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EXPOSITION (III): SUBORDINATE THEME

The use of a modulating subordinate theme makes perfect sense, given the
complete lack of harmonic activity within the transition itself. As a result, a certain sense of transition function resides within the subordinate theme because
of its modulating structure.
Following the PAC, Beethoven writes a long closing section (mm. 5059)
emphasizing root-position tonic. In so doing, he compensates for the complete
absence of that harmonyand its attendant initiating functionwithin the structural boundaries of the modulating subordinate theme.

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EXAMPLE 12.14 Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E-flat, Op. 31, No. 3, ii, 3363

(continued)