Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Pathways
P122A
P122A
Propylene Production Pathways
Keywords: Propene, Ethene, Steam Cracking, PDH, Propane Dehydrogenation, Olefins Conversion Technology,
OCT
TERMS OF USE
Data, information, tools, analyses and/or models herein presented are prepared on the basis of publicly available
information and non-confidential information disclosed by third parties. Third parties, including, but not limited to
technology licensors, trade associations or marketplace participants, may have provided some of the information
on which the analyses or data are based.
The data, information, tools, analyses and/or models herein presented are developed independently by Intratec
and, as such, are the opinion of Intratec and do not represent the point of view of any third parties nor imply in any
way that they have been approved or otherwise authorized by third parties that are mentioned in this report.
Intratec conducts analyses and prepares reports and tools for readers in conformance with generally accepted
professional standards. Although the statements in this report are derived from or based on several sources that
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information, or resulting analyses, may be incomplete, inaccurate or condensed. All estimates included in this
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Reader agrees it will not, without prior written consent of Intratec, represent, directly or indirectly, that its products
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABOUT THIS REPORT......................................................................................................................................................................5
Study Objective............................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Report Overview...........................................................................................................................................................................6
Production Pathways: Understanding the Concept.............................................................................................................7
How to Understand the Analysis Presented in this Report................................................................................................ 9
ABOUT PROPYLENE......................................................................................................................................................................10
Description................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Applications................................................................................................................................................................................10
PG Propylene Production Pathways Diagram.................................................................................................................... 11
Other Propylene Production Pathways Reports.................................................................................................................12
PRODUCTION PATHWAYS EXAMINED..................................................................................................................................... 13
Pathway 1: Propylene Production from Light Naphtha.................................................................................................... 14
Pathway 2: Propylene Production from Ethylene and Butenes.......................................................................................19
Pathway 3: Propylene Production from Propane (with Hydrogen Generation)........................................................... 24
PATHWAYS COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONS............................................................................................................................29
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Comparison of Pathways........................................................................................................................................................30
Regional Comparison...............................................................................................................................................................35
PATHWAYS' COMPARISON SUMMARY................................................................................................................................... 40
REPORT BASES & ASSUMPTIONS.............................................................................................................................................41
Pathways Inputs and Outputs Figures................................................................................................................................. 41
Market Prices............................................................................................................................................................................. 43
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................................................48
ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................................................... 49
Initial Research.......................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Pathways Overview.................................................................................................................................................................. 49
Definition of Input and Output Figures................................................................................................................................. 49
Pricing Data Gathering and Verification............................................................................................................................... 51
Study Objective
This report presents the production paths of Propylene, and preliminary economic comparisons between them, in
different countries. After initially describing each production pathway to be examined, the report illustrates how
options related to feedstock / other products mix and construction location affect the economics of Propylene
production.
The main purpose of the present report is to provide a rational and systematic approach with which one can
discriminate between the economic potential of several production alternatives.
Nevertheless, caution must be used when reading the results of the evaluations hereby presented. They are
approximations, and intended to serve as "pointers" to production pathways that appear to be more competitive
across different countries, in terms of production costs and the order of magnitude of capital costs.
Report Overview
This report is structured into six main parts that follow a logical sequence, each of which is briefly described
below.
By way of introduction, the first part the current chapter explains the report, its structure and objective, and
introduces some basic concepts adopted in the study. To make the most of the study, the reader is encouraged to
dedicate a couple of minutes to this chapter.
In the second part, About Propylene, the reader will learn the basics of Propylene itself. This chapter covers
applications, commercialization forms and production pathways available related to Propylene.
The third part, Production Pathways Examined, focuses exclusively on the production pathways which will be further
evaluated in the report. This chapter provides brief descriptions of the pathways examined and some of their basic
technical aspects, such as raw material(s), other product(s) generated and related industrial processes.
The fourth part, encompassing Pathways Comparative Evaluations and Pathways Comparative Summary, is the core
of the report. In these chapters, through a sequence of comparative analyses, reader will get a clear idea of how
competitive the production pathways examined can be, compared against each other, across different countries.
Readers needing to consult data used throughout the report, such as pricing and raw materials consumption
figures, can find that information in the fifth part: Report Bases & Assumptions.
Finally, to address any concerns about the methodology and procedures adopted throughout the development of
this report, the reader is referred to the Analysis Methodology chapter.
This general representation encompasses industrial processes that present distinct technical aspects (e.g., unit
operation sequence, catalysts, conversion rate and operating conditions). However, those differences are not
relevant to a preliminary economic analysis such as the analysis presented in this study.
The figure below illustrates how industrial processes are generalized under the concept of industrial pathways:
In the example illustrated in the figure above, Pathway A is defined by the consumption of the Raw Material A, the
generation of the Product X, and the production of the chemical product of interest. Pathway A can be achieved
through 3 different options: Process M, Process N and Process O. In contrast, Pathway B is defined by the
consumption of the Raw Materials A and B, by the generation of the Products X and Y, and the production of the
chemical product of interest. In this case, Pathway B can be carried out in two different ways: the integration of
the processes J and K, or by the process L. The definitions of Pathways C and D follow the same rationale.
Also, in light of this explanation of the estimates accuracy range, if a given production pathway presents costs
that are slightly higher than those of another pathway, it should not be deemed less competitive than the second
pathway a priori. Instead of precisely identifying which may be the most competitive pathway, this report aims to
identify pathways that are clearly less competitive, serving as a guide to further studies.
Once again, caution must be used when reading the results of evaluations hereby presented. The main purpose of
this report is to compare production economics, but within the accuracy associated with an analysis on a
production pathway level.
ABOUT PROPYLENE
Description
Propylene is an unsaturated organic compound with the chemical formula C3H6. It has one double bond and is
the second simplest member of the alkene class of hydrocarbons, as well as in terms of natural abundance.
At room temperature, Propylene is a colorless gas. It is a low-boiling, flammable, and highly volatile gas. Because
the primary hazard associated with Propylene is its flammability, precautions must be taken to avoid fire hazards
in the handling of this gas.
Commercially, propylene is traded in three grades:
* Polymer Grade (PG): min. 99.5% of purity
* Chemical Grade (CG): 90-96% of purity
* Refinery Grade (RG): 50-70% of purity
Applications
Propylene is a major industrial chemical intermediate that serves as one of the building blocks for an array of
chemical and plastic products, and was also the first petrochemical employed on an industrial scale. The
Propylene market is dominated by the PG Propylene, which is mainly used in polypropylene production. PG
Propylene is also used in propylene oxide manufacture.
The other grades of Propylene are used for different applications. CG propylene is used extensively for most
chemical derivatives (e.g., oxo-alcohols, acrylonitrile, etc.). RG Propylene, which is obtained from refinery
processes, is mainly used in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for thermal purposes or as an octane-enhancing
component in motor gasoline. It can also be used in some chemical syntheses (e.g., cumene or isopropanol). The
most significant market for RG Propylene is the conversion to PG or CG Propylene.
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Pathway Scheme
The following diagram shows the main steps utilized in this pathway, as well as the main raw materials consumed
and the products and by-products generated.
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Pathway Scheme
The following diagram shows the main steps utilized in this pathway, as well as the main raw materials consumed
and the products and by-products generated.
Chemistry
In regards to chemistry, this pathway involves a metathesis reaction between a molecule of 2-butene and a
molecule of ethylene to produce Propylene. The reaction is presented below:
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Each of the above reports provide a techno-economic evaluation of a specific process technology, including capital
costs in several locations, operating costs, raw materials consumptions, and detailed block flow diagrams.
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Pathway Scheme
The following diagram shows the main steps utilized in this pathway, as well as the main raw materials consumed
and the products and by-products generated.
Chemistry
Propane dehydrogenation is an endothermic equilibrium reaction generally carried out in the presence of a nobleor heavy-metal catalyst such as platinum or chromium. The reaction is presented below.
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2) Regional Comparisons. This analysis compares the economic aspects of a given pathway across different
countries. For each pathway examined, the reader will learn which country tends to be more competitive (see
following figure).
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Caution must be used when examining the results of these comparisons presented hereafter. They are
approximations, and intended to serve as "pointers" to the production pathways which appear to be the most
competitive across different world regions.
Comparison of Pathways
This section compares the economic aspects of the production pathways examined, assuming all industrial plants
are constructed in the USA.
Net Raw Materials Cost
In the following graph, each bar represents the net raw materials costs related to a specific pathway in the USA, in
US dollars per metric ton of PG Propylene. Net raw material costs is the difference between raw materials costs
and credits from by-products generation, if available, in each pathway examined.
Net Raw Material Costs Comparison @ USA (USD / metric ton product)
This graph itself is a first indicator of the economic potential of each pathway. The pathway representing the
greatest difference between PG Propylene price and net raw materials costs has the highest margin to bear further
production costs (i.e., utilities costs, other production costs, capital costs). Ultimately, the lower the bar, the higher
the potential of a pathway to be economically attractive.
In contrast, pathways with net raw materials costs higher than the PG Propylene prices can be considered
economically unfeasible at this time. It is important to highlight, however, that a pathway considered to be
economically unfeasible is related to the period in which this analysis was made. Evolving pricing conditions may
of course lead to different conclusions.
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Capital Costs
The following graph illustrates, comparatively, pathways-related capital costs, i.e., each bar represents the capital
costs related to a specific pathway for an industrial unit constructed in the USA. As presented in the graph, the
capital costs bar comprises two items: Total Process Capital and Contingency.
For the sake of comparison, the capital costs for all pathways were normalized, meaning that the capital costs of
each pathway were divided by the capital costs related to Pathway 1: Propylene Production from Light Naphtha.
Capital Costs Comparison @ USA
The total process capital estimates encompass the investment required for the construction of the main
processing units necessary to the manufacture of product(s), as well as auxiliary facilities typically needed for the
functioning of such production units (i.e., storage, utilities supply, and auxiliary buildings).
In addition, as presented in the graph, a contingency for each capital cost estimate was considered. Contingency
constitutes an addition to capital cost estimations, implemented based on previously available data or experience
to encompass uncertainties that may incur, to some degree, cost increases. Higher contingencies were assumed
for new, emerging production pathways, based on the risks associated with the uncertainties involved in such
pathways.
The capital costs estimates presented do not include working capital and additional capital costs associated with
plants start-up. The presented estimates were obtained using methods designed for the rapid calculation of
capital costs for the construction of process industries. For information on how capital costs were estimated, the
reader is referred to the Capital Costs Estimating section in the chapter titled Analysis Methodology.
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Economic Potential
In this section, the economic potentials of each pathway examined are compared when considering industrial
plants constructed within the USA.
The economic potential of a pathway is directly related to the product value associated with that pathway.
Product value is a term commonly used wherein all costs associated with the production of a product are
combined. More specifically, it includes the production cost (net raw materials, net utilities, fixed costs, corporate
overhead costs and depreciation), as well as an expected return on capital employed (ROCE).
It should be noted that the product value must not be confused with product price. While the product value, as
previously mentioned, is calculated based on the costs associated with the production of a product, the product
price is the actual value as seen in the market.
In the following graph, each bar represents the product value of a specific pathway normalized by division by the
Pathway 1: Propylene Production from Light Naphtha product value.
Product Value Comparison @ USA
This graph, in fact, combines all comparisons done so far. In the end, pathways with the lowest product values
stand out as the best candidates for further studies.
The following table complements the graph presented, providing the cost figures that make up pathways product
values. Once again, the product values presented were normalized utilizing Pathway 1: Propylene Production from
Light Naphtha as the basis.
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The raw materials costs and capital costs presented were already discussed in previous chapters. Other cost
components making up the product value are briefly described below.
* Utilities costs: costs associated with main process utilities required in each pathway (steam, electricity, fuel, and
refrigeration).
* Other production costs: includes the fixed costs (e.g. maintenance, operating labor, operating charges, plant
overhead) and corporate overhead costs (i.e., companys costs associated with R&D, administrative activities,
marketing and products distribution).
* Depreciation: refers to the decrease in value of industrial assets over the passage of time, primarily because of
wear and tear.
* ROCE: a component of product value which reflects the capital costs of a given pathway, based on an expected
return on capital employed in the construction of the plants.
For information on how product values were calculated, the reader is referred to Economic Potential Estimating
section in the chapter titled Analysis Methodology.
The comparisons presented so far are frozen snapshots, based exclusively on
economic data. Of course,
it should be kept in mind that different pricing conditions could lead to different results.
In order to provide a more consistent approach to pathways competitiveness, this analysis also compares how
pathways economic potentials have evolved over time in the USA. In this context, the following graph presents
the product values variation over the last quarters.
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Complementing this analysis, a 4-year economic potential history based on the USA is presented below. The
figures presented are yearly averages for the product values available up to the period of the analysis. Here, the
values presented are also comparative - they were normalized using Pathway 1: Propylene Production from Light
Naphtha product value at the current period of analysis as the basis.
Yearly Comparative Product Values History @ USA
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Regional Comparison
This section examines each pathway individually, comparing its economic aspects across the following countries:
* United States
* Germany
* China
* Singapore
* Brazil
Basically, this presents economic aspects previously discussed, specifically, net raw material costs and product
values, under a regional perspective.
Net Raw Materials Costs
The next graphs present the net raw materials cost and PG Propylene price in US dollars per ton of PG Propylene
for each of the pathways in different countries.
Pathway NAPH: Net Raw Material Costs Vs. Product Price (USD / metric ton product)
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Pathway C2C4: Net Raw Material Costs Vs. Product Price (USD / metric ton product)
Pathway C3: Net Raw Material Costs Vs. Product Price (USD / metric ton product)
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Net raw materials costs were calculated using the same methods as the previous section, considering, however,
local pricing data related to the country examined (presented in the chapter titled Report Bases & Assumptions).
Historical Economic Potential Comparison
In order to regionally compare the economic potential of each pathway, all items that comprise the product value
(namely, net raw materials costs, utilities costs, other production costs, depreciation and return on capital
employed) were properly adjusted for each country examined.
Similar to the analysis provided for the USA in the previous section (Comparison of Pathways), this section also
compares how pathways product values have evolved over time in several world locations.
The following graphs present a 4-year history of the economic potential for each production pathway in several
countries. The figures presented are yearly averages for the product values available up until the period of the
analysis (
). Here, the values presented are also comparative - they were normalized considering Pathway
1: Propylene Production from Light Naphtha product value in the period of the analysis, in the USA as the basis.
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UNIT
STOICHIOMETRY VALUE
ADOPTED VALUE
Raw Materials
By-Products
Pathway C2C4: Input & Output Figures (unit per metric ton of product)
DESCRIPTION
UNIT
STOICHIOMETRY VALUE
Raw Materials
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ADOPTED VALUE
Pathway C3: Input & Output Figures (unit per metric ton of product)
DESCRIPTION
UNIT
STOICHIOMETRY VALUE
Raw Materials
By-Products
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ADOPTED VALUE
Market Prices
This section presents raw materials and products market prices used in the economic analysis for the current
report. Each table presents a 4-year history for a certain product in the countries studied in this report.
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REFERENCES
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ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
After more than a decade supporting leading companies worldwide, Intratec has gained considerable expertise in
the analysis of chemical markets and process economics. All of this expertise is distilled in our reports through
the use of consistent development methodologies.
Our methodologies ensure that our reports are reliable, structured, and continuously tested and proven by the
many corporations, R&D centers, EPC companies, financial institutions and government agencies that rely on
those reports.
The methodology used in the development of Production Pathways Reports is illustrated in the diagram presented
on the next page.
Initial Research
The development of a Production Pathways report starts with research focused on existing alternatives
(pathways) for manufacturing a given chemical, related to different raw materials and/or products generated. This
encompasses patents, encyclopedias, text books, technical papers and non-confidential information disclosed by
licensors, duly reviewed by the Intratec team.
Following completion of this initial research, Intratec assembles a diagram, illustrating major production pathways
that have been identified.
Pathways Overview
Subsequently, the Intratec team conducts additional bibliographical research and data gathering focused on each
individual production pathway, with the goal of identifying the key aspects of the pathways under analysis,
including:
* Overall manufacturing scheme,
* Raw material(s) required and product(s) generated,
* Related industrial processes and technology licensors, and
* Annual production adopted and utilization rates assumed (based on competitive plants on a global market)
Regarding raw materials, and product(s) generated, in particular, the Intratec team evaluates their basic
specifications (grade, purity, water content, etc.) and if product(s) are sold at market price or at the fuel equivalent
price.
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Intratec team initially gathers investment data in the companys database (such data were actually generated in
previous studies, specifically targeting the industrial processes under analysis). The total process capital data
collected are then adjusted to the same basis converted in time, location and production capacity. Finally, the
Intratec team double-checks total process capital estimates that have been obtained; this is based on published
investment data, related to the construction of industrial plants of that pathway worldwide.
* Pathways Based on New Industrial Processes
Pathways are based on new industrial processes when there have only been a few plants constructed around the
world.
Total process capital associated with this kind of pathway is calculated according to internal cost estimating
methods, refined from established techniques designed for rapid calculations of total process capital for the
construction of process industries. These established techniques include significant step methods such as Zevnik
and Buchanan, Wilson, Timm, and Petley correlations (see References chapter).
Generally speaking, Intratec methods consist of making rapid total process capital calculations from preliminary
block diagrams with main process steps and basic process parameters, such as the physical state of fluid being
processed, capacity or throughput of processing steps, approximate information about operating conditions
(pressure and temperature) and probable materials of construction. Using these inputs, which are primarily
derived from the technical literature, the Intratec team calculates the initial total process capital figures.
Subsequently, total process capital estimates obtained are double-checked based on data available in Intratecs
database that are related to the total process capital of similar plants (after correcting for time, location and scale).
In some cases, when the profitability associated with the pathway examined is known, the Intratec team may also
double-check estimates using reverse engineering methods. In other words, using this method, the total process
capital amount would be calculated based on the known profitability of the pathway examined.
* Pathways Based on Embryonic Industrial Processes
These pathways employ industrial processes which are still under development; in fact, no published data related
to investments or even a well-defined process exists.
In such cases, Intratec total process capital estimates are based on previously explained estimating methods
designed for rapid total process capital calculations and analogies with similar industrial plants and/or processing
units.
Similar to what is done for pathways based on new industrial processes, the Intratec team begins by drawing
preliminary flowsheet sketches and compiling basic process parameters from technical literature (e.g. patents,
articles) available. Based on such inputs, the Intratec team develops initial estimates of the amount of total
process capital required for the construction of hypothetical industrial plants. Estimates obtained are then
compared to the known total process capital figures (corrected in time, location and capacity) of similar industrial
plants and/or processing units.
Contingency
In addition, a contingency is considered for each total process capital estimate. Contingency constitutes an
addition to total process capital estimations, implemented based on previously available data or experience to
encompass uncertainties that may incur, to some degree, capital cost increases. More specifically, these
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Depreciation
Depreciation refers to the decrease in value of industrial assets with the passage of time, primarily due to wear and
tear. While not a true manufacturing cost, depreciation is considered to be a manufacturing expense for
accounting purposes it allows the recovery of the cost of an asset over a time period.
In this report, depreciation is calculated based on the straight-line method, according to which the cost of an asset
is uniformly distributed over its lifetime. The Intratec team assumes a depreciation of 10 % of the capital costs per
year.
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The accuracy range for product values estimated in the present study is -15% to -20% on the low side and +15% to
+25% on the high side, depending on the maturity level of the pathway examined. The presented accuracy
considers a confidence level of 90%, which is consistent with the type of conceptual evaluation that this study
aims to provide.
Regional Comparisons
Thus far, all analyses developed were based on a specific region. The last step of report development is the
evaluation of each pathway individually, comparing net raw material costs and economic potential, across
different countries. Next, the way in which such costs are calculated for each of the countries examined will be
presented.
Net raw materials costs are calculated using the same methods previously described, considering, however, local
pricing data related to the countries examined
Capital costs and depreciation estimates are directly converted to other locations according to Intratecs chemical
plant location factors. These factors are calculated based on high volumes of local data of different locations,
relating to productivity, labor costs, steel and energy prices, equipment import needs, freight, taxes and duties on
imported and domestic materials and regional business environment, among others.
The utilities costs initially calculated are, in turn, adjusted for each country based on local market fuel price data.
Finally, fixed costs and corporate overhead costs are calculated mainly based on local labor costs and the capital
costs associated with each location examined.
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ABOUT INTRATEC
Our Business
Intratec is an independent research and leading advisory firm, recognized for excellence in the evaluation of
chemical markets and the economics of industrial process. We are a mix of consulting professionals, market
researchers and cost estimators with extensive industry experience.
Since 2002, the reports and databases we provide have increased the early recognition of promising research and
capital investment opportunities in the chemical, petrochemical, oil, plastic, renewable and allied sectors. Our
products have been used by our clients in multiple ways, such as:
* To understand chemical market size, dynamics and attractiveness
* To understand the feasibility of competitors technologies and developments
* To obtain estimates of ventures profitability, capital and operating costs
* To assess the economic potential of R&D breakthroughs
* To ascertain the economic aspects and risks of their competitors research
* To screen and assess industrial investment options
* To define consistent business cases for investments
* To evaluate / select independent licensors
Our Reports
Intratec has an extensive portfolio of reports targeting chemical markets and process economics. With more than
900 up-to-date reports for the chemical, petrochemical, oil, energy, plastic, renewables and allied sectors, the
Intratec portfolio is constantly growing.
Intratec offers the following types of reports:
* Production Pathways Reports: Reports presenting paths to producing chemical and preliminary economic
comparisons of those paths. From these reports, you can learn the ways in which changes in feedstocks and
location can affect chemical production economics.
* Industrial Process Reports: Techno-economic evaluations of chemical production processes. Each report
provides an up-to-date economic assessment, including required capital costs in several locations and operating
costs.
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Find below the chemicals covered in Intratec reports. For a more complete and updated list, the reader is
encouraged to visit www.intratec.us
3-Hydroxypropionic Acid
Epichlorohydrin
Phthalic Anhydride
Acetone
Ethanol
Polyacrylate
Acetylene
Ethylene
Polyacrylonitrile
Acetyls
Ethylene Oxide
Polyalphaolefins
Fertilizers
Polycarbonates
Acrylic/Maleic Copolymer
Fibers
Polyesters
Acrylonitrile
Fire Retardants
Polyethers
Adipic Acid
Food Additives
Polyethylenes
Aldehydes
Alkylbenzenes
Glycerol
Polypropylene
Amino Acids
Glycols
Polyurethanes
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Aniline
Hydrogen Cyanide
Propylene
Biodiesel
Hydrogen Peroxide
Propylene Oxide
Bisphenol A
Industrial Gases
PVC
BTX
Insecticides
Reformate
Isocyanates
Resins
C6's
Isophthalic Acid
Silanes
Caprolactam
Isoprene
Silicones
Carbon Monoxide
Lactic Acid
Siloxanes
Sodium Hydroxide
Chloroprene
Speciality Polymers
Citric Acid
Methanol
Styrenics
Cosmetics
MTBE
Succinic Acid
Cumene
Nitric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Detergents
Nitro Aromatics
Synhetic Rubbers
Dicyclopentadiene
Nylon
Synthesis Gas
Diesel
Oxalic Acid
Vitamins
Oxo Alcohols
Terephthalic Acid
Dimethyl Terephthalate
Pentaerythritol
Trimethylolpropane
Diols
PET
Urea
Diphenyl Carbonate
Pharmaceuticals
Vinyls
Phenol
Electricity
Phosgene
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