Types of Citations

There are 2 types of citations:

1) In-text citations (quotes)
2) Works Cited (reference to the quote at
the end of an essay)

Class Notes
Topic: How to Cite
Questions/Main Ideas:

Summary:

Name:
Class:
Period:
Date:

Notes:

In-Text Citations
Setup: Explain who is saying the quote and set up
how you plan to use it.
Quote: Make sure that you quote enough of the
passage so that its not taken out of context.
Analysis: Explain how the quote connects to the
thesis, or central idea.

Citations for Poems and Short Stories

Poem or short story - title inside quotation marks.
Examples:
Poem title: A Poison Tree
Short story title: The Story of an Hour
Essays - the first time you refer to the title of a literary work, you should also
name the author.
Examples:
A Poison Tree, by William Blake
The Story of an Hour, by Kate Chopin
**After using the authors full name the first time, for the rest of your essay you
should use only the authors last name.

In-text Citations for Poems

In the first stanza of A Poison Tree, by
SETUP
William Blake, the speaker of the poem reveals
the theme of unexpressed anger. The
speaker states, I was angry with my foe: I told CITATION
it not, my wrath did grow (lines 3-4). These
lines show the result of leaving anger
ANALYSIS
unspoken, because when the speaker hides
his anger from his enemy, the anger increases.

In-text Citations for Short Stories

The short story The Story of an Hour, by
Kate Chopin, tells about a woman for whom
marriage is like a prison. The narrator
describes the womans wishful thinking while
she waits to hear if her husband was killed in
an accident: Free! Body and soul free! she
kept whispering (paragraph 12). These words
emphasize her strong desire to be liberated
from her unhappy situation.

SETUP

CITATION

ANALYSIS

Assignment: Interview & Quote

Pick a thesis, then go around interviewing
classmates. Copy the best response and turn it
into a quote with correct SETUP, QUOTE &
ANALYSIS
THESIS (Pick One):
Uniforms limit our freedom and personality.
The death penalty should be abolished.
If everyone did a bit more for the earth, pollution
levels would go down.
We should keep school clean because it tells visitors
how we are in here.

Setting Up a Quotation
Introduce the quote by telling the reader about the
author and title. Vary your setups!
Ex. According to the storys narrator,
As Blakes third stanza points out,
In the short story, Chopin describes
The poets following lines state that

Grammar and Punctuation

Capitalize the first letter of a quotation if it is
a complete sentence.
Ex. Mr. Johnson said, "The alien spaceship
appeared right before my own two eyes.
Do not capitalize the first letter if the
quotation is a fragment or a piece.
Ex. Mr. Johnson thinks the spaceship
"certainly takes the cake" when it comes to
fear.

Grammar and Punctuation

If an exclamation point or question mark is part of the
quotation, in goes inside the closing quotation mark:
! ?
The page number goes after the quotation. Only if you
use a period to end the quote, this period must go after
the page number.
Ex: Grandma asked, Are you happy
now?" (24).
According to Joe Smith, Most football
players will suffer injuries (35).

In this example please identify the setup,

quote, and analysis.
Brad Popkins makes reference to the
challenges faced by female MMA fighters. He
states, Top fighters make only about $15,000
per match, including cash from tickets that they
sell on their own." (11). Popkins argues that the
contrast of female fighters income versus
male fighters income is due fact that very few
female MMA fights are televised.

In this example please identify the setup,

quote, and analysis.
Brad Popkins makes reference to the
challenges faced by female MMA fighters. He
states, Top fighters make only about $15,000
per match, including cash from tickets that they
sell on their own." (11). Popkins argues that the
contrast of female fighters income versus
male fighters income is due fact that very few
female MMA fights are televised.

In this example please identify the setup,

quote, and analysis.
FAA regional director Richard Sennett points
out the problem with unregistered drones
being used as recreational items. He notes,
He even worries that a drone could hit a large
plane with many passengers" (3). Sennett
argues that anyone who owns a drone should
immediately register it on the FAA website in
order to ensure safety.

In this example please identify the setup,

quote, and analysis.
FAA regional director Richard Sennett points
out the problem with unregistered drones
being used as recreational items. He notes,
He even worries that a drone could hit a large
plane with many passengers" (3). Sennett
argues that anyone who owns a drone should
immediately register it on the FAA website in
order to ensure safety.

Remember the importance of Transitions

Transitions are like gears in a
car, they help you shift from
one paragraph to the next.
Common transition words:
and, in addition to,
furthermore, moreover,
besides, than, too, also,
both...and, another, equally
important, first, second, etc.

When transitioning from one paragraph to the next, read

the last sentence of paragraph 1, add your transition, and
connect it to the topic sentence in paragraph 2.

EXAMPLE:
Paragraph 1: The football incident is important in the story
because it demonstrates the major conflict between Lucy
and Charlie Brown.
Transition: Like the conflict about the football
Paragraph 2: Like the conflict about the football,
another literary device that is important in the Peanuts
comic strip is the refrain of Good grief.One of the famous
lines uttered by Charlie Brown is the phrase Good grief.
Whenever he is frustrated or feels he is cheated in life he
utters, Good grief.

When transitioning from one paragraph to the next,

read the last sentence of paragraph 1 and begin
paragraph 2 with a transition word or phrase and a
reference to paragraph 1.
EXAMPLE:
Paragraph 1: The football incident is important in the story
because it demonstrates the major conflict between Lucy
and Charlie Brown.
Transition: Like the conflict about the football
Paragraph 2: Like the conflict about the football, another
literary device that is important in the Peanuts comic strip
is the refrain of Good grief. It is one of the famous lines
uttered by Charlie Brown. Whenever he is frustrated or
feels he is cheated in life he utters, Good grief.

Example of Interview Format

Interviewer: Joe, do you think students should
wear uniforms in high school?
Joe: No. Kids should be allowed to express
themselves in school. If expression is not
allowed now, it will come more forcefully
later.

Ellipsis (...)
We should not come to school on Fridays
because it is already a long week, or we should
have a shorter schedule on that day.
We should not come to school on Fridays or
we should have a shorter schedule on that day.