Par = METALS an oru oe hs Third EditionForeword . cence ws eee : wee ii About the Editor : . . . . cov Glossary of Metallurgical ‘Terms : : . . ' Selection of Structural Materials. . . cee 99 + Specifications and Standards : 103 + Structucal Life Cycle and Failure Modes... . bee 10H ‘+ Materials Properties and Design . : = 106 + Properties and Applications of Structural Materials . nz Ferrous Materials... 0... os vee . <2 Aluminum, Magnesium, and Zine 6 Titanivan ne Refractory Metals . we 120 Superalloys : : cee BDI Beryltiumand Copper. 214 Ceramics pees ce wees 124 Plastics and Elastomers. . . ve 126 Composite Materials - : . 130 Physical Data on the Elements and Alloys......... 2.35 * Periodic Tables... 6... . : . 136 * The Elements fe 188 # Metals and AMOYS 66ers cee 12 * Crystal Structures 2... - 162 Testing and Inspection .....0...- 0.000000. 000 213 Materials Characterization . . . . . ee 177 «Tension Testing : 2221 + Hardness Testing. . : 223 * Metallography . . 24 General Data : . cece . 2 Electrolytic Polishing... . : = 235 Trons and Steels. . ce : we 2A Heat Resisting Alloys ees 2245 Silicon Steels... .« ces . 2247 Refractory Metals : 248 Magnetic Alloys... 0... : ce 248* Metallography continued) Electrical Contact Materials... co 249 Sleeve-Bearing Materials : : 250 Aluminum 0+. : beceee 250 Copper. . 256 Lead 258 Nickel 258 Magnesium . . 259 Tin cee 259 Titanium - 260 Zine : . 260 Cast Irons vee . . beens . 261 + Gray Cast Irons : os fives cee es 268 + Ductife rons . : . 265 + Malleable trons : 268 + Alloy Cast Irons: General. 270 + Alloy Cast Irons: Abrasion-Resistant. . . m * Alloy Cast Irons: Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant : fees mm + Machining... . : woes 274 Carbon and Alloy Steels . bocce Loam Quality Descriptors... . : : te ar) * Composition Ranges and Tolerances... . cee ee . 280 + AISI-SAE Designations Le : : 2 286 * ASTM Specifications beeen : cee 298 = AMS Designations votes : oe : 297 + Physical Properties : = 300 + Mechanical Properties . ee - 306 + Heat Treating . oe 2.34 "Machining .. cee veces cee 322 + Forming sees » 326 Tool Materials .... eee ee .- 329 + Composition Limits 6.0.2... : eee 31 = Properties and Characteristics : veces foe 333, © Heat Treating 2a + Machining 348Wrought Stainless Steels . . . + Family Relationships + Composition Limits bees Physical Properties ‘+ Mechanical Properties + Heat Treating + Machi Heat- and Corrosion-Resistant Alloys + Nominal Compositions + Physical and Mechanical Properties "Heat Treating... - + Machining Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys * Wrought Aluminum + Cast Aluminum + Heat Treating ‘Machining + Joining Copper and Copper Alloys Wrought Copper Alioys * Copper Casting Alloys * Heat Treating + Machining * Joining . Lead, Tin, and Zine . + Timand Tin Alloys * Zinc and Zine Alloys 35h 353 -357 3600 364 2375 38 379 381 386 397 401 41s, 23 23 434 437 439 458 an 478 478 2485) 487 488, 469Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys . * Compositions and Properties . + Heat Treating . soe cee es = Forming + Joining Titanium and Titanium Alloys... . - * Composition and Properties . Heat Treating 0.06... "Joining. Powder Metals + Ferrous Materials Tron... Low-Alley Steels Tool Steels Stainless Steels + Nonferrous Materials : Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys... - Beryllium . Copper and Copper Alloys Cobalt-and Nickel-Base Alloys Titanium and Titanium Alloys General Engineering Data . .. Standards Organizations ... .. Colleges and Universities in the United States and Canada with Metallury/Materials Science Faculties - $29 493 = 495 499 501 501 . + 505 . Sia 307 519 . 92) - 526 sav 528 33 - $3 534 + 534 = 538 540 a7 . 579Glossary of Metallurgical and Metalworking Terms abrasion, (1) A process which hard part- cles of protuberances are forced against and moved along a solid surface. @) A resughening or scraiching ofa surface due to abrasive wear. (3) The process of grinding or wearing away through the wee of abrasives, abrasive. (1) A hard substance wed for ‘grinding, honing, lapping, superPnish ‘ng, polishing. pressure blasting. or beret Sinishing. Nosasives in. common use are ‘lumina, silicon carbide, boron carbide, iamond, evbic boron nitride, gamet, and ‘quart (2) Hurd particles. such as racks, sand or fragments of cenain hard metals, tat wear away a surface when they move across it under pressure. See also super: abrasives. abrasive elt, A coated abrasive product, in the form of a bell, used in production ringing and polishing abrasive blasting. 4 process for clesning ‘or finishing by means of an abrasive dic rected at high velocity agains ie work ieee. abrasive disk. (1) A grinding wheel that is ‘mounted on astel plate, with the exposed ‘lat side being used for grinding, @) A disk-shaped, comted abrasive product. Abrasive eresion, Brosive sear caused by the relative mation of solid particles which are entrained in a fuid, moving nearly parallel toa solid surface” See also abrasive low machining, Removal of mix (eral by a Viscous, abrasive media Now- ing under pressure Uniough oF across & workpiece, abrasive jet machining. Material removal fom a workpiece, by impingement of fine abrasive. particles which are en- traioed in 2 focused, high-velocity gas ‘abrasive machining, A machining process in which the poini of abrasive particles are used as machining tos. Grinding isa pial abrasive machining process. abrasive wear. The removal of material fromasurfoce when hard panicles slide or roll across the surface under pressure, The particles may be loose or may be part of ‘another surfacoin condac! wath the surface being abraded. Compare with adhesive abrasive wheel A grinding wheel com- posed of an abrasive grit and bonding ee. absolute density. See density. absolute NegayACqy Aes, Mey Defined under tra (formation temperature ccelerated corrosion fe. Method de- sigue to approximate ina short time tbe ‘aeroraung elfect under nonnal Tong term serve conditions accelerated: life test. 4 method designed to approximate, in. sr time Re deerio- rain effect obtained under nanmallong- term service condom. See also anificiat aging. scoelerated testing. A test performed on Tatras or assemblcs tha is meant to roduc failres caused by the sae fie uremechanisasexpectedin field opera- tlonbat in signiantly shorter te The failure mechaniam.is-aceteraied_ by changing one or tore ofthe cont texepatametes acieular forte, A highly subswctured nonequiaxed ferrite formed upon con- sinvoos cooling bya mixed iffsion and Sear mode of ateformation that begins fa temperate slightly higher tan Oe transformation temperature range for up fer bainite, Nu distinguished Tom Dine in that i basa ited amon of carbon available: es, Bere i only a Smal mount of carbide prec ackeular ferrite stele, Ulilow carbon (Ge) steels having a microstructure eon sliagofeihersccular frie (ow-car- on bunt) ora mixture of sciula and ‘suianed fri acid, 4 cherseat substance da yields hy- ‘dogenians (1) whendissolvedinater {Compate with dus. 2) A term applied sings. retractries, and minerals covain- Inga high preemage of lea 4 bottom and lining, The inne boron ‘dling of acing furnace, coasting of matedals like sand, sees 0¢k, oF Silica brig that given aid wotionatthe ‘operating temperate, ‘cid copper. (1) Coppee eetrodepesited oman acid solution of acopper sa ast- ally copper slate. (2) The solution re- feneaioin acid embrittlement. A frm of hydrogen cembritlement that may be indoced in ‘some metals by acid, ‘acid rain. Aumospheric precipitation with a ‘PH below 5.610 5.7. Buming of fossil fi- ‘ls for heat and power isthe major factor inthe generation of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, which ae converted ito nitscand sulfuric acids washed down in the ain ‘See aso armaspherie corrosion. ‘acid refractory. Silceous ceramie mate als oF high melting ternperatre, such a silica brick, sed for metallurgical foe- nace linings, Compare with basic refrac ores acid steel. Steel melted in a furnace with ‘an acid batiom and fining and under a slag containing an excess of an acid substance such as silica, acoustic emission. A measure of integrity ‘of a material, a§ determined by sound emission when a merit is tressod. Ide ally, ersissions can be correlated with de- ‘fects and/or incipient failure. actinide metals. Me group ofrado-active elements of atomic numbers 89 dough 103 ofthe periodic system—namely,tho- rum, protaetiniur, uranium, neptni, plutonium, americium, curium, betke: ium, califonium,einsteinivm, fe rmendclevium, nobelium, and tawren- activation. (1) The changing of a passive surface of a metal. 2 chemically active state. Contrast with passivation. 2) The (usually) chemical process of making & surface more receptive to bonding with a ‘coating or an encapsulating material activation exergy. The energy required for ‘initiating. metallurgical eeaction—for ‘exemple, plas flow,difusion, chemical reaction. Tho activation energy may be Calculated from the slope of tie line 0b- tained by plating the natural ig ofthe re- action rate versus the reciprocal of the absolute temperature, active. The negative direction of electrode potential, Als0 used 0 deseribe corrosion Aang its associated potential range when tn electrode potential is more negative than an adjacent depressed corrosion rate ‘passive range. active metal A metal veady to comode. oF being corodesactivity, A measure ofthe chemicolpotens Wal of a substance, here the chemical potenil is not equal to concentration, that allows mathemati relations ‘equivalent to those for ideal systems to be used to corclate changes sn an experi- ‘mentally measured quay Wilh changes incherial potenti sdeition agent. (1) A substance aad to a solution fr de purpose of altering orcon- wlling 2 process. Examples: wersng ‘acid pickles: brighieners or an- Siting agents in plating solution Ibtor.@) Any nara added (0 charge of malin metalina bah orladleto bring the alloy o specifications adhesion, 1) In fictional contacts the a ‘mctive force between adjacent surfaces. {in physical chemistry, adhesion denotes the atraction between a slid surface and second diquid or solid) phase This def nition is based on the assumption of are Versble equilibria. In mechanical technology, adbesion is generally See versibla. In railway engineering, adhe sion ofen means fiedon. (2) Fores of traction between the moiecules (or at- ‘oms) of two different phases. Contrast ‘with cohesion, 3) The staein which to surfaces are held together by interfacial forces, which may consist of valence forces interlocking action, or both, adhesive, A substance capable of holding materials together by surface aitschmest. ‘Adhesive isa general term and includes. mong others. cement. glue. mucilage, and paste fdhesive bonding. A materials joining ‘process in which an adhesive, placed be- tween the faying surfaces (adherend) 0- lies to produce an adhesive bond, adhesive wear. (1) Wear by wansference of material froin one surface to another dor. ing relative motion due wo @ process of solid-phase welding, Particles that are re- ‘moved from one surface arc either perma- nontly or temporarily ached to ie other surface. 2) Wear dve to localized bond ing between conieting solid surfaces leading to matecaliansfer between the two surfaces or lss from either surface Compare with abrasive wear adjustable bed Bel of a press designed so Uhl the die space height can be varied ‘conveniently. At ty Ae Ag Defi aire formation emperaiure age hardening. Hardening by aging (heat Ureannen) usually afr sap cooling or cold working tage softening, Spontanoous decrease of ‘tength and hardness that takes plaes at room fempetanue in eartain stain hard ened alloys, especially those of ala aging (1) The effet on aateril of expo- Sure to an ev vonment Tors prolong n= tera oftime. 2) The procerofexpasing ‘aerials to an environment for pro Tonged neva of time in ode to pret Imserice ete. aging (beat treatment. A change in the oper of ean ral nd alloys hat Surat ambient or moderaly elevated Tepes wr bot working ot 4 est treaimenc quench aging in Feros ays, ‘ral oral agi in foros ae con fees loys) oF cok working 9 cravon aonin aeing). The change Proper sof but or always, ducto® ‘phase change (precipitation), but never in- “elves chargein chemical compasion of the met orally See also age hardening. ‘ail oping interaptel ogg,nt ral aging, overeging,preipitaionhond= ning. rection heat ireament progressiveaging quench aging ep of Inge and sain aging air acetylene welding (AAW), fuel gas welding proces in which coalescence is froseed hy beating with «ges Nare ot Flames oblaned frm Li combustion of acetylene witha witout the ppiesion pressure. and withor without the oie of flere sic bead ie. Ange forming des n which the etal ered witht staking th ttomof ie die Mctalcontactismae at only ce pont ia he eros section the tse of he male ie and the wo edges of 2 V-shape die opening sirbending. Bending nan cr bend di. air carboa arc cutting (AAC). An arc cut Ting proces in which rectals tobe ent are tle bythe heat of eran ae ante tolten ets emoved by Mast sir classiication. The separacon of mea powdsr ito pariclesie fractions by Ireans of amar scam of carole ve. {Scns an application of he principle of tiation sir-hardening ste ste conning t= ficlemtearbenandotheralloyng elements to hnden Aly dng cooing ins oF Other gaseous media fom a temperate hove i tranformaton rang. Th tem Should rested ostcelthatarcap beat being hardened by cooling in ai fay large sections, boot 2, (50 ormoreiniamotr, Same sei harden ingstee. icin hammes. A ype of graviy-orop hammer in hich the rams ed for ach stoke by an ar cylinder. Becanse Tenginofsroke canbe console, ram ve= lect and therefore the energy delivered ‘o the workpiece can be varied. See also drop hammer and gravity hammer. alelad. Composite wrought product com= prised of an aluminum alloy core having ‘ne of both surfaces 2 metallurgcelly bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy ‘outing that is anodic to the core and thus electrochemical protects the core ‘agains! corrosion, alkalimetal. A metal in group 1A ofthe pe- ‘odie syster-~ marly, thu, sodium, polassiue, rubidium, cesium, and fran~ ‘iumn, They form strongly alkaline hy- ‘droxides, hence the name. alkaling cleaner. A material blended from alkali hydroxides and such alkaline salts asborates carbonates, phosphates. or sili ‘cates, The cleaning action may be en- hanced by the addition of surfsce-active gens an special solvents, ‘alkaline earth metal, A meal in group A. ‘ofthe period system—namely,berylivm, ‘magnesium, calcium. strontiom, barium, ‘andradiui—so called because the oxides ‘of “earths” of calcium, strontium, and barium were found by the esrly chemists to be alkaline in reaction, alligatoring. (1) Pronounced wide cracking ‘over the entre surface ofa coating having. the appearance of aligator hide. (2) The longitudinal spiting of flat slabs in a plane parallel tothe rolled surface. Also called fish-mowthing. alligator skin. Sex orange eel. Allotriomorphie crystal. A cysal whose lasice stmerure is normaf but whose ex- temal surfaces are novbounded by regular crystal faces: rather, the external surfaces ar impressed by contact with other crys- tals of another surface such as a mold wall orare inegularly shaped because of nonuniform growth. Compare with idio- morphic orsial. allotropy.) A pear synonym for polynor- phism. Allotopy is gencrally estieted to Aeseribing polymorphic behavior in ele- menus, terminal phsses, and alloys whose ‘sehavior closely parallels that of the pre- ‘dominant constituent clement. 2) The ex- istence of a substance, especially an clement, in two or more physic states (forexample, crystals). allowance. (1) The specified ditference Timiting. sizes (ainimum clearance or ‘maximum interference) between mating pars, as computed arihunetically from the specified dimensions and tolerances ‘ofeach part. 2) Ina foundry, the specified Clearance. The dlifference in limiting sees, such as minimum clearance oF ‘maximum interference berween mating parts, as computed aeithmetieally. See so tolerance. |ally. (1) A substance having metallic prop- ecto and being coraposed of wo or more ‘temical elemess of which attest ones feral. (2) To make ort analloy ally enst icon, Highly alloyed cast ions containing more than 3% alloy content ‘Alloy eas irons may be ofatype of white iron gry on, or duct von. Alloying element. An element added and remaining io «metal that changes stoc- ture and properties. alloy plating. The codeposition of two or ‘more metallic elements. alloy powder, allyed powder. A meta powber consisting of taste constia- is that are partially oF completly a- loyed wih each other alloy ste, Stel conning specifies quan- {Hies of alloying elements (ober than coon and the commonly aceopted mounts of manganese, copper, silicon, ‘lf, and phosphorus) within te limits ‘recognized for constructional alloy sles, faded wo effet changes in mechanical o¢ physical proper. alloy system. A complete series of compa ‘siuoas produced by mixing in a propor tions any group of 0 of more components, al last one af which Is 2 ‘met albposiion electrode In are welding. a ‘iller-metalelecwode for depositing weld ‘actin the a, horzonal, overhead and vertical positions llweld-metal test specimen. A test pec men wherein te portion bing ested is composed wholly of wetd meta alpha bras. solid-solution phase of one cor more alloying elements inconperhav- ing We same enol ane as eoppee. alpha ferrite See fers. lerate immersion tet. A comosion est in which ce spocimens ar nteritenthy exposed 16 a Higud medium at definite time tervals Alumel A sickel-base alloy containing shout2.5 Mn,2 Al and 1 Si usec chiefly ssacomponentof pyrometiethenmacole ples. Aluminizing, Forming of an alursinom or sluminum alloy coating on metal by hot ‘Sipping, hot spraying or difsion, Amalgam. A denial alloy produced by com Dining mercury wihalloy pails of si- ‘etn, coppe, and sometimes zine. smorphous. Not having crystal stucnue, ‘nonerystlig amorphous solid. A gid maria whose strvenue leeks exgstalline. periodicity: thats, the paser ofits constituent atoms or muicules does nt ropea! periodically in three dimensions. See also metatc sass. snelastic deformation. Any portion ofthe ‘otal deformation of abody that occurs as ‘finetion of time when load is applied and which disappears complesely afer a period oF time wien the load is removed. anclasicity. Tae property of solids by vi~ ‘we of which stain is not single-value funeticn of stress in the lowstress range ‘where no permanent se occurs. angle ofbie Init olling of metas, the lo- cation where all ofthe force fs ransmitted ‘heugh therolls:the mazipumaltainable angle between the rll radius athe fst ‘coset and the line ofl centers. Oper- ating angles les than the ange of bite are termed contact angles or ling angles angle of ap. In rong, the angle of ite. fa roll, ja, ot gytalory crushing, the ene ‘wanes angle formnedtby the tangents athe 1340 points of contac between the work ‘ng surfaces and the (assurned) spherical particles to be crushed, anion. A negatively charged ion thst mi- ‘rates Uwough the clectrlyte toward the ‘anode under the influence of a potential [gradient See also cation andion, anisotropy. The characteristic ofexhibiting sSiferent values ofa property in different ‘irections with respect to a fixed refer- cence system in the material annealing carbon. See zemper carbon. annealing. gencrc term denoting steal Tent consisting of Nesting to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by ‘voling ata suiable rae, used primary ‘e sofon male materials, but also 10s ultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. The purpose of such changes may be, but is pot confined to: improvement of ma hinability, facilitation of cold seork, im. provement of mechanical or electrical i reas in stability of| ‘uated, ult aaneaing pe Treteplcdons ore hero ees the ota prope sae sme me omer sts rebel aneane ih ferous loys ameaing says done above th ipa cate eee te buts tinetenpentueesls vy met i aoe: ie masa enponed toning on corpinion mato ens, Su stke, woene plicable, the following. gomunerial proc Bene shoe be ued Ble Sele lt meal bot ane Fe ec en Fe tal adel oephe ‘ig rece’ ane, tat orang oe nealing iphevouling.” “aboriea? wath letters son sens os fc colt wong Geral tay my atbe ale (causes Sly cmp codesience of wesc tse oman sisson relay case femncore)boh depecingon cortonisen ‘0 se conden. Specie proce ‘Emer ncornerci i fica Sie flea eo rmate mea paral cea merlin big. sear snnedling cme em: er aMtcalag tin A in foredin a rsa uring ecrystaicion anvealfo tempo Afi pial aneal tat tofiess acold-workedmnfetrous oy 0 2 specifi level of hares often Seng anode. (1) he elecnode ofan ebcveyte ‘ell st which ondtion occur Elecons fw avy fom eae nth ee rout tie uly atthe tole tat oosion occurs and etal on ene o- Iaion” 2) The poste (lecton-e hen) clecuode ia elcome ‘Sreuit Const ib eathode. anode copeer. Special shaped compe She. fenuing fom the rename of blister coppersnarexeeratny face. theo antes elelye einem anode effet. The eflstpeodced by po- Ttsaionoltheanadeincleclyt As hrscerized by 4 adden incense in Saltage and cowesponing decrease Enraged ote anode becoming vie tly separates fom he elevate by pf anode effieney. Caen eficieney 2 he ‘onde node fn. (1) The porion of solaon in iimedate contac th he anode ope tally if the toncentaion pagent is Seep. 2) The oer layerof De anode si anode polarization. ee polar anodic sevning. Blcvolyc cleating ia Meese works the annds Als called Tevere-curet cleaning. anodic coating A fm on a metal sure Testing fo an lcd eamet a tre anode avodie ping, Electric pickling in vrhichthe work isthe anode anodic polarization, The changs ofthe lect geseta in tenable (poste) direction ic torent ow, Set poe tercton snodle protection (1) A technique re ice the comosion ra ofa meta by po. teaing i tw te pss region, whe Gisouton ter tw 2) posing an Extemal clectiea pos 1 protect & Inet fom sorsive stack. (pteable4 only 10 metals Yat show active-passive behavior) Congast with cathodic prover: tion anodic reaction, Glectede resetion ‘xuivalen oa ansferof postive charge fromthe elecuonictotheionie condor ‘An aacicteation i an oxidation proc ‘ess An example common in corrosion i: Mo Mer ne anodizing. Porsing a conversion cooting ‘on 6 metal surface by anodic oxidation; most frequently aypied 0 alana, anolyte. The clctolye adjacent to he a= dein an eletrolyic ce sntiferromageetic material. A materia) ‘therein iterators forced hol the el mentary aonuc magnets (lecon spins) ‘of slid alignment sate simile 9 that of &feromagnesie nerd But the ctference that aquats numbers of les mentary magnets (ins face in opposite Giretions and are antiparallel, causing the solid o be weakly magnet, thats, paramagnetic, nsoad of feromegneti. sntfiction material. rateil that es- hibits lowfsclon or selF breacng Propet. antipiting agent, An addin agent for leezoplating solutions to prevent te fr ation of pis or large pores in the elec= trodeposit anvil large, heavy meta block tat sop- ots the fame sivctore and holds che Sionary ci of a forging haruner. Also. the metal block on which blacksmith forgings are made anvil ap. Sar as ow block appareat density (1) The weigh per unit Tolime of « powder, i contrast co the ‘weight per wit volume ofthe individ val partes, 2) The weight per unitvol- lune of a porous soli, where the nit volume is determined from externa di tensions ofthe mass. Apparent density is aways less than the ttve density of the material set Atygy Ary Ary Ary At An, Defined un- ES ranformtoion temperature arbor: (1) ln machine grinding, the spindle ‘onwhiohine wee mounted, (2) La ae chine eating, shaft or bar for holding and diving the cutter.) I founding, 2 toaal shape embedded in green sand or ‘ry sand cores to support the sand or che ‘pple load Goring essing arbor pres, A machine used fr forcing bors or mandrels nto dsilea or bored [ts preparatory to tuning or grinding. ‘Also used for forcing bushings. shaft. oF pin ito or out of holes arbor-type utter. cuterhaving aoe for ‘our On an aboe ae cry having @ era fora diving key. are. A luminous discharge of electrical cur ‘ent crossing the gap betwesn iwo elee- ‘wade. _aro blow. The deflection of an electric are from is normal path because of magnetic forces. arcbrazing, A brazing process in whichthe ‘heat roqulted is obtained from an electric ae. arc cutting. A group of cutting prosstses ‘whic mets ve medal o 66 cot withthe heat of an are between an electrode and ‘the base meta. See carbon are cuting, ‘etal are euting, gas metal are euting, fa tangsten are cating, plasma are cul- ng. and air carbon are exsting. Compare with oxygen arc eating are fursaee. A fornace m which metal is melted eithe directly by an electric are hetween an electrode andthe wor or ine Girectly by an arc between two eleccodes adjacent othe ret are gouging. An arc cutting process yar- ‘ation used fo fora bevel or groove. arcmelting. Meking metatinanelectc ae fornace. are oxygeo cutting, See prefered tem ‘oxygen ar cating are plasma. See plasma-ore cuting. are time. The time an arc is maintained in aking an arc weld, Also known as weld are welding (AW), A group of welding [processes which produces coalescence of ‘etal by heatig therm with an ae. with ‘or withoutthe application of pressure. and ‘wiht without be us of file met argon oxygen decarburization (AOD). A Secondary refining process forthe con trolled oxidation of earbon ina tel met Inthe AOD process, oxygen, argon, ae nitrogen ae injected into 9 molten metal bath through submerged, side-mounted. yes artifact. A feature of anificial character, ‘uch asa scratch or» piece of dust ona ‘metallographic specimen, dat can be = ‘neously interpreted a areal feature. artificial aging. Aging above room tem- Dermure. ‘See aging (heat ‘reaimen?. ‘Compare with natural aging. as-cast condition. Castings os removed ‘rom the mold withour subsequent feat ‘ecatment thermal transformation, A action that ‘proceeds without benefit of thermal fue- ations that is, eral activations not required. Such eactions are diffusionless and an ake ple wit great speed when the diving force is sufficient high, Far example, maay maetenstc (ransforme ‘ions eeurathermally ov cooling, even at relatively low temperatures, because of the progressively increasing drive force. In eonnrast 2 reation that occurs at con- stant temperature is an isothermal trans- Jermain nels eco in his case andthe reacdon| ma function of time. atmospheric corrosion. The gradual deg- ‘adation or alteration of material by con- act with substances prasent in the atmosphere, such as oxygen, carbon diox- de, water vapar, aad sulfur and ehiorine compoonds. atmospheric riser. A riser that uses aumos- pherie presture 10 aid feeding. Essen- tilly, a Blind rserinto which asmalicore lorrod protrudes the functiyn of Ge core (fod is to provide a9 open passage 50 {hal the molten interior ofthe riser will rot be under a partial vacuum when ‘metal ig withdrawa to feed the casting but will always be under atmospheric pressure atontic hydrogen welding. An arc we'ding ‘prucess that fuses metas logether by heat- ing them with an electri are maintained bberween wo metal electrodes enveloped ina stream of hydrogen, Shielding is pro- ded by the hydrogse, which slo cates heat by moleculae dissociation and sub- sequent recombination. Pressure may or ray not be eyed und fille metal may oF ‘may not be used. (This process is now of, limited industria significance.) atomic percent, The number of atoms ofan element in tua of 100 representative a fomsof substance. © _aving 835 or Figuid stream or by aber means. attritions wear, Wear of abrasive grains in tzioding such thatthe sharp edges gra Aly become rounded. A grinding wheel that has undergone such weas wi has a glaced appearance. alttor. A high-intensity tal! mil! whose dum is staionary and whose balls are fagiated by rotating baffles, paddles. oF ‘ods at ight angle 0 the drum ax. attrtor grinding, The intensive grinding ‘oralloying in ah aro. Examples: mile ing of carbides and binder metal powders and mechanical alloying of hard diper- Sid panicles vith softer metal of soy powder. See also mechanicat alloying. ausforming, Thermomecanics treatment ‘ofstce inthe metastable austeniticcondi- ‘ion below the recy stalization tempera ture followed by quenching © obtain marteasite andor bane, austempered ductile iron. A moderately ‘layed ductile iron that is susterperedfor high strength with appreciable ductl- ity. See also axrtempering austempering. A neat tceatment for fer- ‘ous alloys in which 8 partis quenched from the austeniticing temperature at a rate fast enough 10 avoid formation of ferrite or peatite and than held at atern- ‘perature justabove M, until transforma jon to bainite is complete. Although designated as bainite in oth austem- ppered steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI. austempered steel consists ‘of two phase mixtures containing ferite and carbide, while austempered ductile iron consists of two phase mixtures con taining ferrite and austenite. austenite. A solid solution of ene or more ‘elements in face-centered cubic on (gamma iron). Unless otherwise desige nated (such a nickel austenite), the solute i generally assumed to be carbon. austenite grain size. The size tained by ‘the grains in steel when heated 10 the austenitic region, This may be revealedby ppropriae etching of cross sections after cooling to room termperarre austenitic manganese sec. A east, wear resistant material containing abou 1.2% and 12% Ma. Used poimavily ia the fiolds of earhmoving, mining, quanying, nilroading, ore processing, Iumbering, andinthemanafacrureof cementandclay prodects, Also known as Hadfield steel Austenitic steel. An alloy steel whose stric~ ‘ore is normally austenitic at room tem- pera ‘austeaitizing, Forming austenite by heat- ing ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the ‘wansformation range (complete susteni- izing), When used without qualification, Ge tora implies complete anstenitzing. autogenous weld. A fusion weld made ‘without the addition of filler meta automatic press. Apress in which the work js fed mechanically through the press in synchronism with the press action, An automation press is an automatic press Usa, in adaition, is provided with butlein ‘electrical and pneumatic control equip- ‘ment. autoradiography. An inspectiontechnique in which radiation spontancously emitted bby a material is recorded photographic- ally. The ragition it minted by radiviso- topes tat are (a) produced ina metal by ‘bombarding it with neutrons, (6 added to ‘a metal such as by alloying, or (c) con ‘ined within a cavity in ametal part The ‘technique serves locate the postion of the radioactive element or compound. ‘auxiliary anode. In electoplating,# sp- plementary anode positioned 36 as to ‘ase the current density on a certain area fof the cathode and thus obuln better dis- ‘wibotion of plating. auxillary electrode. An electrode com- ‘monly used in polarization studies to past Curent to or from a test electrode, Wis usually made from a noncortoding mate~ fal axial rake, For angular (not helicaD Motes, ‘de: angle between aplane containing the ‘goth ace andthe axial plane through the 10th point. See also face mil for defii- ‘on of nomenclature. axial relief, The relief or clearance bebind ‘the end cuting edge of a milling cuter ‘See also face mill axial rolls. In ring rolling, verialy dis placeable, taped rolls mounted in hori= ‘zonally displaceable frame opposite (0, ‘baton the same cenertine a, the cain sol and rlling randsel. Tho axial ols cont ring eight duringoling, ais (weld). Hine through the Tength of a ‘weld, perpendicular io and athe geomet Fic cenger ofits cross section, ‘Babbitt metal. A nonferrous bearing alloy ‘originated hy tsaae Babbin 1839. Cur- rently. the tery includes severs tin-base alloys consisting mainly of various amounts of copper, antimony, tin, and Yea, Lead-base Babbitt metals ae also sed, back draf.A reverse taper on casting pat- tem or a forging die that prevents the pat- tem or forget stock from being removed from hecavily. backfire. The momentary recession of the ‘lame into the welding tip of cutting tip followed by immediate reappearance OF ‘complete extinction ofthe flame, See also Blashback backhand welding, A velding technique In which the welding coreh or gun is di- rected opposite 10 the progress of weld ing. Sometimes referred 0 a the “pal ‘gun technique” in gas metal arc welding fané flux-cored are welding. Compare with forehand welding. See also travel angle, work angle. and drag angle. backing. (1) In grinding, the matenial (pa- ‘per, cloth, oriber) that serves a the base or coated abrasives, 2) In welding. ama- terial placed under or behind ajointto.en- hance the quality ofthe wed a Ue ro. ‘maybea metal backing ring of strip: spass fof weld metal oranonmetal such asca> fon, granular ux oraprotective gas. (3) plain bearings, that past of the Searing to wiih the bearing alloy is attached, r= ‘mally by ameullurgical bond. backoff. A rapid withdrawal of a gnnding ‘wheel or elting Coot Gom contact with workpiece. bback rake, The angle o7 2 single-point ‘uring (ool coresponding io axial ake ia milling isthe angle measured between, ‘he plane of the foo face and ie reference plane and les ina plane perpendicular the axis oF the work material and the base: ‘of the (o0l, See figure accompanying sine le-point iol. Dbackstep sequence, A longivadinal so- ‘queece in which the weld bead incre ments are deposited im the direction ‘opposite to the progress of welding the Joint Sce also Block sequence and cas: ‘aide sequence. backward extrusion. Same as indirect ex. ‘ruzion, Soe exrusion, back weld. A weld deposited atthe back of ‘single groove weld, bainite, A metasuble aggregate of ferrite ‘and cementite resulting from the transfor mation of austenite at iemperatures below the peace range but above M, the martensite start teroperature. Upper bainive san aggregate dat contains parsl- Jol lath-shape units of erite, produces ie so-called “feather” appearanceinoptical ‘microscopy, and is formed above sp- proximately 350 °C (660 *F). Lower bainite, which has an acicular appearance Similaeo texpered martensite, is formed below approximately 350°C (660°R), fainitic ardening. Quench-hardening ‘reaimient resulting principally inthe for- ration of bainite Bakelite. proprietary name fora phenolic thermosetting. resin used as a plastic ‘mouniing material for meullographic samples, ‘baking. (1) Heating to alow temperate in order toremove gases. 2) Curing or hardening surface coatings suchas punts by exposure to heat) Heating to drive off ‘moisture, asin baking of sand core aer molding bab burnisbing. (1) Same ast sting 2) Removing burs and polishing siall sampings and small machined pars by tumbling i he presence of eta bls, bull mill. A machine consistingofarotaing bollow cylinder pany filled with metal ‘alls (asually hardened see! or white cast iron) a sometimes pebbles: used to pul- verize crushed ores or eter substances suchas pigments orezraies boll ling, A. method of grinding and rniting material, wid or without aid, in aroaling cylinder or conical mil par. ‘ily fed with grinding media such as balls or pebbles. ball ising, Sizing and ishing a hale by Toreing 4 ball of stable sie, fish and Dardess though the bole oF by using a burishing bar or bosch consisting ofa series of spheria! ands of gradually ine cseasng size coaxially aanged. Also called ball burmishing, and sometimes ha beoaching, banded structure. A segregitedsiucrre ‘consisting of aliemaing neaey parlel bands of different corpesivon. pically aligned in the direction of primary hot ‘working. handing, tnbomogencous disuibuson of alloying elements or phases aligned in Filaments opiates praia the direction of working, See alo Banded siraclue, Jerre pearlve banding. an segregation bondire band mark. An indentation in carbon steel ‘rsp caused by extemal pressuronte packaging band around evi lengths or eile may cur handling. rast oF rage bands. Hotclied sel step, usully pro= ‘duced for teroling io inner sheet or kip. Also known as hot bands or band eel bar (1) A secon hot role from alle to ‘form, suchas round, hexagonal. tage tal, guar. o ectangulr, ih sharp O° rounded comer or edges and acros-se- tonal area of Less than 105 em (15 in). {2)A solid section that is ong in teation- stip 10 is cose sectional dimensions having & completely symmetie! cross section and a with or greatest distance between panel faces of 95 mon (in or move. 8) Aa obsolete unit of pressure equlto 100KFe, ‘otal or alloy that has been producedineoa wire. sip. orbar foem and tha has had no contingsorcover- {ng apie to it other tan hat which was incidents manufacture or preserva tion boar folder. A machine in which a folding ba or wing is used wo bend a metal sheet ‘whose edgeis clamped between he upper Folding lef and te lower tony aw" Jo a nav, shap, cose, and accurme fold along the edges also expabe of ‘making founded fol such as those used Jn wiring A universal older ismorevera- {lena ts ited 0 wih oy bythe dlimensions ofthe shee. bark. The decarbutize layer just beneath the sal hat els for heating siel in oxiing amosphere, Barkbauseueffect. The seqnenceofabropt shanges in magnetic induction eccuring ‘when the magetzing force acing on a feromagnti specimens varied. barrel cleantog, Mecharialorlecolye ‘cleaning of metal in tating equipment barrel ishing. Improving the surface fine ish of workpieces by processing them in rotating. equipment along with abrasive patil that nay be suspended in &lig- tid, The bare is nocally loaded about (60% full ith a metre of pais, medi compound, and water barreling. Convesty of he surfaces ofe- Tindal or conical bois, often produced nineiionally during vpsesing or as a ‘aru consequence duving compression testing See also compresion et barre plating. Paling antics in routing container, usualy a perforated cylinder that operates at east pray submerged inssolulion Darstock. Sameas bor ‘base. (1) A chemical substance hat yields hydroxyl ions (OH) when dissolved i wate. Compare with acid. 2) The sete on which a single-point vol sats wea heldinatoal pox. also known ashe. (3) Inforging. sec anit ‘base material. The material (o be welded, ‘brazed, sidered, ar cut See also base etaland dso dbase metal. (1) The metal peseot in the Targest proportion in an alloy: brass, for example, sa copperbase alloy. (2) The mmotl 10 be bred, out. soldeced, or \elded, (3) After welding. hapa of the tna which was ao meted. (4) A metal thot readily oxidizes, ox dat dissolves 1 form ions. Contrast with noble meta (2). basi bottom and lining. The ine botm ‘dlinagofareltng fumace. consisting ‘of material such as crashed burned doe- mite, magnesite, magnesite bricks, or b> Sie slag that give a basi eation at dhe ‘operating ceparate. basic oxygen furnace, A large tikable es ‘2 lined with basic refractory materi ‘which isthe principal type of rumace for modem steelmaking, After the furniee is ‘charged with molten pig iron (which vse ally compeises 65 to 75% ofthe charge), ‘crap stot, and fluxes, alance ix brought ‘dow near the surface ofthe molten metal and a jet of high-velocity oxygen im pinges on the metal. The oxygen reacts ‘wih carbon and other impurities im the steel to form liquid compounds that cis- solve in the slag and gases that escape {rom the tap of the vessal basic refractories. Refractories whose ma- jorconstinent is lime, magnesia, oF both, and which may reac chemically withacid refractories, acid slags, or acid loses at high temperarures. Basi refractories ane used for furnace linings. Compare with acid refractory. basic ste), Sec! melied ina furnace with a ‘basic bottom and lining and under asisg ‘containing an excess of abasic substance suchas magnesia or lime basin. Same as pouring basin Davis motal, The original etl 10 which ‘one oF more coatings are applied. batch. A quantity of materials formed du: ‘ng the sime process ar in one continuous process and. having identical charac- teristics droughout, See aso lo. batch furnace. A furnace used 19 heat neat 'a single load at @ time. Batch-ype fur- races are necessary for lange pars such 3s heavy forgings and are prefered for com> plex alloy grades equiring long cycles. Bauschinger effect. The phenomenon by ‘which plastic deformation increases yield strength in the direction of plastic Now and deeceases it in other directions. bauaite, A whitish io reddish mineral com ‘posed largely of hydrates of alumina hav- ing acommposition of Al,0,2H,0. Mise ‘most important ore ¢soarce) of alu, alumina abrasives nd alumina-based re- Fractotes. Bayer process. A process for extracting ‘lumina from bauxite ore before the elec- ‘nalytic reduction, The banxie is digested ing solution of sodium hydroxide, whieh ‘convents the alumina to soluble’alumi- ‘ale, fer the “ned mud" residue hasbeen ‘ered out, aluminom hydroxide is pre- Cipitated, filtered out, and calcined to al- ‘ming, beach marks, Macroscopic progression ‘marks on a fatigue fracture or sess-cor- rosion eracking surface that indicate sue- cessive positions ofthe advancing crack Front, The classic appearance is of iregy- larellptical or svntelliptical ings, eadit- ing ouward from one oF more onigins. aBeeach marks (also known as clamshell ‘marks or arrest racks) re typically found on service fractures where the part is foaded randorny, imerminently, oF with periodic variations in mean stressor ater- Dating stess. Se aso siriazion bead. (1) Half-round eavity in a mold, oF balf-round projection or molding oa casting. 2) single epost oF weld metal produced by fasion. beaded Mange. A flange reinforced by 8 low edge, used mosily around hoe. beading. Raising a ridge oF projection on sheet etl Dead weld. See prefered term surfacing weld. bearing bronzes. Bronzes used for being ‘plications. Twocommon types of bear ing bronzes ae copper-ase alloys con- tahiog5 1620 1 tnandasmall amount Of phosphonis (phesphor bronzes) and copper-bate alloys cootaning up 10 10 ‘WE Un and up to AD wate Lead (euded bromes) Dearing steels Alloy sets used to prosuce rolling-elerent bearings. Typically, bea- ings nave been manufactured fom boc high Signed for holding long. narrow forming ‘edges ores Used forbending ad fom jg stp plate and shee Go boxes, pan- elo Geeks, and soon). Also known as press brake, beading dies. Dios used in presses for bending sheet metal or Wise pars in ‘arous shapes. The work is done by the ‘urch pushing the stock into cavities Oe {teprescions of simile shape inthe die oe by airy stachmens operated by the sescending punch bending moment. Thesbgbsaicsumot he ‘couples ar the moments of de external forces, or both, tothe eft oF eb of any secuon ona member subjected to bending ‘5 eouples or wansvers forces, or bok, dending rolls. Various ypes of machinery uippes wih wa or more ell to form ‘srved shoot and sections bend or twist (detect). Distortion similarto warpage gesrally caused during forging for trimming aperations. When the distor- tion is along the length of the pat tis termed bend: when across the width iis termed twist When bend or twistexceeds ‘lence. itis considered a defect. Cor- ‘eelivo ation consists of hand suaighten~ ing, machine straightening, or cold restriking, bend radius. (1) The inside radius ofabend section, (2) The radius of a tool around ‘which etal is hent during fabrication. bend tangent. A tangent poiat at which a bending arc ceases or changes. bend test. test for determining relative utility of metal tit is to be formed {uswaly sheet. strip, plate, or wire) and for yesite coating on s cemented carbide futting tool. Also known 38 multilayer coating, ‘compesite electrode, A welging electrode ‘made fom two or s0re distinct compo pens, atleast one of whichis ‘A composite etecurode may exist in any of ‘various physical forms, soch as stranded ies, ile tubes, o° covered wire ‘composite joi. A joint in which welding ‘sed in conjunction with mechanical Joining. ‘composite material. A combination of two ‘oc meee materi (reinforcing elements, ‘lers, and composite matrix binder), df= fering’ in form or composition on a rmacroseale, The constituents retin their ‘done, thats, they do not dissolve oF merge completely into one another ale ‘though they actin concert. Necmally the ‘components can be physically identities and exhibit an interface between one at- other. Examples are cermets and metal: matriecompasites composite plate. An electrodeposit con- sisting of layers of atleast two different compositions. composite powder. A powder in which ‘each particle consiss of two oF mare dif- ferent materials. composite structure. A stuctpral member (Gach as a pac, plate, pipe, or other shape) tals bullup by bonding together ‘neo or more distinct components. each of ‘which may be made ofa metal, alloy, non meal, oF composite material. Examples of composite structures include: honey- comb panels, clad plate, electrical con- tacts, sleeve bearings, carbide-tippec als or lthe tools, and veldments con structed of two or more different alloys. ‘compound compact. A powder metallurgy ‘compact consisting of mixed meals, the particles of which are joined by pressing ‘or sintering, or both, with each metal par Bile retaining substantaly its original ‘composition, ‘compound die. Any die designed (9 pec- form more than ane operation on a part with one stroke of Ne press. such as blanking and piercing, ia Which al fue= lions are pertomed | simultaneously ‘within the confines of theblank size being worked, compressibility.(1) Theabilty ofapowser To be forned ino a compact having well- defined contoursandstructura stability at ‘a givon temperature and pressure;a meas- ure of the plasticity of powder particles. 2) Adensty aio determined under defi nite esting conditions. Also refemedtoas compactibility compression ratio (powder meusllurgy) "The ratio oF the volume ofthe lose pow er to te volume of the compact made fromit. compression test. A method for assessing ‘he ability ofa material co withstand com- pressive loeds. Analyses of structural be- havoc or metal forming require knowiedge of compression tes-strin properties. compressive strength. The maximum ‘compressive sess that a material is capa- ble of developing, based on original aca ‘of cross section I'amaterialfilsincom- pression by a sharlering fracture the com- pressive strength asa very definite Value. a material does not fait in com pression by a shattering fracture, te value ‘obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value depending upon the de- rec of distonion that i regatded as indi- ating complete fitore ofthe material‘compressive stress. A siress that cases an ‘elastic body to deform (shorten) inthe di- rection ofthe appliad load. Contrast with tensile stress concave fillet weld, A fillet weld having & ‘concave face, ‘concentration. (1) The mass of substance conned ina unit voiume of sample, for example, grams par liter-(2) A process for enrichment of sn ore in valuable mineral content by separation and removal of ‘waste material, or gangue. concextration cel. Anelecroyii cell, the ‘ekectromative force of which is caused by 4 difference in concentration of some component in the electrolyte. Tis difer- fenee leeds 10 the formation of discrete cathode and anode regions. ‘concentration polarization. That portion ‘of the polarizaion ofa cell produced by ‘eonoonization changes resulting. from passage of currentthrough the clecrolyte. concurrent heating. The application of ‘supplemental hea to a structure ducing a welding or cutting operation. conditioning heat treatment. A prelimi ry hest reatment used to prepare a ma terial for a desired reaction 10 a subsequent heat treatment, For the term 9 ‘be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. ‘cone angle. The angle thatthe cuter axis ‘makes with the direction along which che blades are moved foradjustment, asin ad justable-blade reamers where the base of ‘the blade slides on a conical surface. ‘conformal coating. A coating that covers ‘and exactly fits the shape of thecoated ob- ject ‘congruent melting, An isothermal or iso- ‘atic melting in hich both the solid and liquid phases bave te same composion throgghout che transformation. coagruent transformation. An isothermal (oF isobaric phase change in metals in which both ofthe phases concerned have the same composiion throughout the process. conjugate phases. In microstetural thalysis, Dose staes of matte of unique ‘composition tht coexist at equilibrium at a single point in temperature and. pres: sure. For example, the two coexisting phases ofa two-phase eqsilibinm, constantaa. A. group of copper.nicketa)- Toys convaining 45 10 60% copper with rior amounts of iron and manganese and characterized by relatively constant clectrica! resistivity irespectve of tem petatie; used in resistors and thermocou pies constant life fatigue diagram, (n failure ‘analysis, a plot (osually on rectangular coordinates} of a family of curves, each of which is fora single fatigue life (number fof cycles), relating sllerating. stress, Imacimum sires, sinimuon stress, and ‘mean stess, The constant ie fatigue dia- ‘grams generally derived froma family of SCN curves, each of which represents a ‘ifferent siren ratio for a50% probability ‘of survival, Seealso nominal sess, maxi- Inui stress, minions sires, SAN curse, Fatigue life, ad sires ratio. constituent. (1) One ofthe ingredients that make up a chemicel system. (2) phase ‘ora combination of phases that occurs in 8 characteristic configuration in an alloy ricrostuctare constitution diagram. See phare diagram. constraint. Any restriction that limits tne Uwansverse contraction normally associ= ated with longitudinal tension, and that hhence causes # secondary tension in the transverse diretion; usually used in com- rection with welding. Contrast with re- strint consumable electrode, A general term for ‘any are welding electrode made chiefly of filler meal. Use of specificnames suchas covered electrode, bare electrode, fx cored electrode, and lighily coated elec trodes preferred. consumable-leetrode remelting. A proc- css forrefning metalsin which aneecric Current passes between anelectrode made of the meta wo be refined and an ingot of the refined meta, which is contained in a ‘water-cooled mold. As aresultof the pas- sage ofelecticcurent, droplets of molten metal form on the electrode and fall © the ingot. Tre refining action oocurs from contact withthe atmosphere, vacuum. or slag tirough which the drop falls See also eleetaslag and vacuum arc remeting. contact corrosion, A torm primatly used in Europe to describe galvanic corrosion between dissimilar metals, contact fatigue. Cracking and subsequent pilling of a surface subjected wo alterat- ing Heruian stresses s0ch as those pro- 19 dazed wader rolling contact or combined ‘olling and sliding, The phenomenon of ‘contact fatigue is encountered most ofen in colling-lement bearings or in gears, Where the surface stresses are high due to the concentrated loads and are repeated ‘many times doring normal operation. contact plating. A metal plating process ‘wherein the plating curren is provided by galvanic acion between the work metal ‘anda second metal, without tho use of an fexiemal source of current. contact potential. in corrosion technology, ‘he potential difference atthe junction of toro dissimilar substances. ‘container. The chamber ino which an ine ‘goto bill is inserted prior to extusion ‘The container for backward extrusion of ‘cups or cans sometimes called adie. ‘contaminant, An impurity or foreign sub- stance presen ina material or environ ‘mentthataffecisone or more properissof the materia. ‘continuous easing. casting technique in ‘which a east shape is continously with- draw though the bottor ofthe mold as itsolidifes, so that is Tengu is not deter- rmino by mold dimensions. Used chilly te prodace semifinshed mill prodocis such as billets, blooms. ingots, slabs, strip, and tubes. See also strand easing. continvous cooling transformation (CCT) ‘diagram. Set ofeurves drawn using log runic (ime and linear temperature a €o- ‘ordinates, which define, for eacé cooling ceurve of an alloy, the beginning and end (of the transformation ofthe initial Lon continuous ml. rolling mill consi ofa nomber of sands of Syntronizd rolls (in tandem) in which metal under- oes successive reductions as it passes through the various strands ‘outinvous phase. Jn an alloy or portion of ‘an alloy containing more than one phase, ‘he phase that forms the matrix in which the other phase or phuses are dispersed. continuous precipitation. Prenpitation from a supersaurated solid soution in which the precipitate particles grow by Jong-range difusion without reerysali- zation of the matrix. Continuous precipi= tates grow from nucle distbuted more or Jess uniformly Uvoughout the matrix ‘They usually are rantondy oriented, but ‘may form a Whimansiiien structure Also called general precipitation. Com- pare withdiscontinous precipitation and localised precipitation ‘contisuous-type furnace. A fumace used ‘a heat weating materials that progress ‘continuovsty through the fumace, enter- ing one door an bing sharged fom20 continuous weld. A weld extending, con- tinuously from one end of a joint to the ‘ther or where he joints essentially cir ‘eater, completely around the joint. Con- teat with intermittent weld gests an ability (0 cover. but not necessarily ta buildup, aaniorm coating. whereas throwing power suggests the ability to obtain a coating of uniform thickness onan inegulery shaped object 2) The degree 0 which a porcel enairel cowting obscures the underlying surface. CO, welding, Gee preferred tem gas metal ‘are welding. “C” process. See Craning process crack, (1) A fracture (ype discontinuity characterized by a sharp and igh ratio fof length and wdc to opening vsplace- a iment. @) A tine of frctre without com- plete separation. rack exenstn (@). An ncresse in ack Sire. Se alo cracklength qfectv crack Sieg, anginal erack sian an6 Pca! eracksce rack growth. Rae of propagation of 2 ‘rack Orongh a mares deo asia oF dynamic apps oad crack length (depth) (In forigue and ‘iresscorrsion cracking, the piysieal ‘rack ster used to deerme te crack owt ac andthe stresses fcr. For a. compacctype specimen rack lengths mexsurod from te line connect- ing bering points load apptieston For a comercrack tension specimen, ‘rack lengths meas ome perpen: Gleulr bisector ofthe ceneal crack. See tls crack sce crack mouth opening displacement {EMOD). See crack opening displace ‘crack opening displacement (COD). Ona "specimen. the opening dsplecenenk affine note srfaces a he notch and in ‘hedireton perpendclate the pane of the notch ang thecrack The dplcerent ‘called the eck tp opening Gkxpacerent (CTOD: atthe mouth tis called ie rack mouth opeinncipincee ‘ment (CMOD), See als stress inensity factor for dfiviton of encksze (a). Atneal mean of prick Tal planar mension of a cack This measures commonly wedinthecacaae tion of qanttiesdesrpive ofthe sbess find dspacement fds In practic, the ‘aloe frat sieisohtained from procs hres for measurement of psc erat Sea original eracksize or fectvecrack Size a appropiate te stualion Under tomideration. Se 8 erack ergih ‘cept rack tip opening displacement (CTOD). ‘Sevcrackopeing displacement crunk. Forging shape generally in he form ofa “U" with projcons at moe ores fight anges othe upper ena, Crk Shapes are designated by te nunber of thao fr example voto eran). crank pres, & mechanical press whose slides are actuated by crankshaft rater In ar welling, dgresion a the Termination of wed ead orn the mol tenweld pot crater rac, crackin hecratr of wold ead. ‘rnter wear, The wear tat oc onthe ake face of cting oo de 0 conct ith he mata nthe ep hate ing song bate‘eraze cracking, lregolar surface cracking ‘of @ moral associated with thermal cy cling. This erm s used more in the United ‘Kingdom than in the United States, where te erm checking is used instead ‘ereep. Time-dependent suain occuring un- ersiress. The creep strin occuring tad ‘inishing rate is called primary creep; that fceurting at 2 minimum and lest cor ‘Sant rate, secondary exe, and that oocur- ring atan scoolerting rat, eiary creep. creep-feed grinding. A grinding process ‘that produces deeper eu at slow traverse res. ‘ervep limit. (1) The maximum stess that ‘wll aus less than aspecified quantity of ‘recp ina given time. 2) The maximum ‘nominal stress under which the ersep strain rate decreases continuously with time under constant load and at constant teraperature, Sometimes. used synony ‘ously with creep strength ‘ereep rate. The slope of the ereep-cime ‘curve at a given time, Deflection with time under a given sate load. creep recavery. The time-dependent de- ‘crease in stain asolid, following there- ‘moval of foes. creep-rupture embrittlement. Embrie: ‘ment undererecp conditions of, fo exam- ple, aluminum alloys and steels thst ‘esuls in abnormally low cupaure ductl- ji In aluminum alloys, ion in amoumts above the solubility list is known 19 ‘eaese such embrilement; in steels. the phcromenon is related to the amount of ‘impurities (forexarople, phospionss, sulk fur, copper, arsenic. antimony, and tin) present. In either caso, flure occurs by intergranular cracking of the emibritded matcra. ‘ereep-rupture strength. The stress that ‘eases fracuue ina crep test ala given. time, inaspecified constant environment. “Thisissometimesreferredtaashestess- upture strength. fo plass techaology this istermed the static fatigue strength ‘ereep-ruptare test. A test in which pro- ‘gressive specimen deformation and the time for ruprae are both measured. 39 ‘general, deformation ismuch greser than that developed during a creep tes. Also on as stress-rupture test. ‘ereep strain. The time-dependent total ‘ruin (extenalon plus initial gage length) produces by applied stress during creep fest. ‘exeep streagth. The stress that will cause a given creepstrain ina creep est ata given time ina specified constant environment. creep stress. The constant load divided by the origina cross-sectional azea of te specimen, ceveep test A method of determining ine ex tension of metals under a given load at & ‘given temperature. The defermination ‘usually involves the plotting of imeelon- ¢ation curves under constant Toad a sin- le test may extend over many months. ‘The results aze often expressed. as the ‘loagation (ia millimeters oe inches) per hour ona given gage length (.g..25 mm, or tia). crevice corrosion. Located corrosion of a ‘metal surface a. or immediately adjacent ‘to, an acea that i shielded rom fll expo- sure othe environment because of clase ‘proximity between the metal and ihe eu ace of another materia crimping. The forming of relatively small corrugations in order to set down and Jock a seam, 1 ereate an arc in astrip of metal, oto reduce an existing arc or di- amir, See also corrugaring. critical cooling rate. The minimura rte of continuous cooling for preventing unde~ sirable transformations. For steel, unless otherwise specified, itis the slowest rate at which austenite can be cooled from above critical temperature 10 prevent its ‘wansformation above the martensite start (eanperatue. cexitcal onrrent density. In an electrolytic process, a current density at which an abrupt change occurs ia an opecting var- able or inthe nature of an clectodeposit orelectrode fin netism and paramagnetism, of between ‘De ferraclectrc phase and the paraclec- tricphuse. Also known as Curie point, Sex Ase ferromognetism ad paramagretism. ling. Rovnding the edge of sheet metal Intoa closed or partly closed loop. current, The net transfer of electric charge ‘per unit time. Also called electric eurent. See also current density. ‘current decay, In spot, seam, or projection welding, the convolled reduction of the ‘welding current from its peak amplitude to 8 lower value wo prevent excessively rapid cooling ofthe weld sugget current deasity. The corres lowing 9 oF from a unit area ofan clectrode surface ‘current efficiency. (1) The rativof the elec- trochernicalequivalenteurent density for aspesificreaction othe total applied cus- rent dersity-(2) The proportion of current ased in a given process to accomplish & desi result; in electroplating, Ue pro- ‘portion used in depositing oF dissolving metal ‘eat (foundry practice). (1) To recondition ‘sing sand by mixing onthe flor with 4 shovel oF blade-type machine. 2) To {ormihe spruecavity in amold. 3)Defect ina casting resuling from erosion ofthe sand by metal lowing over the mold or cored surtace cet edge. A mechanically sheared edge ob- ‘ained by siting, shewing or blanking ‘cut-off (cating). Removing a casting fom the spmueby refactory wheel or say a store, or gas torch. 23 cut-off (metal forming). pair of blades ‘Positioned in des or equipment (or asec~ ton of te deme a produce te same effet a insened bins) used to separate the forging from the bar alr forging 09- rations are completed. Used only when forgings. are produced from reatvely long bars instead of Fomindividul re- cat miles 0 Banks. Soo also Blank ‘and mulple ato whe. Atha abrasive wheel forse cing or slong aay material or pot cutting down. Removing roughness ot t= ‘gulastes of ameal sutaceby abrasive action cutting edge. The lening edge ofa cuing fool (such as ate 1001 ll 2 ling frit) sere a Tne of contact fs made tithe work during machining See aso the, Hie sscmpying salen coting Muid, A Mud used in metal cuting 10 iiprove finish, tool life. or oie Sonal aeuricy. On being Nowed overthe tool and work the hid recees ton, theheat generted andool wear. andpre= oni galling. Jt conducts the heat away from the point of generation and’ aso serves 0 Wash ihe chips away. cutting process A process which beings ‘about the severing oF removal of metals Seealsoare curing and angen curing cutting. speed. The linear or peripheral speci a eave moion between the ool and workpiece in the pineal deo of cating ‘utting tp. That pa of an oxygen curing ore fom which the gases ise eutling torch (oxyful 225) A device used for directing the preheating fame pro- ‘duced by the controlled combustion of fuel gases and to direct and contol the comingoxyeeo ‘cutting toreh (plasma arc). A device used for plas ar cutng to contol the post Lon of the eloctode. to transfer curent 10 the are, ad to direc the Tow of plasina and sticiing gas yanie copper. Copper clecodeposied trom an alkaliceyanide solution conta Jing 8 complex ton made up of urivalent copper and We eyanide radical also the Solution tse. cyanide slimes, Finely divided meullic Precipitates that ae formed when po- {ious metas are enacted fom their es sing cyanide solutions. yanidiag. A casechadening process ia which a ferrous materi i heated above the lover cansfonmation teripersture range na molten salt conseing cyanide {tea simultaneous absorption of cat mand trogen ate surface and by i=