TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CANDIDATES DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

II
III

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

VII

OBJECTIVE

INTRODUCTION

1: INTRODUCTION TO POWER GRID

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 TYPES OF POWER GRID IN INDIA

1.3 POWER GRID SYCHRONISATION

1.3.1 CONDITIONS

1.3.2 PROCESS

1.4 ISLANDING

1.4.1 ISLANDING DETECTION METHODS

2: HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT

2.1 TRANSFORMERS

2.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM7805)

2.3 RECTIFIER

2.4 FILTER

2.5 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/C51)

2.6 555 TIMER

10

2.7 LM358 (DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER)

11

2.8 LM339

11

2.9 RELAYS

12

2.10 BC547

13

2.11 LED

14
III

2.12 IN4007

14

2.13 RESISTORS

14

2.14 CAPACITORS

15

3: SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

16

3.1 IDE

16

3.4 KEIL C CROSS COMPILER

16

3.5 BUILDING AN APPLICATION IN VISION2

16

3.16 COMPILER

16

3.17 CODING IN EMBEDDED C

24

4: DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

32

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

32

4.2 CIRCUIT DIGRAM

33

4.3 DESCRIPTION

34

4.4 ADVANTAGES

38

4.5 DISADVANTAGES

38

4.6 APPLICATIONS

38

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

39

IV

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1: A Typical Transformer

Fig.1.2: Equivalent Circuit of Voltage Regulator

Fig.1.3: Bridge Type Full Wave Rectifier

Fig.1.4: Output Waveform

Fig 1.5: Pin Diagram of AT89S52

Fig.1.6: 555 Timer IC

10

Fig. 1.6(a): 555 Timer Pin Diagram

10

Fig.1.7: LM358 (Dual Operational Amplifier)

11

Fig.1.8: LM 339

12

Fig.1.8 (a): LM339

13

Fig.1.9: Relays

13

Fig.2.0: BC 547 Transistor Pinouts

13

Fig.2.0 (a): An Npn Transistor Configuration

14

Fig.2.1: 1N4007 Diodes

14

Fig.2.1(a):PN Junction Diode

15

Fig.2.2: Resistors

15

Fig.2.3: Capacitors

17

Fig. 2.4: Keil Vision Compiler

17

Fig. 2.4(a): Keil Vision Compiler windows1

18

Fig. 2.4(b): Keil Vision Compiler windows2

18

Fig. 2.4(c): Keil Vision Compiler windows3

19

Fig. 2.4(d): Keil Vision Compiler windows4

19

Fig. 2.4(e): Keil Vision Compiler windows5

20

Fig. 2.4(f): Keil Vision Compiler windows6

20

Fig. 2.4(g): Keil Vision Compiler windows7

21

Fig. 2.4(h): Keil Vision Compiler windows8

21

Fig. 2.4(i): Keil Vision Compiler windows9

22
V

Fig. 2.4(j): Keil Vision Compiler windows10

22

Fig. 2.4(k): Keil Vision Compiler windows11

23

Fig. 2.4(l): Keil Vision Compiler windows12

23

Fig. 2.4(m): Keil Vision Compiler windows13

24

Fig. 2.4(n): Keil Vision Compiler windows14

24

Fig. 2.5: Block Diagram of Project

32

Fig 2.6: Circuit Diagram of Project

33

Fig. 2.7: Zero voltage cross detection using comparator

35

Fig. 2.7(a): Output Waveform

35

Fig. 2.8:555 as an astable multivibrator

36

Fig. 2.9: Circuit diagram of 555 as an astable multivibrator

36

VI

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS USED

MCR.......Main Control Room
TG...Turbo-Generator
DC....Direct current
ACAlternating current
NDZNon-detection zone
ALEAddress Latch Enable
PSEN...Program Store Enable
VPP.Programming enables voltage
LCD ....Liquid crystal display
LED..Light-emitting diode
IDE ..Integrated Development environment

EAExternal Access
ZVR.... Zero Voltage Reference

VII