Theory Lesson - Term 1 Week 4

ACHPER (SA)
2014
The Anaerobic Pathways

Energy System 1 The ATP-CP
System
The ATP-CP systems main function is to provide energy during high intensity activity
When activity changes intensity, that is when an athlete changes the effort of an activity for example from a jog to a sprint. (during periods such as oxygen deficit)
Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

Text Page 10
ACHPER (SA)
2014

System
Highlight 3 key features related to this system in the

diagram that are important to its functioning.
1. Energy delivery is INSTANT FAST.
2. Doesnt need OXYGEN anaerobic.
3. Creatine is readily available in the muscle.
4. No performance inhibiting bi-products produced
when used for energy release.
Exists in the muscle to provide immediate energy backup for energy release when
ATP has been totally broken down (in the first second of activity because there is
only enough ATP to last 1 second!)
Readily available needing no breakdown it can supply energy immediately.
Allows time for triglycerides and glycogen to be broken down ready to take over as
the main energy source providers from CP once totally depleted (around 8 10
seconds).

Text Page 10
ACHPER (SA)
2014

System
The POSITIVES and NEGATIVES of this system:
Examples 100 metre sprint, Shot

put, Javelin, Gymnastic Vault

Text Page 11
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2014

System
Case
Study The ATP-CP System During a Fitness Test
The Repeated Effort Ability Test was devised by Sports Scientists in 1984 to measure the
capacity of the ATP-CP system, especially in the game of Australian Rules Football.
It required players to complete 20 X 7 second sprints (maximal efforts). Players were
allowed a 30 second recovery between each sprint.
Each sprint was measured using a grid numbers to score each effort (like the one in the
picture). The scientists were looking at the decrease in performance using the grid numbers
as an indication of the effectiveness of this energy system for game play.
They were especially interested in what is referred to as repeated effort ability or the
ability to sprint recover, sprint recover effectively.
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ACHPER (SA)
2014

System
Case Study The ATP-CP System During a Fitness Test
Identify the major energy system used for an effort requiring a 7 second
maximal effort.
Answer = The ATP-CP System.
Explain a reason for the selection made in the previous question.
Answer = The effort required is maximal and it lasts for 8-10 seconds.
The table above shows the recorded results for this test by a local player (State
League player).
Text Page 12
ACHPER (SA)
2014

System
State the effect of the demands of the test on the players ability to maintain a high
level of effort
(intensity). Focus on the score for each sprint section.
Answer = The player struggled to maintain a high intensity. The best score
was 8 out of 10 and the worst was 2 a 75% decrease. The protocols of
the test for the energy system were too demanding.
Using the characteristics (features) of the ATP-CP system and the data from Figure
16 explain whether the test protocols in the original test were suited to testing the
capacity of the ATP-CP System
Answer = The demands were too great 7 seconds with a 30 second
recovery 20 times! The ATP-CP system would have been depleted after the
3rd or 4th attempt not enough recovery time allowed in relation to the
effort required! The LacticText
Acid
System
would have been
Page
12
dominant from
ACHPER (SA)
2014

System
Scientists decided to change the protocols of the test (that is how it done). The
athlete to complete 8 maximal efforts of 5 seconds with a 30 second recovery.
The diagram below highlights the results of the same player in Figure 16
completing the test.
Highlight the key
differences between the 2
tests.
Answer = Key
differences are the
effort is ONLY 5 seconds
and repetitions are only
8.
Describe the differences
between the results
achieved in the 2 different
tests.
Answer = The athlete
achieved better result
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ACHPER (SA)
2014

System

Of the 2 test protocols explain which one is better suited to testing the capacity
of the ATP-CP System.
Answer = The second one. Given a 5 second sprint and a 30 second
recovery allows the ATP-CP system to recovery better between sprints
for a longer period. This is the reason why the athlete performs better
in the
100 second test.
3 This is what is termed repeated effort ability.
90
Describe the trend seen in the
80
graph related to creatine phosphate
Percent of Creatine2Phosphate Replenished
70
replenishment.
60
Answer = It is very fast early 50% recovery in 30 seconds 80% in 60 seconds and then
slows down with only a further
20% replenished in the next 2
minutes.
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
This can be seen in the points

drawn
on the graph. (Draw
Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical
Performance
Text Page 13 - 14
them in on your graph)
Recovery Time (seconds)
ACHPER (SA)
2014

System
Explain the how the 30 second recovery between efforts in the test impacts on
the efforts completed during the sprints.(Draw in lines at the 30, 60 and 180
second marks of the graph to see the re-building rate of CP)
Answer = The thirty seconds allows the ATP-CP system to recover to a
level 0f 50%. Basically this means that of the 5 seconds worth used by
them
toallows
re-build half of that or
the 100
athlete during
time
3 the sprint the recovery
2.5 seconds
90
worth.
80
Percent of Creatine Phosphate Replenished

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Add this to the 3 to 5 seconds

worth they didnt use and it
means the athlete starts the
next sprint with around 7.5
seconds worth of creatine
phosphate for the next sprint.
This gradual decrease means

0
30
60
90
120
150
180 they can sprint at a higher level
Recovery Time (seconds)
using creatine phosphate for
longer before the lactic acid
system is needed as the major
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0
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Energy System 2 The Lactic Acid System (Anaerobic
Glycolysis)
The main function of the lactic acid system is to produce
energy once the ATP-CP system has been depleted (after 810 seconds
activity).
The of
main
feature of this system is the use of glucose in
energy
supply.
Glucose (carbohydrate) is the only nutrient that can be used both aerobically
and anaerobically.
No oxygen means during the process a chemical known as lactic acid (seen in
the picture) is produced and when it builds up to high levels affects an athletes
T h e E ff e c t s o f H i g h L a c t i c A c i d L e v e l s i n
u s c l e sshows the effects of lactic acid build up.
performance ability. The diagramM below
I n t e r f e r e s w it h t h e
c h e m ic a ls t h a t h e lp
m u s c le s c o n t r a c t
e f f e c t iv e ly
I n t e r f e r e s w it h t h e a b ilit y
o f t h e f u e ls n e e d e d b y
t h e m u s c le s t o b e b r o k e n
d o w n e f f e c t iv e ly
I n t e r f e r e s w it h t h e n e r v e
s ig n a ls t h a t m a k e t h e
m u s c le s c o n t r a c t

Text Page 14 - 15
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Glycolysis)
Highlight 2 key
features
related to this
system in the
diagram
that
are important
to
its
Answer = No
functioning.
OXYGEN
required.
Is dominant
for up to 2
minutes.
Uses glucose
(glycogen) in
the process
of energy
Used for high intensity efforts - but it does produce lacticsupply.
acid.
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ACHPER (SA)
2014

Glycolysis)
The table below summarises the key positive and negative features of this energy
system.
Examples 400 metre sprint in athletics,

200 metre freestyle in swimming
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ACHPER (SA)
2014

Glycolysis)
Case Study The Lactic Acid System During a Fitness Test
The case study of an elite female 200 metre swimmer identifying the point where lactic acid
built up faster than the body could handle it her Lactate Transition Point or Onset of Blood
Lactic Acid Accumulation or OBLA for short.
Protocols of the test (what she needed to do). Each section of the test her intensity was
increased between each stage she was given a 5 minute rest and a blood sample to measure
lactic acid was taken.
1 x 200 metre swim at 60-65% of maximal

effort
1 x 200 metre swim at 70% of maximal
effort
effort
effort
effort
effort
effort
effort

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ACHPER (SA)
2014

Glycolysis)
Identify the stage where the anaerobic glycolytic system began to be dominant.
Answer = Level 6 indicates the onset of blood lactic acid accumulation
because it is 2.2mmol greater than level 5. All the others indicated
minimal rise.
Speed of swim
(metres/second)
Blood lactic acid
level (mmol/litre)
Describe the relationship in the data between intensity and lactic acid build
up.
Answer = There is minimal lactic acid build up during efforts 1 to 5
even though intensity rises from 0.80 metres / second to 1.21
metres / second.
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ACHPER (SA)
2014

Glycolysis)
Identify the major nutrient used during this test and explain reasons for the selection.
Answer = Carbohydrate because of the intensity and the duration of the effort.
Remember the immediate start of activity requires more energy this comes
initially from Creatine Phosphate then carbohydrate because of the lactic acid
system becoming dominant. The later part of the test is HIGH intensity
14
(anaerobic)
requiring the use of the lactic acid system.
Identify the major energy system used
during the 200 metre swim in the time set
12
by the female swimmer after 4 months of
training.
10
Lactic Acid Levels (mmol)
Answer = The time of 2:05:97

seconds indicates the dominance of
the lactic acid system. The athlete
travels at 1.06 metres per second!
This requires high level effort and
therefore validates the dominance of
the lactic acid system in this event.
8
6
4
2
0
0.56000000000000005
0.86
1.01
Speed ( metres/second)
1.17
In
isthe
referred
to as
Thesome
graphtexts
belowthis
plots
data from
LIP
or 22.
lactate
point.
Figure
Placeinflection
an X on the
graph
where OBLA takes place.

Text Page 16 - 17
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Oxygen Deficit and EPOC (Excess Post Oxygen
Consumption)
The dominance of the anaerobic systems during the onset of
The body begins to shift from one level of activity to another
activity
The demand for oxygen by the muscles to get more energy increases (an acute
response)
The body takes time to get more oxygen down to the muscles because the heart and
lungs need to make the adjustments to do this. For example heart rate needs to go up
Answer = Other examples of

body system increase
include:
Blood pressure (systolic)
increases
Breathing rate increases
Cardiac Output increases
Stroke Volume increases
Ventilation rate increases
Pulmonary diffusion
increases
These are the ACUTE responses and will be covered in detail in the last concept of
Arterio-venous oxygen
this section.
difference increases
the acute responses.
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ACHPER (SA)
2014

Consumption)

Muscles cannot wait for the heart and lungs to deliver the extra oxygen needed activity
IMMEDIATELY!
Inability to deliver the increased oxygen required by an increase in effort or work is

known as
OXYGEN DEFICIT
This is where the ANAEROBIC energy pathways are dominant for energy release needed
for activity until the aerobic system assumes the dominant role in energy release when
the activity is sub-maximal or aerobic.
This would not occur at all if the activity was anaerobic because the time and the
effort of the activity (maximal) would not be adequate for the aerobic pathways to
become dominant.

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ACHPER (SA)
2014

Consumption)
activity
Some texts liken this process to borrowing money from the bank when funds are short!
State 2 reasons using evidence from the graph why the activity undertaken in the diagram
below is aerobic.
Answer = There are a
number!
The activity goes for
45 minutes
therefore too long to
be anaerobic.
Steady State can be
seen meaning that
the intensity of
activity was at a
constant or at a
level where the
athlete could
maintain a steady
effort.
STEADY STATE where oxygen consumption is at a constant in relation
to the demands
of the
Oxygen
consumption
activity. The athlete is able to maintain the effort required for a prolonged
period
is 2 litres
of time (a
constant) the demands of the activity too are probably static or constant.
anaerobic ones are
more like 4 litres.

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ACHPER (SA)
2014

Consumption)
activity
The shortfall in oxygen supply is seen here.
The blue columns represent the aerobic system the delivery of oxygen to supply
energy.
Over TIME the contribution increases.
As pointed out in the text box the pink columns

represent the provision of energy derived from the
anaerobic pathways:
in the first 8 10 seconds the Creatine Phosphate system

is dominant in this role.
in the next 2 minutes the Lactic Acid system
is dominant.
State a reason for the ATP-CP system only
providing
energy during oxygen deficit for a limited period:
Answer = Because there is only 8 10
seconds worth available.
Text Page 19
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Consumption)
activity
Once
activity has been completed or finished it is time to repay the oxygen deficit back
Process known as Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption or EPOC for short! (Some
older text references refer to this as oxygen debt.)
ALL the processes highlighted in
the table occur during recovery
Remember all these process occur immediately

after exercise stops.
The fitter the athlete, the faster the
recovery! Or the smaller the EPOC.
Reason = Because OXYGEN DEFICIT would
have been smaller due to chronic
adaptations that helped the aerobic
system take over faster. This will be
covered in the next concept.
Text Page 20
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Consumption)
activity
The
diagram below is the heart rate response to exercise at different intensities over time.
The fitter the person, the faster
the recovery rate or the shorter
the EPOC.
The diagram below shows this
(1 is the EPOC of a trained
athlete whilst 2 is the that of
an untrained athlete.)
State a reason for this.
Answer = EPOC is shorter
because the processes took
less time because oxygen
deficit was shorter.
The chronic adaptations to
Draw in the Oxygen Deficit
training help make both
curve for an Elite Athlete.
these processes better in
relation to their efficiency.
Text Page 20 - 21
ACHPER (SA)
2014
The Aerobic Pathways

Energy System 1 The Glycolytic System (Using glucose
with
oxygen)
Involves
the breakdown of glucose (carbohydrate) to release energy in the presence
of oxygen.
The key to this energy system is that it uses OXYGEN to release energy.
Highlight key
features related
to this system in
the diagram that
are important to
its functioning.
Answer
=Requires
OXYGEN.
Is dominant
during submaximal
activity
especially up to
50 minutes in
longer
activities.

Text Page 21
Uses glucose
(glycogen) in
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Energy System 1 The Glycolytic System (Using glucose
The oxygen)
positives and negatives of this system:
with

Text Page 22
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Energy System 1 The Aerobic Glycolytic System
Case Study The Aerobic Glycolytic (Glycolysis) System During
3
60
a Fitness Test
The student was

required to complete
2.5
a continuous submaximal treadmill
test and was required
2
to run on the treadmill
Oxygen uptake (L/min)
at a constant pace for
a fixed period of time 1.5
Explain whether the
student reached a
steady state of effort.
Answer = Yes they
did as oxygen
consumption
between 2.5 and 10
minutes remained
fairly constant.
This is well over 7.5
minutes.
50
Oxygen
Uptake
40
Blood lactic acid (mg%)

Blood Lactic Acid
30
20
0.5
10
8
9
Time (minutes)
10
11

Text Pages 22 - 23
12
13
14
15
ACHPER (SA)
2014

a Fitness Test
3
60
The aerobic energy system was

dominant during this test. State
2 observations made from the
data to support this.
Answer = 1. The activity took

some 10 minutes to complete
far too long for the athlete
to function anaerobically.
2. Steady state was reached
during minutes 2.5 to 10.
2.5
2 uptake (L/min)
Oxygen
1.5
Oxygen
Uptake
50
40
Blood30Lactic Acid
20
0.5
10
3. Lactic acid although built

0
0
up early due to oxygen
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
deficit reduces from the 5
Time (minutes)
minute
indicating
enough
Blood lactic
acid levels
were low just
oxygen
wasmg
available
to
below 50%
and around
25% when activity stopped. This indicates plenty
break
it
down.
of oxygen available intensity was therefore LOW and therefore AEROBIC.
( We were asked for 2 BUT provided more!)
Text Pages 23
ACHPER (SA)
2014

aExplain
Fitness
Test
a reason
for lactic acid
3
60
levels rising in the early stages of
the test.
Answer = Oxygen deficit the
aerobic systems take time
before they are dominant
contributors because it takes
time for oxygen to be delivered
and glycogen to be broken
down into glucose.
2.5
Oxygen
2 uptake (L/min)
1.5
Oxygen
Uptake
50
40
Blood Lactic Acid

30
During the test glucose

1
20
(carbohydrate) is the dominant
nutrient used for the release of
0.5
10
energy. State two reasons for this
observation.
Answer = The activity goes for
0
0
10 minutes at sub-maximal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
level. This is too short for fat to
Time (minutes)
be mobilised as a dominant
energy
source
in this
time. Fat
The
recovery
process
observed
at the completion of the test (0-15 minutes) is commonly referred to
does provide some energy BUT
as:
carbohydrate
given
the Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption.
Answer = EPOC
Excess
Key
Concept
1:
The
Sources
Energy Affecting Physical Performance
intensity and duration ofofthe
Text Pages 23
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Energy System 2 The Aerobic Lipolytic System (Using
fat
Involves
breakdown of fat (specifically fatty acid derived from the breakdown of
withtheoxygen)
triglycerides) to release energy in the presence of oxygen.
The key to this energy system is that it too relies on OXYGEN to release energy.
Highlight key
features in the
diagram that are
important to the
functioning of this
system.
Answer
=Requires
OXYGEN.

Text Page 23 - 24
Is dominant
during submaximal
activity
especially after
50 minutes in
longer
activities.
Uses fats (fatty
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Energy System 2 The Aerobic Lipolytic System (Using
fat
Thewith
positives
and negatives of this system include:
oxygen)
therefore
therefore

Text Page 24
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Energy System 2 The Aerobic Lipolytic System
Case Study The Aerobic Lipolytic (Lipolysis) System During a
Fitness Test
160
The diagram opposite
shows the heart rate
of a 42 year old elite
athlete during a 35
kilometre run.
The runners measured
Lactate
Transition
point (OBLA) was 142
beats per minute.
Heart rate samples
were taken at 5
minute
intervals
during the run.
His time for the event
was 128:09 minutes
or around 2 hours and
5 minutes.
140
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
120
100
80
60
40
Distance (kilometres)

Text Pages 24 - 25
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Fitness
Test.
Identify the point
in the run where
160
carbohydrate is the dominant energy
supplier
Answer = Carbohydrate is the
preferred fuel of the body during
exercise.
The activity is sub-maximal
because it is run over 35
kilometres taking some 123.09
minutes or 2 hours and 5
minutes.
The first 50 minutes the
dominant energy system would
be carbohydrate. The reason
being that fats take time to
become a dominant source of
energy basically requiring
around 50 minutes in most cases.
140
120
100
80
60
40
Remember this is ONLY a

hypothetical clinical calculation
The
model
simply
serves
ascould
a method to show how the systems change in dominance over
there
are many
things
that
time
. this. Factors such as
affect
running
pace
andSources
how constant
it Affecting Physical Performance
Key
Concept
1: The
of Energy
is, fitness level of the runner,
Text Pages 25
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Fitness Test
160
Identify the point in the run where fat

is the dominant energy supplier
Answer = Fat becomes
dominant in energy release
around the 50 minute mark of
an endurance event. Key is to
find how far the runner had
gone in that time!
He ran 35 kms in 123.90 mins or
2 hours and 5 minutes. The
distance therefore covered in
50 minutes was around 17
minutes this is where fat
would have probably become
the dominant energy supplier.
140
120
100
80
60
40
Remember what was said in the

last slide - this is ONLY a
hypothetical clinical calculation
there
are many
things
that
The
model
simply
serves
as a method to show how the systems change in dominance
could
affect
this.
Factors
such
over time.
as Concept
running1:
pace
howof Energy Affecting Physical Performance
Key
The and
Sources
constant it is, weather
Text Pages 25
ACHPER (SA)
2014

Fitness Test
160
Explain the effect on performance of

the runner pushing themselves too
hard too early in the run.
Answer = Depletion of
carbohydrates (glycogen the
stored form of carbohydrate in
the muscles and body). The
runner may hit the wall.
Identify and explain the dominant

energy pathway used in this event.
Answer = It is the aerobic
systems. Aerobic glucose and
aerobic fatty acid.
140
120
100
80
60
Reasons are because of the

40
intensity and duration of the
event. 2 hours and 5 minutes and
an average heart rate of below
140 beats per minute. Remember
This
means he
the run at an average 79% of maximum clearly an aerobic
the runners
LT completes
was 140 bpm!
range. The calculation was made by predicting maximal heart rate 220 age (42) = 178
and then calculating the % of this that 142 beats was.
Text Pages 25

Theory Lesson - Term 1 Week 4

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ACHPER (SA)

The Anaerobic Pathways

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Anaerobic Pathways

Highlight 3 key features related to this system in the

Readily available needing no breakdown it can supply energy immediately.

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Anaerobic Pathways

Examples 100 metre sprint, Shot

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Anaerobic Pathways

The Anaerobic Pathways

The Anaerobic Pathways

The Anaerobic Pathways

The Anaerobic Pathways

Case Study The ATP-CP System During a Fitness Test

This can be seen in the points

The Anaerobic Pathways

Percent of Creatine Phosphate Replenished

Add this to the 3 to 5 seconds

This gradual decrease means

The Anaerobic Pathways

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Anaerobic Pathways

The Anaerobic Pathways

Examples 400 metre sprint in athletics,

The Anaerobic Pathways

1 x 200 metre swim at 60-65% of maximal

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Anaerobic Pathways

The Anaerobic Pathways

Answer = The time of 2:05:97

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Anaerobic Pathways

Answer = Other examples of

The Anaerobic Pathways

The dominance of the anaerobic systems during the onset of

Inability to deliver the increased oxygen required by an increase in effort or work is

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Anaerobic Pathways

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Anaerobic Pathways

Over TIME the contribution increases.

As pointed out in the text box the pink columns

in the first 8 10 seconds the Creatine Phosphate system

The Anaerobic Pathways

Remember all these process occur immediately

The Anaerobic Pathways

The Aerobic Pathways

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Aerobic Pathways

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Aerobic Pathways

The student was

Blood lactic acid (mg%)

Key Concept 1: The Sources of Energy Affecting Physical Performance

The Aerobic Pathways

The aerobic energy system was

Answer = 1. The activity took

Blood lactic acid (mg%)

3. Lactic acid although built

The Aerobic Pathways