09: Transport in animals

09.1 Transport in animals

In this section you will must be able to:
1. Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and
valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
2. Describe the single circulation of a fish
3. Describe the double circulation of a mammal
4. Explain the advantages of a double circulation
09.2 Heart
In this section you will must be able to:
1. Name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to:
a. the muscular wall,
b. the septum,
c. the left
d. right ventricles
e. atria,
f. one-way valves
g. coronary arteries
2. State that blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the
heart in veins
3. Name and identify in the mammalian heart, the:
a. atrioventricular
b. semilunar valves
4. Explain the relative thickness:
a. of the muscle wall of the left ventricles and
b. of the muscle wall of the right ventricles
c. of the muscle wall of the atria compared to that of the ventricles
5. Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood
6. Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the
atria and ventricles and the action of the valves
7. State that the activity of the heart may be monitored by ECG, pulse rate and
listening to sounds of valves closing
8. Investigate and state the effect of physical activity on the pulse rate
9. Describe coronary heart disease in terms of:
10. the blockage of coronary arteries
11. State the possible risk factors of coronary heart disease as:
a. diet,
b. stress,
c. smoking,
d. genetic
e. predisposition
f. age

g. gender
12. Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate
13. Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in the prevention of coronary heart
disease
14. Describe ways in which coronary heart disease may be treated, limited to drug
treatment with aspirin and surgery (stents, angioplasty and by-pass)

09.3 Blood and lymphatic vessels

In this section you will must be able to:
1. Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries
2. Explain how:
a. the structures of arteries are adapted for their functions
b. the structures of veins are adapted for their functions
c. the structures of capillaries are adapted for their functions
3. Name the main blood vessels to and from the heart limited to:
a. vena cava,
b. aorta,
c. pulmonary artery
d. pulmonary vein
4. Name the main blood vessels to and from the lung limited to:
a. pulmonary artery
b. pulmonary vein
5. Name the main blood vessels to and from the kidney limited to:
a. renal artery
b. renal vein
6. State the function of
a. arterioles,
b. venules
c. shunt vessels
7. Outline the lymphatic system in terms of:
a. lymphatic vessels
b. lymph nodes
8. Describe the function of the lymphatic system:
a. in the circulation of body fluids
b. the protection of the body from infection

09.4 Blood
In this section you will must be able to:
1. List the components of blood as:
a. red blood cells,
b. white blood cells,
c. platelets
d. plasma
2. Identify red and white blood cells:
a. as seen under the light microscope,
b. on prepared slides
c. in diagrams
d. photomicrographs
3. State the functions of:
a. lymphocytes antibody production
b. phagocytes phagocytosis
4. State the functions of the following components of blood:
a. red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of
haemoglobin
b. white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production
c. platelets in clotting (details are not required)
d. plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients,
hormones and carbon dioxide
5. Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a
mesh
6. State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and preventing the entry
of pathogens
7. Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid (details of
the roles of water potential and hydrostatic pressure are not required)