SPE 18977 SPE Society of Putraoum Engrs Summary Results of COz EOR Field Tests, 1972-1987 by W.R, Brock and L.A. Bryan, Exxon Co. U.S.A. SPE Members Conyrah 1869, Soy of Parieum shorn Jn Rey Mowian Regonlton Perrasiy Rear Smasum and Extn btn Dav, Cora, Lipeebsat hares ber soveana ty te Seto avamu Eniente ah ar sve coc yt {Epon ene uemylParoaun Boonen cen marr aren peso SE ness a ct tacope Fre atarassalstovan covescsoe stoned ‘ABSTRACT Since the early 1970s, nunerous presentations have non’ made ‘and’ articies "written about pilot. tests Sn” Fleld-acate, enhanced ost» recovery projects Wing’ carbons dioxide (COg) as, "s. solvent. This popes Suma ises publicly avatvable data) on” 30 Projecta.theuse™ gh Cy pat ghown sfaniieatiy Binge the early-1980s,. cepecially inthe Permian Savin, ‘bs Velfable supplies of Og. becane. nore Svailibte, "Today, even with depressed. crude “ofl aurketsy the oe of COp continues to grow. The use BF Cbg tn the Rocky Mauseasn region 1s tacreasing, Srimeiny stony’ those with prior C02" flocding Biperience inte Permian Basin. As the-denara for Gop Snereases in the Rocky Mountains, so wil’ the Stppivs and the sane. groeth experienced” in_ the Perbian Gasin’shogig. be seen, “As with. any ‘calor Project inthe ott industry, the enhanced recovery BeoiT “tequires thorough’ advance. planning. to determine tne. optimum £08 method. This sumary of GB projects: te intended to provide @ brief on each prajecty describe. the reservoir paraneters, and Fovlew the ‘conclusfons of the. individual authors, in’ aadition to providing a. qiick reference. oF Maitable papers {0 which those interested ray turn For" greater: details “Since she use of (0p hasbeen Successfully tried in a wide range of Feservoirs dnd under varisty "of operating. conditions, the Bpelication. of Cop’ tn. Rocky. Holntain. reservoirs Sfoulé' be every bft as successful” a5 it has been eisevhere NIRODUCTION The use of COp, both miscibly and inmiscibly, has grown dramatically since the start of this decade, Spurred by the installation of COz pipelines in the Bermian Basin in the early-19805.". While many challenges still face ‘the user of CO, the increased use of CO to recover residual oi) evidences the optinish the industry has towards enhanced oi recovery using C02. The use of C02 to References and TIUSEFatTons at end of paper. ‘recover additional crude oil includes iemiscible Flooding and an individual well stimulation techniqie known as "huff 'n’ puff." This paper sumarizes 21 miscible floods, 4 inmiscible ulti-well floods and § immiscible "huff ’n’ puff projects. The origina) intent of this paper was to present both successful and unsuccessful projects so. that conparisons could be made. However, the search of available’ data banks for papers’ published on Unsuccessful projects was fruitiess. ‘Tt is likely that sore of the projects discussed could be considered marginally economic with depressed crude oil prices even “though they were technical Successes. This paper does not, attempt to draw Conclusions of the projects reviewed but instead presents, without interpretation, conclusions as pubiished in the individual references. The reader Should bear in mind while reviewing this paper that many of | the extrapolations of incremental Fecoveries and other factors “are based on performance “data from relatively early. in 2 project’s Tife. DEFINITIONS Terminology used in this paper is consistent with That used Yn the EOR\arends The term *inerenental il" refers’ tothe of! production. in excess af Saae decline curve for continued operations, Grose WtiTiation of Op 18" defined as the total injected olume. of Cog, nclucing. any” recycied volumes, divided by the'totat incremental recovery. “The net utilization ts, the: purchased volume of Gp, divided ty he “toca “ngrenental “recovery. cHiscvole Flooding refers tothe use of chy se a reservoir pressure greater than that necessary for” the Cbg to fix with the reservoir ov, commonly referred £8 35 the minisum miscibility pressure (WP), lemiscible Flooding or stinutation Uses Cop at pressures Tess fhan the HHP and relies ore. oh the reduction of Viscosity and interfacial ‘tension, and the. swelling of the git contacted by the COp.° In iscussing various (Og Floods, the volune of Cop injected is, comonly Feferred’ to in terms of percent. of hydrocarbon pore volumes (HPV)SUMMARY RESULTS OF CO, EOR FIELD TESTS 1972-1987 SPE 19977 NISCIBLE--FIELD-SCALE The first group reviewed are field-scale miscible floods ‘whose paraneters are summarized in Table 1 These. projects employ eithor continuous” slugs or water-alternating-gas) (WAG) injection ‘scheses” The IV projects" discussed are in variety of different reservoirs vanging fron the ‘shallow to. the deep, from the tight. to the very permeable, and in both Carbonate and sandstone Some of [the projects utitize. purchased op. very efficiently: ad noted by Tow net Cog util tzctionse while others” appear Tess efficient. In all of these, “it has ‘been’ qualitatively proven ‘that. COp Ean enhance oiT recovery; however it should bs noted that the quantity of Incremental ‘ofl in. most ases 1s based on extrapolations of data very carly in'the'1sfe of the project. Projected. incremental recoveries. “ranged” fron” around. 7 percent. Original 017 In-Place (Q01P) to"2e\ percent “OOlP on net utitizatjons. of 2.4 net (thousind cubic. rect) 0p per stock tank barrel" (ST8) of incremental ot) to" nef c0g/StB- DOLLARHIDE DEVONIAN! UNOCAL initiated a phased miscible CO» project in. the Dollarnide ‘Devonign Field Tocated in Andrews County, Texas. in May 1988. The praject was designed around’ low perseability, tripolitic chert. Devonian reservoir ata depth ef 7200" feet, “with high conformance and “sininal heterogeneities. "uring waterfloading an exceptionally high sweep efficiency was, real ized with” greater "than “va secondary-to-prinary Tecovery ratio. This. high sweep. efficiency expected to be exhibited in” tertiary. recovery operations. To date greater ‘than 99.5 percent of the Cop has been retained tn the reservoir after nore than’ 8.8 percent. HcPV of Gop Injection. The First breakthrough of COz did not occur until I? months after the start of injection. According to UNOCAL,” “the “total” Tack of prenature. "Coy breakthrough. is “indicative of “unusually hich C09 syeep efficiency.” Originally designed for 2 percent HcPV siug chased by water, the project as modiTied to benefit. fron the mobility conceal Of WAG injection while. stil! capturing the benefits of acceleration from the slug process." Following the Ninitial slug ‘of 9 percent’ HCPY, the project wiNl ‘be placed ‘on a 21 percent HOPY' 1:1) WAG. The Bhasing of the project’ will decrease peak C09 Purchase requirenents by spreading C02 requirenents over 'a longer period of tine and wll. allow for axinin use of "less expensive recycled CO.” the vide difference between’ the 1600 psi MMP and. the fracture ‘pressure of "S500 pst allows. for. the injection "oF Cop ‘at_‘the waterflood, reservele pressure of 3200 gsi. Although COp utilization mitt be ‘ess efficient at” 3200 psi “than. at a. lover ressure, it will be possible to reinject the Contaminated gas stream whose HNP 38 less then 3200 Psi but greater” than “1600 "psi without costly Up-front investments necessary ‘to clean-up the COs and without the risk of losing product ton due’ to\a4 inability to, maintain MMP. “The Field was infill arivied ‘to “40-acre, “five-spot. patterns ‘which. 1s anticipated to increase recovery about percent O01P. "The, 30'percent HCPV of Cop injected "¢ anticipated ‘to increase’ the ultinate recovery by 416 percent. o01P,"vresult ing’ in. an. estisated” COs utilization of 2.4 mcf/STB. No" Op injectivity problems have bees encountered. EAST VACUUM GRAYBURG/SAN ANDRES? This miscible Cop flood of ‘the San Andres oolitic dolomite in Leg County, New Mexico initiated by Phillips. Petroleum in September 1985, gives a1? indications of being Successful, Increnental recovery 1s. projected. to fe'6 percent 001P following a WAG infect on oft 50 percent CPV. at a 2:1 ratio. Since ingection eononced, ‘the. eli “production decline has been Srrested ang 011” prodiction appears. to. be on the ‘nerease. "The project. has experienced an increased occurrence ‘of "ealelus sulfate. scaler and the precipitation of asphaltenes and paraffins in wells Experiencing Cp. breakthrough. Although "the frcreae’ im exlcfim State ts oncrrant wi, 0p breakthrough, tt. Is postulated by” PhIVlips. the! these occur concurrent iy. due to the dissolution of the anhydrite stringers oy the water. The calcium SuIfate” problew hes reqivred periodic! dnhibstion Squeezes "using "a Vow ‘pH ‘phosphonate scale inhibitor. “The asphattene/parartin depositions are {reated using heavy aronatte solvents to dissolve the butld-up. "the Yorat injection. of 230" Ber (bintion ‘cubic feet) “er Cog'witl yield & gross Uti zation. @F Tiel wct/sTB°. “Since ‘an estimated 100. BeF wilt” be recycled, the "net “utilization Should approach 6.9 mct/S18 FORD-GERALDINES | Conaco initiated a miscible C0p flood of the Ford Geraldine Unit located in Reeves and Culberson Counties, Texas In February 1981 when iE became apparent that unless tertiary recovery was ‘Inittated, the Unit would have to be abandoned The poor waterFlood’ perforaance, as evidenced. by the ‘0.25:1" Secondary-to-primary recovery “ratio, left an estinated 77 percent OOIP in the reservoir Buoyed by. the success at the nearby, and. similar, Tworreds Cg. project. and by their own feasibility study, injection comenced using an’ erratic. COy Supply fraa-a gas plant. for the first. five. years during whieh. oi) production ‘resained relatively Flats” Wen a ‘stable CO, supply was obtained in Jate’ 1985," the productign increased. dranat ically fron 381 Bopd: to" 1160. bopd. "The project 1s being staged with the second stage ta be implecented a3 excess (0p becomes avetlable and as the first stage {s-placed-on a brine flush following injection of 2 30 percent HGPV slug. This relatively shallow 2680 Foot Ransey Sand. recervoir is anticipated £0 yield an increnental 17 percent OOIP due to. the tertiary Broject. Cop utilization is expected. to. ber 9 BeE/STB. on a gross basis and’ around 9 nef/St on net’ basis KELLY-SNYDER (SACROC)$ The Scurry Area Canyon Reef Operators Committee (SACROC) has bean ‘conducting a niscible CO. flood in the Kelly-Snyder” field in Scurry County, Toxas’ since 1972. Much of | the SACROC COp project was implenented’ coincident with a pattern ‘waterflood. “However, the two” areas discussed below are believed to’ reflect tertiary ecovery since. these areas were near watered-out From water flooding These two multi-pattern areas were studied in-depth to better “understand the flood efficiency and anticipated recoveries. The two areas are referred to as the 4 pattern area (4PA) and the 17 pattern area (17PA). "The 4P& contains 24 wells and covers 603 acres. “This area was at'a 95 percent watercut When placed on COp injection in mid-1981. ‘Using 3 cumulative 3:1 WAG “injection ratio, the 4A was Flooded with a 30 percent HCPV of Cp ‘through Nay 1986. Estimated "incremental "recoveries are 9.8 percent OOIP with a gross Cop utilization of 9.5 mef/STB and a net of 3.2 mcfATB. The larger 17a covered ‘roughly 2700 acres. and contained over 100 wells. "this pattern was also started on C09 in ‘mid-1981 and through Decenber. 1987, a 17.5 pergent NcPV of COg had been injected ‘resulting in aSPE 10977 We R. BROCK, Le A. BRYAN 3 cumulative WAG of 5:1 ultimate jincrenental recovery is" anticipated ta reach 7-5 percent OOIP. The current gross CO utilization in this pattern is'9.7 nct/SiB with an estinated net utilization of 6.5 mct/STB. MEANS, SAN ANORESS | This, miscible, COp project in Andrews County, “Texas, operated by Exxon Company U.S.A‘, commenced injection of COg in Novenber 1983 and 1s'expected to recover 7.1 pefcent of the OO(P. This project is utilizing @ 2:1 NAG Injection in the San “Andres dolomite, with an estimated 58 percent HCPY to be injected. This higher MAG ratio was used to. improve sweep efficiency. Not included in the estimated tertiary recovery is an additional 9.2 percent O01? to "be recovered by improved secondary performance through infil drilling, and” improved reservoir managenent,, associated with the tertiary recovery project. The gross CO" utilization is estimated to be 18 ncf/ST®. No apparent WAG injectivity problems were encountered in the laboratory or pilot. studies and none have been encountered in the full-scale project, N.E.PURDY UNITS Cities Service (now OLY USA) initiated a full-scale miscible C0, Flood in the Springer "A* sandstone of the N. E. Purdy Unit. in Garvin County, Oklahona. in Septenber 1882. The majority of the Field is being processed with a 30 percent. HCPY siug while three patterns are on Was injection. These ‘patterns. were placed on MAG injection to 1) raise the pattern pressure or 2) due to unfavorable production characteristics of offset producing wells. Most of the wells in the project had shown response to C02. injection Following the injection of 15 percent. of the HCPV of C02." Peak oi) production rates of two to four times ‘the pre-response rates were conmonly observed while the water-oil ratio was reduced from 30 to 8. Observation well logging indicated good. vertica sweep at a distance of 255 feet fron the injector and also indicated a reduction of all saturations fron 44 percent to. 25 percent... COp injectivity appears to have improved with the cumulative CO {nection whereas post-COz water injection appears to be conparable to the pre-CO ingectivity. gross Utilization of Cog is estimated to be 6.5 mef/SIB white "the “net” utiTization should approach 4.6 mcf/STB. The anticipated incremental recovery i8°7.5 percent OO1P. NORTH CROSS?»®.9 The Flooding of this tripolitie ratio The chert ‘reservoir Tocated in Crane” and. Uston Counties, Texas was initiated by shell in 1972 following primary depletion. by” augmenting the: solution’ gas drive with gas” injections” The. decision to forgo secondary waterflooding of this reservoir was based on uniformly low permeability The miscible use of COz 1s expected to result in en incremental recovery f roughly 22 percent DIP. with a gross COp utitization of over 18 mcf/ST3” The estimated nef utilization will be between 7 and Bnct/STB. RANGELYIO This miscible Cop Flood operated by Chevron U.S.A.” in. northwestérn Colorado in. Rig Blanco County has "shown a slant ficant rapid Fesponse since start-up in the fall of 1486. The tertiary ‘project is designed for the 1:1 WAG injection of a 30 percent HCPV ‘of Cop “in approxinately 20 equal cycles. The Increnental vrocovery attributable to CO, is forecast to be 106 Nipo of the 1413 Mbo OOIP ‘in the project ares, oF 7.5 percent. As of the fall of 1987, the production build-up was in excess’ of 5000 bopd. “Estimated timate recovery through secondary. operations 1s Youghly 80 percent of OOIP. The major” operational Ghaltenges facing this proJect are the development of-effective diversion techniques. such a3. polimers and foan diverters to control Gg injection and the Snprovenent of scate snhibition treatuent. Tite and costs. the occurrence "of barium sulfate, present prior to the Coa Flood, has increased as the Tower Bh has “resulted ina’ reduced effective life of Seale treatnents. This miscible project tn the 6500, foot’ deep eber sandstone 13 anticipated to have gross. Cby “utilization of 9.2 Rcf/ST8 and 3 net Utitization'on the order of 4-6 mef/STB. SOUTH WELCH! The sisulation of the initial phase Of this miscible COp flood by Cities Service. (now OXY USA)" in the San Andres. dolomite in. Dawson County, Texas indicates that’ an increnental Fecovery on the order of 7 percent OOIP can. be expected. ‘The similation of this project, which had been infilled ‘to 10-acre. spacing, concludes that the single variable — which fost. influences incresental recovery is the value of (02 injected. It was also determined that if a strong water blocking” phonomena exists, a. continuous “slug process would be more efficient ‘than a WAG process, Simulation of South Melch indicates. an estinated Ultinate recovery through secondary of 40.1 percent OOTP whereas a C02 flood utilizing a 25 percent HCY 2:1, WAG would ultimately recover 27.7 percent OOIP."” Wo data indicating the anticipated CO utilizations were presented, TWOFREDS!2 This full-scale miscible C02 Flood located in Loving, Reeves and Ward Counties, Texas was the First such flood in a sandstone formation in Texas. C0 injection commenced in early 1974 in this reservoir with an average depth of 4620 feet and. is projected to yield. an. additional 15.6 percent GOIP. The COp was followed by a water‘alternating-exhaust gifs "(64.4 percent Noy 8:6 percent Cop 7 percent Chg) since 1980 asa Flush. “The need to use exhaust gas Instead of the originally planned ‘water was “due to. the low inJectivity capacity of the injectors as compared to the product ve capacity of the producers and the higher viscosity of the ‘water as. conpared to the Cog. While ‘the initial COp was "slugged, the ‘operator, HNG (now Enron), used WAG ‘injection in the post “cog flood in order to contro} the viscous Fingering of the exhaust. Nov apparent. inject vity problens” occurred. and the injectivity of the exhaust gas was 29 percent greater than. water following Og.” et utiszation of COp 15 estimated to approach & ncf/ST8. Corrosion of tubutars and weliheads has been controlled. with 2 chemical treatnent program using an oi1-soluble blend of dinertrimer acid and imidazoline. This progran hes resulted) In no. spectalized. metallurgy being required for the wellhead, downhole ar” surface equiprent.. WERTZI3 The perforsance of this project since its start-up in the fall of 1986, clearly indicates that miscible COg is displacing’ significant acount of tertiary oil. This Anoco-operated project. in central Wyoming has experienced better than anticipated CO, inject ivity ‘with only "Vimited deterioration of water injectivity foltowing the og.” Log analysis indicate that both the vertical and areal sweep efficiencies are favorable. The anticipated increnental recovery from the Tensleep Formation is 10 percent ‘of OOIP in the processed area. The gross CO utilization factor is expected to be between If and “18 mcf/STB. The net utilization factor will be considerably less due toSUMMARY RESULTS OF CO, EOR FIELD TESTS 1972-1987 SPE_10977 the recycling of 0g and should be less than 10 mcf/STB. MISCIBLE--PRODUCING PILOTS This, second group consists of 8 miscible producing pilots, whose various parameters are summarized in Fapte i.”"These projects employed either cont inuous slugs or water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection Schemes, and were ina” variety of different, feservoirs ranging fron the shallow to the ‘deep, Fron low to high permeability, "and In, bath Earoonate and. sandstone. "in alt ‘of these It has bean qualitatively proven that CO can enhance off Fecovery, however, "it should be noted. that the Quantity’ of tncrecental oot in Some’ eases is. based Gn ata. from s mich smaller" area_ than” ight. be Taprecentetive of ‘commercial application.” Sone Othe’ projects “utilized purchased —COp very efficiently a6 noted by Ion net Cop util izattonsy hile others. appeared Tess efficiant. Projected ‘nerenental recovertes ranged fros around 8 percent QOIP to 21 “percent OO1P on net utilizations of 2.4 nef CO2/STB to near 13 mof CO2/STB. GARBER FIELDS This central Oklahoma field, operated by ARCO Oil & Gas Company, had a Successful miscible COz pilot. in the waterflooded Crews ‘Sand at an average depth of 1950 feet, (W™P-1075 psig). The pilot area has. recovered an estimated ‘T4 ‘percent "OOIP ‘Since “initiating COz injection in’ October, 1981. This pilot was originally designed to ‘inject a 25 percent HCPY of Cop, yet a total of 35 percent HCPY was injected The’ initial plan called for the injection of a T percent HCPV slug followed by a 1:1 WAG to control an anticipated. severe gravity override. When’ the gravity override did not materialize, continuous slug was injected. Following injection Of the 25 percent HCPV slug, numerous producers had yet to show response so the slug was increased to 435 percent HCPV. Once this larger slug had been injected Cop injection was terminated in June, 1982 and the infectors put on water, since the optimun Slug size had been attained even though production had yet to show a decline trend. No injectivity problems were encountered after the conversion to water, Reservoir heterogeneities appear, to have Contributed to the. control of the anticipated gravity override. The pilot demonstrated that it Was feasible to COp flood fields at. depths of less than, 2000 feet and that good of1 recovery was possible even when waterflood residual oft Saturations were as low as 25 percent PV. Net COz Utilization is estimated to approach 6 mcf/STB. LITTLE CREEKI5,18,17 The het! operated cop pilot in the Little ' Crock field “in southwestern Mississipp in the mid-1970s denonstrated that C02 can effectively recover tertiary oi fron a thoroughly waterflood depleted sandstone reservoir such as the 10,400 foot deep Tuscaloosa Denknan The average waterflood residual ‘ol! saturation in this pilot was estimated to be 21 percent. A large (160 percent CPV) slug of COz was injected during the. pilot "without ‘alternating "water. slugs. The ultimate tertiary recovery was estimated tobe 2s high as. 45 percent of the waterflood residual oi in the area, including the area between the pilot injectors and producers and the “nearby. Field pinchout, This equates to nearly 21 percent OOIP Tecovered due-to tertiary. ‘Due to the large slug injected the gross Coz” utilization. approached 27 mcf/STB and the net’ was around "13. mcf/STB. Subsequent simulation of this pilot showed that. if water were injected cyclically or simultaneously with the COp, the effective mobility ratio of the Gisplacenent would be decreased thereby increasing the volumetric sweep efficiency SepaElon ane By, Oe SEN Er aan ihe gated” fe Coat caiens 3 ee NorTH COLES LEWEE2® ARCO. of and, Gas, Cospany initiated the first application of Cp injection in the Kern. River Valley of california, ‘in dune 1981 The plist 1s in an area where many deep, Tight off reservoirs are approaching their economic Vinit. While a technical success, this pilot, consisting of tio S-acre inverted five-spot patterns and one Io-acre Tine drive pattern, was plagued with many supply and pechanical.problens that masked incremental oil recoveries. Pilot patterns were also badly ‘out of balance due to either a directional permeability trend or mechanical problens, which resulted in reduced oi] recovery. Using simulation, this 9200. foot deep sandstone reservoir, with @ net pay thickness of 135 feet, was. predicted " to ‘produce an incremental 15-20 percant.Oo1P with’ gross: Cog utsTizatton of 8-31 mc#/STB and a ‘slug size of 63 percent HCPY. The simulation showed gravity override into the upper zone of the Stevens. Main Western | sand dominated the displacenent efficiency. Simulator rasults indicated that the simultaneous, injection OF Op tow Sn the reservoir ‘and water high ‘in the Feservoir would greatly enhance sweep efficiency. The C02 supply was from an area refinery that had occasional upsets during the pilot, thereby Tiniting the “supply, ard causing the pftot to be terminated in mid-1986. QUARANTINE BAY21 The pilot flood of the Quarantine Bay 4RC field in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana gemonstrated that the COp-MlG "process ts technically viable for. mobifizing considerable anounts of residual of)" from the watered-out Miocene semi-consolidated sand reservoirs of the GuTF Coast of Louisiana. ARCO O{1 and Gas Company, the operator, started inJecting COp in October 1981, in a bJ-acre’area of the Field located southeast of New Orleans.” Injection continued on a 1:1 WAG until a total of 18.9 percent HcPY of CO had been injected. In February 1983 injection was converted to water and anticipated recovery is expected to reach 15.8 percent GOI. ‘The net utilization of8977 WR BROCK, L. AL BRYAN Op is. slightly less than 3 mcf/STB. The small Stig size was Selected because larger slug_stzes could not "be economically justified. Reservoir Simulations indicated. the increnantai recoveries for slug sizes between 15 and 38 percent CPV did not vary ‘significantly and. therefore the -snaler Slug "size and. resulting Tower utilization would prove economics. Because. of the dissolution of carbonate cementation by the carbonic acid, the injectivity appears to have increased. “Ths has also led. to the inereased ‘occurrence of sand reduction ‘not previously noticed in the field. his flood "experienced tone nechanical problems related to corrosion which resulted ‘in the Premature shut-in of producers. The operator estimated the incremental recovery could have approached 20 percent OOIP had these problens been avoided. SLAUGHTER ESTATEI8,22 This miscible WAG pilot in the carbonate San ‘Andres reservoir underlying the Slaughter Estate Unit operated by Amoco in Hockley County, Texas has shown that significant quantities of tertiary of7 can be recovered using a solvent of 72 percent COp and 28 percent HyS. The water alternating solvent injection resulted in reduced injectivity during the solvent phase but subsequent, ofl production has shown. that. the alternatin sequence of injection provided excellent area sweep. A26 percent HCPY. of the solvent. gas. was injected between August 1976 and October 1979. This solvent injection was then chased by a 30 percent HcPV" "slug of nitrogen. The projected Solvent utilization, not including the nitrogen, 15, anticipated’ tobe in the range of "3-5 mct/STB. Incremental recovery is estinated by simulation to be at Teast 20 percent O01 WEEKS ISLAND23 The Weeks Island S Sand Reservoir B in New Iberia Parish, Louisiana, typical of many plercenent salt-done fields in the Gulf Coast area, vas the target of a gravity stable COz pilot test by Shell in October 1978. This plot demonstrated that a gravity stable COp flood is very effective jn. these reservoirs which have highly. efficient strong. water-drives. "Rt the start of ‘the COz injection in 1978, the residual oil saturation was estimated to be 22 percent, The very permeable (1200" “nd),” steeply” dipping "(26") Sandstone Feservoir received an initial CO slug equal to 24 percent 'HCPV mixed with about Six sole percent of matural gas, primarily ethane. The COz was dituted to Tessén ‘the risk of gravity instability. When gas production rates began to increase tn 1983, “the "Cd contaminated gas was re-injected. This’ pilot 18 expected to recover an estimated 8.9 percent OOIP. Gross Cop” utilization 1s Projected to be 7.9 mcf/STB at. the end of the pilot, with net utilization around 3.3 me¥/STS. WEST SUSSEX?# This of]-in-the-tank pilot by Conoco Supports the feasibitity of miseibly (Op. Flooding Ene" Shamnan "sandstone and" other’ siailar. Tow Fesidual, Tight ofl. reservoirs Sn the Powder River Basin of Wyoming. Between id-1982 and Tate-1985 4 30 pereent HCPV" slug. of (Oz, preceded and fol lowed by ‘water, was. injected into this 9.6-acre pilot without’ any" apparent ‘injectivity impairment. "The Option of using WAG was Teft open during the’ pilot Should prenature CO breakthrough justify a switch from the slug. The’ estimated incremental. recovery from this 3000, foot deep watered out. shaly maring sandstone is. 8.9 percent of O01P.. The resultant gross utilization OF COp was 12.9 mcf/STB. It was @stinated that. 20 percent of the “cumulative COp ‘injected was produced. Lack of of1 response in ong of three pilot producers Ted to the conclusion by Conoco. that @ waterflood injector should not be converted toa tertiary producer without careful consideration. ‘MISCLBLE--NON-PRODUCING PILOTS These two non-producing pilots were conducted with observation wells offsetting the injection well to monitor the movenent of the COg inthe reservoir, By logging these wells the operator is able to detect the changes” in residual. oil saturations as the COg front passes. Conbined with pre-and post-piot core” analyses, the data from the Sbservation wells is used to simulate the recovery process. Based on these similations, predictions Ere made of expected incremental recoveries and anticipated injected volumes. AS with the Predictions of other projects, these pilots proved that C02 can mobilize waterflood residual of! However,” due to the nature of the data these predictions should be used with caution. ‘CEDAR CREEK ANTICLINE?5 The non-producing miscible 2 pilot conducted by Shell in. the South Pine Field of the Cedar Creek Anticline in eastern Montana between 1983 and 1985, showed that tertiary oil can be effectively sobilized and displaced by C02. The residual off saturation after waterflood was’ estinated to. be between 38 percent and 40 percent, and after miscible CO injection averaged 20 percent. The. test also showed that Vertical conformance of ‘Op was the same as for brine in the pre-flush leading to the conclusion by Shell thatthe volunetrie: sweep eFFicfency.of 2 cdg Flood in this Red River crystalline dolomite woul: bersinilar to that of the waterflood, provided the effective nobility of COp ts controtied. It, was also concluded that the waterflood behavior of the Red River formation could be profitably studied to predict CO flood behavior. the injectivity of COg was found fo be roughly 1€ tines that of the brine in the pre- Flush. LITTLE KNIFE26 This five-acre inverted four-spot, fon-producing pilot conducted by Gulf (now Chevron} {n' 1980-1981 was in. the dolomitic Mission Canyon Formation. Located in the Williston Basin of North Dakota, "this 9800 foot deep reservoir. was CO flooded using a 1:1 WAG injection. With. data obtained from logging of observation wells and from pre: and post-flood core analyses, simulation using Both a black ofl and compositional simulators was conducted. The results” of these simulations revealed that the WAG injection of a 22 percent HCPV of COp into this” highly stratified and relatively. Flat’ reservoir would improve the Uitimate recovery by 8 percent ‘of O01P, 4f flooded on 160-acre spacing. The simulation also predicted et COp utilization of a comercial scale flood Would Be around'5 nef/STB. BLE--FIELD-SCALE The, immiscible use of (Op can be classified as ENiher a multiewelt, Sngeetfon of 8 continuous Ta or WAG, “or as individual wel? stioulations referred fo Nae’ Shute ni putree The prieary” recovery Hichanisns of Inatscible. COp. projects are the Viscosity reduction and. svelT¥ng”of the. contacted rage off,""Recuctvon of the off viscosity creates snore favorable. sobility" ratio. witch in turn Tesults in improved: seep efficiency and 2" lower residual ‘i "saturation to watertioding at the Economie init. "OFT averting ‘nereases retovery bySUMMARY RESULTS OF CO, FOR FIELD TESTS 1972-1987 SPE 18977 reducing the stock tank residual of1 saturation From water flooding The paraneters of the Field-scate miscible Floods are "shown. on “Table 2. These two” Floods. had predicted incremental recoveries. between 9 and 10 percent OOIP, and net COp Utilizat’ons were between Brand 12 mcf/STB. "As with the fleld-scale miscible Floods, the incremental. recoveries are In. sone cases based on extrapolations of early performance Gata and shoutd be used with caution HANSFORD MARMATON!S.27 This project in Hansford County, Texas, has proven that 'COg can be used to epressure a depleted reservoir. Although the tine to repressure was considerably Tonger. than with water, the existing free gas phase in the reservoir Gistributed the CO throughout, contacting nore of the OO1P than would have been contacted by miseibie Gisplacenent. given the unfavorable CO mobility ratio. At start-up in mid-1980, the® reservoir pressure was an exceptionally "low 250 psig. Inmiscible injection of purchased (Op has raised the pressure to near the miscibility pressure after which the recycle gas will be injected in a yet to be determined WAG ‘sequence. "Projected incremental Fecovery due to the immiscible effects of CO is about 3 percent OO1P with a net utilization of 12 ncf/STB. As this project starts the tertiary miscible recovery phase, the field is producing ver $50 bopd as compared to 30 bopd at the start of op injection, “The Final net ubittzation of Cop Js anticipated do bees, than 7. mct/STb, whic based on a purchase of 13.7 Bef of (Og translates to an incremental recovery from COp Injection of about 15.6 percent OO1P, inmiscible and miscible. LICK CREEKIS.28 This full scale COp flood in Bradley and Union Counties, Arkansas ty Phillips Petroleum has successfully proven the viability oF an ‘impiscible WAS process’ for” the recovery of tertiary ofl ‘from thin, heavy oil. sands. Started in’ 1978 Using’ Cog" from” an” anmonia "planty. this project. is" anticipated to. recover’ an "increnental 1O percent, oe the aby 18) ep ell originally-in-place in this. "high permeabi) sty Heakin. sandstone reservoir. "Injection of | 40 percent HCPV slug’ of (Op on a 1:1 WAG Patio. was done'in "three phases. ‘The first phase involved eyelic "C0" injection into all the’ producers. snd hany of ‘the Injectors." This helped increase the reservoir pressure and allowed wells, to be. flowed haturally." The. second phase involved ‘Injection ef ‘large yolimes ‘of COp'into. the permanent. injectors the third phase. alternated (Op and water injection into tho Injectors, After. this phase, the Unie willbe ‘waterflooded. The” expected gross utilization of COp is 8.8 mcf/STB, which will net to approximately $.3 mcf/STB. ImScIBLE-- ING PILOTS These two producing pilots, whose parameters are also shown in Table 2, have projected incremental recoveries of § and 10 percent OOIP. In both of these pilots, it has been qualitatively proven. that op can enhance oi! recovery, however, it should be noted that the quantity of incremental of] in some cases is based on data from a much smaller area than might’ be representative ‘of a conmercial application. HILLY UPLAND29 This minitest in West Virginia conducted by the Alleghany Land & Mineral Conpany in conjunction with the Departnent of Energy Morgantown Energy Technology Center’ showed that. low permieabil ity (3 md) dovs not prevent the injection Of low-viscosity. fluids “suchas COp, It also Showed that when water cannot be “injected” at economical rates to repressure a reservoir or to displace the solvent slug in a tight dolomitized Limestone reservoir that C02 “could possibly. be used. This pilot showed that although’ miscibility was only attained ‘in the near wellbore region of the “injectors, the swelling of the olf, the viscosity reduction and. the increase in reservoir eneray, dug to Og” injection ‘resulted "in an estimated 5 percent S01? increnental recovery.” The estimated “gross utilization. was "6.4 nef/STB. Although the resultant. incremental recovery was Tower than for most Cz floods, the fact” that 95 percent of the Cz was still in the reservoir at ‘the tine of the paper could continue to benetit recovery. WILMINGTON The use of immiscible CO in a WAG Flood of highly viscous ‘rude ofls 40 enhance recovery has. ‘been. demonstrated by Champlin, Petroleum (now UPR) in the Wilmington Tar Zone in the Los Angeles Basin of California. The test shows that’ the "displacement effictency of imniscible Cop on viscous crudes is not as good 35 the miscible displacesent of lighter crudes by CO However, since waterflood residual oil saturatioss are typically much higher for the viscous crude Oils, opportunities ‘still exist for significant incréased oi] recovery. The Tar Zone crude, with 3 viscosity of 283 "cp, is "swollen to "about 105 percent of original ‘voluse when contacted with Cop." the viscosity is” reduced dramatically” to is"cp when contacted at a pressure of 1080 psig. By chasing the swollen and less viscous crude of with water, the anticipated incremental recovery will “approach II percent O0IP. The gross Utilization of Cop 1S calculated to be 6 mcf/STB, with much of thfs supplied through the "recycle process. IMMISCIBLE "HUFF *N? PuFE* Inmiscible Huff 'n? Puff well stinulations appear to'be gaining. in popularity possibly due to their relatively quick payout nature, These single well Tecovery projects utilize C0,” froma variety oF Sources” which is typically’ rucked “to. the well site. This. tertiary’ recovery “method is. ideally Suited for’ small leases which ‘cannot stand’ the large’ up-front | Snvestnents associated with. many fFieldewide floods.” While the procedure ts sim lar to the" steam stimulations in the heavy off basing, these cyclic 02 projects are not limited to heavy oil since the technique has been successfully. used to “recover. lighter oils. While. increyental Fecoveries as a porcent ‘of OIP are not available, the consensus of the papers reviewed ts that. these projects do recover increnental o') with relatively Yow utilizations. of C02. The incresental ott Fecovered was production’ in ‘excess of the. bese Production “dectine curve and “in most’ caves “the Wells. were at or near ‘the economic Tisit, prior to the test The general procedure 1s to inject large volunes of Cog, own’ a producing wel bore and. then shut=tn the wel) or ‘afew weeks to. allow ‘the Opto. soaks Following “this. Soak, ‘the’ well “is returned. to production, Some "increases in oi] “rate were fustained for up to 48 months. The efficiencies of the “process. are measured. ‘by’ the mcf/Si8. oF increnental ofl recovered and also by the volune injected. per” foot of UtiMzations ranged Between 1 Bcf/STB and sVightly over 3 net/sTB while10977 MLR. BROCK, L.A, BRYAN 1 stimulations ranged between 0.1 Micf/ft_ to 0.4 HUcf/FL. Shown on Table 3 are’ some parancters of the projects discussed below. APPALACHIAN BAIN® Huff 'n" PUFF Op field tests on 65 wells in a pressure depleted Appalachian Basin reservoir. in eastern Kentucky indicate. the economic viability for light ofl recovery. These tests" were. conducted in conjunction” with a Vaboratory evaluation at Louisiana state University which addressed the potential of recovering Tight O51 with the application of immiscible cyclical C0; injection. The field tests ‘targeted the unnane Appalachian Field because of the low permeability formation and disappointing pilot" waterflood results. The procedure used was to first pull the ods from the well and inject large volumes of C02 down the tubing at the rate of several barrels per minute. The well was then shut-In without corrosion inhibitors for approxinately ‘one. week After the initial soak period, the well was then placed back on production. Response was a sharp ise in ofl production which continued for 15 to 48 hnonths after. which production returned to. the original hyperbolic decline curve. The resulting Tow COg ut izations of about 1 mcf/STB attest to the economic viability of Huff ‘n? Puff in Tight ON “reservoirs. Field’ tests | suggest that the Fesponse improves with thicker pay, that C0 reduced. the water cut and that. a Second cycticat application could recover additional reserves. PARADIS32 This COz Huff 'n” Puff project was one of eleven wells in five fields which Texaco tested in South ‘Louisiana during 1984 and “1965. The results fron this test west of New Orleans in the Paradis Main Pay Sand, Reservoir T, ‘indicate. that cyclical use of COp is effective in the tertiary Tecovery of light O11. “The process involved the injection of COp in the well, followed by a soak period after which the well was returned. to production. In this particular case, two cycles of Cop were utilized. The first cycle involved the indgction of 18 Mcf of COp aver a three-day period in Merch 1884 followed by three week soak. "After being returned to production, the initial rate was 180" bopa a compared fo £2 Sep prior to. the test ‘he well produced 8000 barrels of ot! in excess. of the “base” decline curve prior to. receiving. an additional 21 Mlct oF 'COp in February 1985 over a Five day. period... After ‘being opened. up. in. March 1985, the. well “flowed” 228 bopd The “cumulative inerésental” recovery. fron these two. cycles. was 20:7 Hoo. This resulted In a nat COp utilization of only 1.8 ‘mef/S1B. The. tests shoved. that the faster the’ rate of injection the further the cop Mii Fieger Out Into the reservoir thus contacting TEXAS GULF COASTS Texaco tested the feasibility of an immiscible Cop Huff ’n* Puff on 28 wells in Texas Gulf Coast Mfocene Reservoirs. Fro these tests in twelve unnamed off fields, viscosity reduction and oi] swelling appear to. be the principal ‘mechanisms of recovery since ‘no Compositional changes were noticed nthe produced oil.” These tests. were conducted on’ gravities ranging, from 23" "to 30°API, and viscosities. of 1,633.4 ‘cp. "Increased recoveries were only slightiy improved for the more viscous crudes and for lower API gravities.. Wo correlation was seen between the pre-test oil cuts or permeabilities, and’ ‘the resulting of1 recoveries. Based on ‘increnental recovery, these tests did show that for these reservoirs 2 ‘soak period of 2 to 3 weeks seened better than shorter or Tonger tines. TIMBALIER BAY24 This immiscible Huff *n” PUFF test conducted by Chevron, proves the feasibility of Using COp in’ this’ bottomeater-drive sandstone reservoir in ‘Louisiana. The tast in two. wells showed that when properly administered the CO Huff. *n’ PUFF process’ can provide for a guick payout with a Tow” capital "investment." The results indicate that increnental ofl was recovered through the o1T swelling and viscosity reduction effects on | fractional-flow. AS in similar imaiscible applications of Cop, “the rocess was to inject § large volune of bq inthe producer and then shutein “for a” soak’ period after which it was returned to production. Thase two tests. measured Cop stimulation efficiencies of 0.3-0.36 Me#/foot of pay and COg utilizations of 1.1-3.2 mef/STB. The fests’ iso. “showed that “for” this “particular Teservojr 2 soak period ef about 7 weeks Gia better than’ s &!week soak on’ one wel» WEST COTE BLANCHE BAY22 This COp Huff °n’ Puff. project was one of eleven such tests conducted by Yexaeo.in South Cousstana’ betwoon 1984cand. 1985.19 evaluate tertiary recovery. The results from this fest'n the 14 'sand Reservoir. 3iz indicate that tertiary ‘olt_can''be effectively recovered. using yetical °''c0p. the. process was the ‘nject-soak-praduce method of previously eiscussed huPt ta" pu? tests, “This particular test involved the injection of 8 Mic of 0g in te hours in Haren eee "Fottoming 'a!isosk” of out four. weeks. the well was. placed” on continuous productions Withis the! weeks, production” had increased from @ bopg prior to the vest to" 170; bopt. the well” produces {rcrepental of? until February 1805.""% total of BEET barrels of increzental off were’ protucee at net Og utilization of only 2-8 met/Stb. this, test td others showed that “the higher ‘the rate’ of C0 ‘ndeetion inte, the reservoir the further” out 1 would Finger thereby "contacting more ott. “Texaco oneluded that the C02 Hutt Sn’ Putt process oF Eyelical injection cane recover “incremental ot) In Péservotrs gf various rock and fluid properties n South Louistana Summary A variety of methods qualitatively prove the use of op" does”ethance the Pecovery of restaual 011 fron Tebervoirs of ifferent depositional. environments: These range from the. smmiscible, Hurt nt Path single wel stimilation to the full-scale misciole projects. It has also been used. in Tjeu of the Eraditional secondary” waterfiood.." Tncromentat Fecoveries predicted” by" the. vartous operators reviewed ranged from 5 "to “22 “percent oF original ofi-in-place. Sone of these projects wore fore eftietent: than ethers as evidenced by the Coy UUIT fzation values, which ranged. from a 2-4 met/SI 0 13-nc1/51B on a'net basis.” Phasing of a profect ney! ainisize the. ‘purchased cog" requirocents: by Spreading sane over’ 4 greater riod of time, and aay 'also “naxinize the use Of less’ expensive retyeted cop. These projects do show a need for adequate data management in the primary ‘and secondary recovery Stages as wel], a5 in the tertiary process. This will permit the operators to properly evaluate appropriate enhanced recovery Bathods” prior to depletion. knowledge gained from projects or tests in other ‘parts of the country can be used as a guide in formulating an enhanced recovery. plan. However, the predicted recoveries and efficiencies reported by “other projects should be viewed qualitatively rather than quantitatively since mostSUMMARY RESULTS OF CO, EOR FIELD TESTS 1972-1987 SPE 18977, of the performance extrapolations are from data relatively carly In a project’s Jife. As the projects currently in operation age the performance predictions will be further refined and will becone more quantitative. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. The authors wish to thank Exon Conpany U.S.A, for the “permission” to” publish this paper, "and the Ingividual authors ofthe reference ater) for bl ishing the results of their EOR projects... They B20. thank ‘those Involved “in. the ‘review of ‘the paper ‘and. Shiriey ‘Keesey. for her ‘assistance “In preparing the manuscr‘pt REEERENCES 1, Poole, E.S.:"Evaluation and Implementation of (0p Injection at the Dolvarhide Devonian Unit," Paper SPE 17277 presented at the SPE Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference, Micland, Texas, March 10-11, 1988. 2. Brownlee, M.H. and Sugg, L.A.:*East__ Vacuum Grayburg’San’Aidres Unit Cb Injection Prodect: Development and Results to Date,” Paper SPE 16721 presented at the 62nd Annial Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, September 27-20, 1967. 3. Pitteway, K.R. and Runyan, E.£.:"The Ford Geraldine Unit’ cop Flood: Operating History,” Paper SPE 17278 presented at the SPE Permian Basin Oi) and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland, Texas, March 10-11, 1988. 4, Langston, DAN Hv. Hoadley, S.F. and Young, .Nei"DeFinitive COp Flooding ‘Response inthe SACROC Unit," "Paper SPE/DOE 17321 presented at the SPE/OOE Enhanced il Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 17-20, 1988. 5. Magruder, 9.8., stiles, and Yelverton, T.D.%® "Review of the “Means San Andres Fuli-scale Cop Tertiary Project,” Paper SPE/DOE 17349 presented at the 'SPE/OGE_ Enhanced 017 Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Apri7 17-20, 1988. 6. Fox, MJ, Simote, Lake V.N, Stark, KL. and Brinlee, L.D.:"Review of op Flood, Springer "RY Sand, WE Purdy “Unit Garvin County, Oklahoma,” Paper SPE/DOE 14938 presented at the SPE/DOE’ Fifth Symposium on” Enhanced O11 Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 20-23, 1986 7. Henderson, | L.E.:"The Use of Numerical Simulation to Design a Carbon Dioxide Miscible Displacenent Project," “Journal of Petroleum Technology (Decenber {974) 1327-1234, 8. Pontius, $.8. and Tham, (Devonian) Unit CO Flood --"Review of Flood Performance and Ninerical Simulation” Model," Journal of Petroleum Technology (Decenber 1978) V706"1718 H.d.:"North Cross “crosset_ Devonian Field, North Cross (Devonian) Units" enfanced Git Recovery Feld. Repords, 1 oglgluae 13, No.2 {September 1568 2581-2586. (Sen 10. Larsen, W-K.:*Rangely Neber Sand Op Project: A Case History," presented at the penver ‘SPE Hinisyeposium, Noverber 18, 1967 n 12. 13, 4 18. 16. wn 19 20. a. 22. 23 Keeling, R.J.:"C0g Miscible Flooding Evaluation of the’ South Welch Unit, Kelch’ San. Andres Field,” Paper SPE/O0E 12664 presented at the SPE/DSE “Fourth ‘Symposium on Enhanced OiT Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 15-18, 1984. Kirkpatrick, R.K., Flanders, WA. and DePauw, M.!"Performance of the Twotreds COp Injection Projact,” Paper SPE 14439, ‘presented "atthe Oth Anhual Technical Conference and Exhibition of ‘the Society of Petroleun Engineers, Las Vegas, Nevada, September 22-25, 1985. Kleinsteiber, S.M.:"The Mertz Tensleep C0, Flood: A Review of the Engineering Design an Initial Performance,” Paper SPE 18067 presented at the 83rd Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Houston, Texas, October 2-5, 1988. Kumar, Rand Efbeck, J.N.:"C0g Flooding 2 Waterflooded "Shallow 'Pennsyivanian ‘Sand én Oklahoma: A Case History," Paper SPE/DOE_ 12668 presented at the SPE/O0E Fourth Symposiua on Enhanced 11 Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 15-18, 1984, Youngren, G.K. and Charlson, 6.$.:"History Match of the Little Creek COp Pilot Test, Paper 8200 presented at the Séth Annual Fail Technical Conference and Exposition, Las Veoas, Nevada, Septenber 23-26, 1979. Cox, 8. and Schubert, J.: 1986 £08 Project Souteebook, Pasha Publications Inc, ArTington, va (1986). Stalkup, F.I.: Miseible pi Monograph Volune’8, Henry L. Doherty Series, ‘Society of Petroleum Engineers (1983) ppl47-181 Pittayay, K.R., Albright, J.C. and Hoover, J.W.2*The Mai jamar Carbon Sioxids Pilot: Review tesults," Paper SPE/OOE 14940 presented at the ‘SPE/OOE Fifth Symposium on Enhanced O11 Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 20-23, 1986, Moore, J.S. and Clark, G.C.:"History Hatch of the’ Hal jasar Cop “Pilot” Performance," Paper SPE/DOE 17323 presented at the SPE/DOE Enhanced O17 Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 17-20, 1988. WeAllister, 0.0.:"Evaluation of Performance: North Coles Levee C0, County, California,” Paper SPE I at the 6Ist Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition “of the Society af Petroleum Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 5:8, 1586. C02 Flood Pitbe, Kern a9. presented Hsie, J.C. and Moore, J.S.:*The Quarantine Bay ARC" COpWAG Pilot’ Project: A. Post-Flood Evaluation, Paper SPE 18498 presented at the Slst Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society’ of Petroleum Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 5-8, 1986. H.G., York, S.0. and Ader, Eslaughiér Estate Unit “Tertiary Pilot Performance," Paper SPE 9796 presented at the 1981 SPE/D0E Enhanced 01) Recovery” Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 5-8, 1961- Johnston, JR: "Weeks Island Gravity Stable CO, Pilot," Paper SPE/DOE 17351 presented at théSPE 18977 * W. R. BROCK, L.A. BRYAN SPE/ODE Enhanced 01) Recovery Synpostum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 17-20, 1 24. Holland, RC.» Joyner, H.D. and Stalder, Liimcase “history of’ a Successful “Rocky Mountain Pilot Cog Flood," Paper presented at the” Second Wyoming Enhanced O11 Recovery Symposium, Casper, Wyoming, Nay 18-18, 1986. 25. Good, P.A. and Downer, 0.G.:"Cedar Creek Anticline Carbon Dioxide Injectivity, Test: Design," teplenentation. and “Aralysis,* Faber Pz/Bok 17326 presented’ at the SPE/O0E ‘Enhanced O17 Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Apri? 17-20, 1988. 26. Thakur, 6.C., Lin, C.J. and Patel, Y.R.:"COg winitest, Little knife Field, Nb: A” case History, Paper SPE/DOE 12704 presented at the SPE/D0E” Fourth Symposium on Enhanced Oi] Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 15-18, 1984. 27. Flanders, WA. Stanberry, W.A. and Martinez, w.ctReview of Cop Performance of the Hansford Marmaton Unit," Paper SPe/DOE 17327. presented at the SPE/OOE Enhanced O11 Recovery Symposium, | Turse, Oklahona, April 17-20, 1988. 2. Bold, TB. and. Robinsons HdiitLick Creek Meakin, fang "Unit miscible COp/aterfland Project," Paper SPE "9795 presented at the SPE/DUE’ Enhanced 01 Recovery’ Symposium, Tulsa, OkTahoma, April 6-7, 1981. 29. Watts, ReJ., Gohr, J.B. Wasson, J.A., Evans, DE. and” Locke, ¢.0,:"R Single cOp Injection Wali Minitest. in a Low-permeability Carbonate Reservoir,” Paper “SPE” 9430 presented at the 55th. Arinual Technical ‘Conference. and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, Septenber 21-28, 1580, 30. Saner, W.B. and Patton, J.T.;"C02 Recovery of Heavy’ o1t:' the. Witwington’ Field“Test,”. Paper SPE” 12082 presented at, the S8th’ Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco, California, October 5-8, 1983. 31. Monger, T.6., Ramos, J.C. and Thomas, J.:*Light Oi Recovery Fram ‘Cyclic C02.’ Injection: Influence of Low. Pressures, Iepire (Og, and Reservoir Gas," Paper SPE i8084 presented at the 63rd Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, October 2-5, 1988. 32. Palmer, F.S.. Landry, RoW. and Bou-Michael, Si:NDesign’ ahd Inplementation Of Imiscible Carbon Dioxide | Displacerent’ Prosects "(C0 Huff-Puff) in South Louisiana,” Paper SPE 1549 resented at the 61st. Annual Technical jonference “and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 5-8, 1985. 33, Haskin, H,K, and Alston, 8.B.:"An Evaluation of HUEF Sn? PUFF Field Tests in Texas.” Paper SpE 15502 presented at the Gist’ Annual Technical Conference and _ Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 5-8, 1986. 34. Simpson, M.R.:"Tho COp Huff 'n’ Puff Process in 4a Bottomater-Drive Reservoir," Paper SPE 16720, presented at the 62nd Annual Technical Eonference ‘and Exhibition, Dallas, Texes, September 27-30, 1987,SPE 18977 atta umn anon et Be ae dh Bh Sill St Eas ‘ 2 gator Et seek eu ase 888 em ae 2G BRR Td ol BS od ell onal