1985.
6
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch/). IEC publications are also
available in the United States from the American National Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
7
The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
8
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://standards.ieee.org/).
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