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Magnetic Flux Φ
•Unit for flux is weber
•The definition of 1 weber is the amount of flux
that can produce an induced voltage of 1 V in a one
turn coil if the flux reduce to zero with uniform
rate.
Magnetic Flux density B
•Unit for magnetic flux density is Tesla
•The definition of 1 tesla is the flux density that
can produce a force of 1 Newton per meter acting
upon a conductor carrying 1 ampere of current.
Magnetic field strength H
•Unit for magnetic field strength is Ampere/m
•A line of force that produce flux
Chetan Upadhyay
F = B l I newton
B = µH
Where Η = magnetic field strength ; B = magnetic flux
density and µ = permeability of the medium
Chetan Upadhyay
Relative Permeability (µ r)
µ r = µ /µ o
∴ µ = µ rµ o = B/H
or B = µ rµ oH
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B vs H
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Electromagnetic Force (mmf)
H
turns
mmf H = NI
Chetan Upadhyay
Example 1
A coils of 200 turns is uniformly wound around a wooden ring
with a mean circumference of 600 mm and area of cross-section
of 500 mm2. If the current flowing into the coil is 4 A, Calculate
(a) the magnetic field strength , (b) flux density dan (c) total flux
turns
N = 200 turns
l = 600 x 10-3 m
A = 500 x 10-6 m2
I = 4A
(a) H = NI/l = 200 x 4 / 600 x 10-3 = 1333 A
(b) B = µ oH = 4π x 10-7 x 1333 = 0.001675 T = 1675 µ T
(c) Total Flux Φ = BA = 1675 x 10-6 x 500 x 10-6
= 0.8375 µ Wb
Chetan Upadhyay
Reluctance ( S )
Ohm‘s law I = V/R [A]
Where I =current; V=voltage and R=resistance
And the resistance can be relate to physical parameters as
R = ρ l /A ohm
Where ρ =resistivity [ohm-meter], l= length in meter and
A=area of cross-section [meter square]
Analogy to the ohm‘s law
V=NI=H l I=Φ and R=S
Φ=
Hl
[ weber] where S = [ ampere / weber]
S µr µo A
Chetan Upadhyay
Example 2
A mild steel ring, having a cross-section area of 500 mm2 and
a mean circumference of 400 mm is wound uniformly by a
coil of 200 turns. Calculate(a) reluctance of the ring and (b) a
current required to produce a flux of 800 µ Wb in the ring.
(a)
Φ 800 ×10 −6
B= = −6
= 1.6T turns
A 500 ×10
µ r = 380
0.4
S= =
µ r µ o A 380 × 4π ×10 −7 × 5 ×10 − 4
= 1.667 × 106 [ A / Wb]
Chetan Upadhyay
(b)
H
Φ= H = ΦS
S
1342 1342
∴I = = = 6.7[ A]
N 200
Chetan Upadhyay
Magnetic circuit with different
l
materials
l
SA = 1
and SB = 2
µ1a1 µ 2a 2
l1 l2
S = SA + SB = +
µ1a1 µ 2a 2
For A: area of cross-section = a1
mean length = l1
absolute permeability = µ 1
ForB: area of cross-section = a2
mean length = l2
absolute permeability = µ 2
Chetan Upadhyay
Mmf for many materials in
series
total mmf = H l + H l
A A B B
In general
Σ (m.m.f) = Σ Hl
Chetan Upadhyay
Example 3
A magnetic circuit comprises three parts in series, each of
uniform cross-section area(c.s.a). They are :
(a)A length of 80mm and c.s.a 50 mm2;
(b)A length of 60mm and c.s.a 90mm2;
(c)An airgap of length 0.5mm and c.s.a 150 mm2.
A coil of 4000 turns is wound on part (b), and the flux density
in the airgap is 0.3T. Assuming that all the flux passes through
the given circuit, and that the relative permeability µ r is 1300,
estimate the coil current to produce such a flux density.
Chetan Upadhyay
Mmf = Φ S = H l = N I
b 0.45 × 10 −4 × 60 × 10 −3
Material b ΦS b = Φ = = 18.4 At
µ r µ o Ab 1300 × 4π ×10 × 90 ×10
−7 −6
and 181.8
I= = 45.4 × 10−3 A = 45.4mA
4000
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Leakages and fringing of flux
leakage
fringing
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Example 4
Chetan Upadhyay
Φ 2.5 × 10 −3
Ba = = −6
= 1T
Aa 2500 × 10
Ba 1
Ha = = = 796000[ AT / m]
µ o 4π × 10 −7
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ΦT 3 × 10 −3
BS = = = 1.63T
AS 0.00184
∴ NI = 3992
I = 3992/800 = 5 A
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D
L M N
ΦL = ΦM+ΦN
Or ΦL-ΦM-ΦN = 0
In general: Σ Φ = 0
Chetan Upadhyay
Example 5
A magnetic circuit made of silicon steel is arranged as in the
Figure. The center limb has a cross-section area of 800mm2 and
each of the side limbs has a cross-sectional area of 500mm2.
Calculate the m.m.f required to produce a flux of 1mWb in the
center limb, assuming the magnetic leakage to be negligible.
340 1m m 340
m m 150 m m
m m
Chetan Upadhyay
Φ 1×10 −3
Φ = B× A B= = −6
= 1.25T
A 800 ×10
1 340 ×10 −3
S1 = = = 15915
µ r µ o A1 34000 × 4π ×10 −7 × 500 ×10 −6
150 × 10 −3
S2 = = 4388
34000 × 4π × 10 × 800 × 10
−7 −6
1×10 −3
Sa = = 994718
4π ×10 × 800 ×10
−7 −6
Chetan Upadhyay
Since the circuit is symmetry Φ A =Φ B
m.m. f = ΦS1 + ( 2Φ )( S 2 + S a )
( )
m.m. f = 0.5 × 10 −3 (15915) + 1× 10 −3 ( 4388 + 994718)
= 8 + 999 = 1007 A
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Hysteresis loss
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Eddy current
When a sinusoidal current enter
the coil, the flux Φ also varies
sinusoidally according to I. The
induced current will flow in the
magnetic core. This current is
called eddy current. This
current introduce the eddy
current loss. The losses due to
hysteresis and eddy-core totally
called core loss. To reduce eddy
current we use laminated core
metal insulator
Chetan Upadhyay