Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Danielle Bourque
NTR 573
4/2/13
Overview
Brief History
Etiology/Pathophysiology
Prevalence
MNT
Terminology
Drug/Nutrient Interactions
History
Originated from infected chimpanzees in
Western Africa.
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).
WHAT is HIV/AIDS?
Human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) a retrovirus that targets
immune cells inside the body.
Two types:
HIV-1
HIV-2
Transmission
Transmitted via bodily fluids containing blood.
Primary ways of transmission:
Sexually
Sharing infected needles
Being born to an infected mother. HIV can spread during
pregnancy, birth, or breast feeding.
Stages Of HIV/AIDS
Stages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prevalence
About 1,148,200 million
people in the U.S. are
infected with HIV.
Every 9.5 minutes
someone in the U.S. is
infected with HIV.
About 33.4 million
people are currently
living with HIV/AIDS
globally.
Signs/Symptoms
Symptoms occur about 2-4
weeks after being infected.
Symptoms are not always
present. In some cases, it
can take up to 10 years for
symptoms to show.
Common symptoms:
Fever, chills, rash, night
sweats, diarrhea, muscle
aches, sore throat, swollen
lymph nodes, fatigue, ulcers
in mouth, nausea, dry
mouth, difficulty breathing,
constipation, and anorexia.
Diagnosis
HIV tests HIV rapid tests
ELISA test
Western blot
PCR test
opportunistic infections
present
AIDS related cancer
Neuromuscular diseases
HIV related encephalopathy, toxoplasmosis of the brain.
HIV-liver disease
HIV-associated Nephropathy
Gastrointestinal and pancreatic issues
HIV wasting syndrome
Nutrition Assessment
Anthropometrics
Height, weight, IBW, UBW, BMI, waist, hip, neck,
and thigh circumferences
Biochemical
Protein status, blood lipid profile, glucose/insulin
status, blood pressure, hemoglobin, hematocrit,
MCV, liver function tests, electrolytes, and bone
mineral density.
MNT
Goals:
1. Maintain and expand nutrition knowledge and sense of
empowerment.
2. Maintain or restore healthy body weight and normal
morphology.
3. Preserve or restore optimal somatic and visceral proteins.
4. Prevent nutrient deficiencies or excesses known to
compromise immune function.
5.Treat or minimize HIV or medication-related complications
that interfere with either intake or absorption of nutrients.
6. Correct metabolic abnormalities.
7. Support adherence to medications to achieve optimal
therapeutic drug levels.
8. Prolong and optimize quality of life.
MNT
Energy Needs
Depend on the health of the HIV infected person, but energy
requirements usually increase by about 13 percent.
Protein needs
1.6-1.8 g/kg body wt to reverse HIV wasting.
1-1.4g/kg for maintenance or 1.5 -2g/kg for repletion.
Fluid Needs
30-35ml/kg with additional amounts if diarrhea, nausea,
vomiting, or night sweats are present.
Vitamin/Mineral
It has been recommended that infected patients take a daily
multivitamin and mineral supplement to provide 100% of RDA.
MNT
Nausea Consume small frequent meals, avoid high-fat and greasy
foods
Sore mouth or throat Consume soft moist food, avoid spicy or acidic foods, and
consume nutrient dense foods.
Body cell mass loss Consume 500 calories above daily requirement and 1.6-1.8 g
P/kg body wt.
Terminology
Increased energy expenditure
Inadequate energy intake
Inadequate oral food/beverage intake
Altered GI function
Malnutrition
Inadequate protein-energy intake
Altered nutrition relates lab values
Food-medication interaction
Underweight
Involuntary weight loss
Function
Side effects
DrugNutrient
Interactions
Protease Inhibitors
(PIs)
Appetite loss,
diarrhea, nausea,
vomiting, fatigue,
headache.,
hyperglycemia,
lipodystrophy
syndrome, elevated
cholesterol and
triglycerides,
abnormal liver
function labs.
Fusion Inhibitor:
Fuzeon
Decrease in appetite
and weight loss
Multi-Class
Combination:
Atripla
Combination of other
antiretroviral drugs in
one pill.
Lactic acidosis,
tingling in hands and
feet, decrease renal
function
Function
Side effects
DrugNutrient
Interaction
Nucleoside
Analogue Reverse
Transcriptase
Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Avoid alcohol
Consume low fat
meals
Non-Nucleoside
Analogue Reverse
Transcriptase
Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Nausea, anorexia,
vomiting, diarrhea,
lactic acidosis, and
hyperlipidemia.
Nucleotide
Analogue Reverse
Transcriptase
Inhibitors (NtRTIs)
Chemically activated
version of NRTIs
Abdominal pain,
anorexia, lactic
acidosis, and
hepatomegaly with
steatosis
References
Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S. Krauses Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy, 12th Ed.Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
Co., 2008.
S Escott-Stump. Nutrition and Diagnosis Related Care. 7th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011
M Nelms, K Sucher, S Long. Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson
Learning, 2007
Pronsky ZM. Food-Medication Interactions, 15th Ed., 2008.
CDC: HIV?AIDS. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/default.htm. Accessed 3/29/2013.
FDA: HIV/AIDS available at:
http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForPatientAdvocates/HIVandAIDSActivities/ucm117891.htm.
Accessed 3/29/2013.
MedlinePlus: HIV/AIDS available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hivaids.html. Accessed 3/28/2013.
HIV/AID basics available at: http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/statistics/. Accessed 3/31/2013.
Pictures:
http://virology-online.com/general/Test5.ht
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/hiv-and-aids.
htm
www.aids.gov
www.aidsinfo.org