Malteasers

Wrapped up gift

Co-ordination and Response

Starter: Pass the present around. Can you
work out what it is? How?

3/2/16
Responding to Change
LO
To describe the human nervous system
Identify neurons from diagrams
Describe a reflex arc

Key Words
Nerve
Neurone
Reflex

Homework: Over the next two weeks use the

syllabus to create a full set of revision notes on
the topic of co-ordination and response.
Complete page 5 of work book

STARTER: Which of these actions do you need to think about?

The central
nervous system is
composed of the
brain, spinal chord
and peripheral
nervous system
which together
serve to coordinate and
regulate body
functions

The Nervous System

Divided into CNS and PNS
What are its component parts?

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

Look away if youre squeamish

A
dissected
brain,
spinal cord
and
sections of
major
nerves.

CNS and PNS

CNS
Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord
Cerebrum

brain
Cerebellum

Medulla Oblongata

Spinal Cord

Spinal cord
cross
section

PNS
Consists of:
-includes all neurons (sensory
neurons, motor neurons), and
sense organs

Add these notes to the workbook page CNS and PNS next
to the diagram.
Central Nervous System (CNS) - area of coordination. Like a
command centre. Processes, analyses and integrates
information to coordinate the activity of different parts of
the body.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- carries information from
receptors to the CNS and then messages from the CNS to the
rest of the body.

Why do animals have a Nervous System?

Animals need to be aware of changes in their surroundings.
They need to respond to a STIMULUS (plural STIMULI).

GCSE Science
Chapter 2

Examples of stimuli are:

Touch

Chemicals Temperature

Light

Sound

The nervous system sorts out information from the senses and
sends messages to those muscles/glands
which make the
appropriate response

What are the 5 sense organs and what can they sense?
Touch

Sound

Smell

Sight

Taste

light

sound
Chemicals in
mouth

pressure

temperature

Chemicals in
air

Important Word

Meaning

Receptor

Cells that detect the change

Response

The actions that takes place

Nervous system

The system in mammals and other vertebrates

that respond to changes.

Coordinator

Part of the body that connects information about

the stimulus to the effector.

Stimuli (singularstimulus)

Changes in the environment that are detected.

Effector

Organs such as muscles and glands that bring

about the change.

Sense organs

Groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli:

light, sound, temperature, touch and cheimcals

How do we respond to the information

from the stimuli?
Receptor
sensory neurone
central nervous system (CNS)
motor neurone
effector

How do we respond to the information

from the stimuli?
Receptor
sensory neurone
central nervous system (CNS)
motor neurone
effector

Lets look at some bits more closely

RECEPTORS
Receptors are sensors on the body that detect stimuli
They convert stimuli into electrical signals (messages)
called impulses.

Eyes pick up
light waves
Nose picks up
Ear picks up through the
retinachemical signa
sound waves
through the
through the

How do we respond to the information

from the stimuli?
Receptor
sensory neurone
central nervous system (CNS)
motor neurone
effector

The nerves carrying the impulses away from the

GCSE Science

sense organs towards the central nervous system

are called the SENSORY NEURONS

Nerve cells are like an electrical cable made

up of insulated wires bound up together.

What are Nerves?

GCSE Science
Chapter 2

Cable (Nerve)

Wires (Nerve Cells or

neurons)

How do we respond to the information

from the stimuli?
Receptor
sensory neurone
central nervous system (CNS)
motor neurone
effector

How do we respond to the information

from the stimuli?
Receptor
sensory neurone
central nervous system (CNS)
motor neurone
effector

GCSE Science

Nerves that carry impulses to activate muscles are

called MOTOR NEURONE.

How do we respond to the information

from the stimuli?
Receptor
sensory neurone
central nervous system (CNS)
motor neurone
effector

Diagram showing rapid response of our

nervous system

A ________ detects the change in conditions ( a ________).

A message is carried from the receptor to the CNS (voluntary
actions- message goes to brain and involuntary reactions goes
to nearest part of CNS which is often the spinal cord) along a
special neuron called a ______ neuron. After processing, a
message is sent from the CNS to an organ ( an _______

that carries out the _______. A special type of neuron called

a _____ neuron carries this message.

A receptor detects the change in conditions ( a stimulus). A

message is carried from the receptor to the CNS (voluntary
actions- message goes to brain and involuntary reactions goes
to nearest part of CNS which is often the spinal cord) along a
special neuron called a sensory neuron. After processing, a
message is sent from the CNS to an organ ( an effector ) that
carries out the response. A special type of neuron called a
motor neuron carries this message.

receptor

sensory
neurone

coordinator

motor
neurone

effector

You see a cake and reach for it

eye

brain

arm and
hand
muscles

A soldier hears the bullets and ducks under fire:

brain

leg
muscles

Common
reflexes
What types of reflexes can you think of?

Reflex Arc
Automatic responses to stimuli are called reflex actions.
A reflex response is rapid and its function is protection
The spinal cord mediates reflex responses to some sensory impulses directly ie.
without going to the brain. This makes it much faster.
The messages pass through a reflex arc:

A reflex arc

reflex video

The Reflex action that protects

you from a burn

Stimulus
Receptor
Co-ordinator
Effector
response

A reflex arc has the same flow chart as any nerve pathway. The difference
is that the CNS is represented by a single relay neurone, usually in the
spinal cord.
receptor

sensory
neurone

CNS

motor
neurone

effector

You touch something painful with your finger tip and you quickly withdraw
your hand:
CNS

arm and
shoulder
muscles

A doctor taps the ligament below the knee and you kick your leg. The knee
jerk reflex:
stretch
receptor in
thigh
muscle

CNS

thigh
muscle

Collect a mini
whiteboard and
pen.

Multiple-choice quiz

Which is the
sensory neurone

A
C

E
D

Which is the
spinal cord

A
C

E
D

Which is the
stimulus

A
C

E
D

Which is the
motor neurone

A
C

E
D

Which is the
effector

A
C

E
D

Which is the
receptor

A
C

E
D

Skin

Muscle
(effector)

Touch
receptor

Sensory
neuron

Spinal
cord

Electrical
impulse

Motor
neuron

Relay
neuron

How does the nerve impulse travel from one neuron

to the next?

Neuronotransmitter
stored it tiny
packages called
vesicles
Presynaptic
Neurone

Synapse

Receptor
molecule
s

Postsynapti
c Neurone

1. Nerve impulse arrives at the

synapse
IMPULSE

2. Chemical messenger (a
neurotransmitter) is released into
synapse

3. Neurotransmitter diffuses
across
the synapse
4. Neurotransmitter
binds with a
receptor on the
membrane of the
post- synaptic
neuron

IMPULSE

5. Binding of neurotransmitter to
receptor stimulates impulse in
postsynaptic neuron

We are going to look at two examples of

how nerves help our body work:
1. Muscles (homework)
2. The eye