PSP 2004

Case studies

Pole Slip Protection in Interconnected

Networks
J. Zakonjek
ABB Power Technologies
Sweden

B. Pavlov
NEK, EAD
Bulgaria

Abstract In the view of further UCTE extension

towards the South-East Europe1 it has been decided by
NEK-EAD in Bulgaria BG) as well as by Translectrica
in Romania (RO) to install pole slip protection on all
their important tie lines. The paper describes between
other a typical example of system wide disturbance,
which indicates the need on implementation of a pole
slip protection between different subsystems. A
practical example of implementation of a pole slip
protection on a 400 kV transmission line between S/S
Tantareni (RO) and Kozloduy (BG) from two different
points of view: system studies and selection of protection
setting parameters, is also described.
Index Terms Pole Slip Protection, System
Oscillation, Wide Area Protection, Wide Area
Disturbance

I. INTRODUCTION
Significant changes of load as well as faults and
their clearance in power systems often result in
electromechanical oscillations, which generally do
not affect the system stability. Major disturbances
might on the other hand cause bigger oscillations,
which can influence unwanted operation of different
protection functions and in the most severe cases loss
of synchronism (out-of-step or so called pole slip
conditions) between generator groups located in
different subsystems.
In the paper we concentrate on so called
asynchronous operation of power systems, which
may characterize the operation of individual
generating units as well as their groups (power plants)
connected in parallel with the power system or even
the operation of two interconnected power systems.
The asynchronous mode of operation is
characterized by deep active and reactive power
oscillations with time limited constant excitation of
synchronous machines. It produces important
disturbances to the power system operating
parameters, to the quality parameters of delivered
electrical power, causes severe electric and mechanic

D. Paunescu, F. Lazar
Transelectrica
Romania

stress of primary equipment, etc. It tends to extend

very fast to the remaining parts of power system.
Disconnection of subsystems in points closest to
the electrical center of oscillation proved to prevent
the best way collapse of a complete system.
Development of modern technology made it possible
to integrate the functionality of once very expensive
and from the system point of view insufficiently
selective generator pole slip protection devices into
line protection terminals. It is at the same time
adjusted to the specific system requirements like:
operation during line breaker pole open conditions,
oscillation development caused by the faults and
during their clearance, etc.
Additional arguments justifying the introduction
of pole slip protection in modern power systems
could be specified as follows.
1. UCTE recommendation regarding the prevention
of disturbance export between interconnected
systems by installation of pole slip protection on
important tie lines.
2. Experiences gained during the analysis of major
disturbances.
3. Possibilities of modern microprocessor based
technology used in state of the art numerical
devices.
In the view of further UCTE extension towards
the South-East Europe it has been decided by NEKEAD in Bulgaria BG) as well as by Translectrica in
Romania (RO) to install pole slip protection on all
their important tie lines. The paper describes, together
with some theoretical background, also a typical
example of system wide disturbance, which indicates
the need on implementation of a pole slip protection
between different subsystems. A practical example of
implementation of a pole slip protection on a 400 kV
transmission line between S/S Tantareni (RO) and
Kozloduy (BG) from two different points of view:
system studies and selection of protection setting
parameters, is also described.

1
Bulgaria represented by NEK EAD and Romania represented
by Transelectrica are regular UCTE members from 08 May 2003.

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II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Active and reactive power with k=1

6000

EL

ER
Q() - left generator

4000

L= const

R= f(t)

ZSL

Q() - REL point

2000

ZSR

ZL

Power [MW], [Mvar]

REL

Figure 1: Basic model of a two-machine system

P()
0

40

80

K increasing
2000

1000

SR

X
Q =

X
+

E
X

2
L

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

3000
deg

sin( )

(2)

Figure 3: Active power flow in relay point REL in

dependence of generator angle and k factor

cos ( ) +
Reactive power at k = 0.8 to 1.2

Here is

40

2000

E E

1000

X
X

SL

1 + k 2 k cos ( )
2

k = E

E

(3)

(4)

. Diagram in Figure 2 presents

a typical example of transmitted active and reactive

power at different points within the two-machine
system as a function of the angle difference . It is
interesting that active and reactive power do not
follow the same dependence on rotor angle difference.
The reactive power flow is at the same time
dependent very much on difference between the
magnitudes of both EMFs. There is no reactive power
flow when both EMFs are equal by magnitude and in
phase. Maximum reactive power appears when both
EMFs have opposite direction. Active power is in this
case zero.
Transmitted active power is always zero when
generators EMFs are in phase or have exactly
opposite direction; see Figure 3. Its maximum value
appears at orthogonal generator voltages and increases
with increased value of their ratio

k = E

4000

K increasing
3000

Q(k) [Mvar]

P=

Q() - right generator

Active power at k = 0.8 to 1.2

point REL are functions of angular difference

between two EMFs as presented by the following
equations.
L

360

3000

Active P and reactive Q power flows in relay

E E

320

Figure 2: Active and reactive power flow in

different parts of a two-machine system ( k = 1 )

Power [MW]

280

deg

SL

240

6000

impedance as defined by (1). Only corresponding

reactance applies for loss-less conditions.
Z = Z + Z + Z
(1)
S

200

4000

A. Power flow in a loss-less two machine system

Power flow in a loss-less two machine system
depends on voltage difference between left and right
side EMFs E and E respectively and total system
L

160

Q() - at B bus

2000

A two-machine model as presented in Figure 1 can

always be used to present oscillating parts of power
system regardless the amount of oscillating machines,
which oscillate relative to each other.

120

E

2000

1000

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

1000
deg

Figure 4: Reactive power flow in relay point REL

in dependence of generator angle and k factor
Figure 4 presents a reactive power flow in relay
point REL in dependence of generator angle and k
factor. One can observe completely different
performance of reactive power compared to the active
one. It flows always in the same direction as long as
the left side EMF is greater or equal then the right
side EMF. The period when the reactive power flows
in opposite direction with k factor greater than one is
much shorter within the complete slip cycle.

.
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B. Equal area criterion
So far only active and reactive power flow
depending on generator angle and k factor have been
observed. The first part of a so called P() powerangle characteristic as presented in Figure 2 serves
also as a basis for the dynamic system stability
studies, based on a known equal area criterion (Figure
5).
We consider the right side generator (see Figure 1)
as an infinitely strong power system. The left side
generator supplies during normal operating conditions
active power, which is equal to the mechanical power
Pmech of a turbine. The angle between the generator

Aacc > ( Adec + Asm )

when

and will start this way in power

system a so-called unstable oscillation (loss of

synchronism, pole slip, out of step, etc).
Close-in three-phase short circuit presents the
most unfavorable conditions for the system dynamic
stability, because it prevents transmission of all active
power from the generator to the system. All other
types of faults permit transmission of decreased
amount of active power, which in return reduces the
Aacc area for the same difference in rotor angles and
this way secure better stability of a complete system.
C. Impedance measured in relay point
Swinging of active and reactive power between
different parts of asynchronously run power system
reflects also in dynamic performance of measured
impedances in different relay points. Measured
current in relay point REL in Figure 1 follows the
expression:

and the system is equal to mech .

The transmitted power falls to zero in case of a
three-phase short circuit very close to the left side
generator. The turbine, on the other hand, still
provides the mechanical power to rotor and initiates
its acceleration, which in case of P ( ) curve in

I

Figure 5 reflects in increased rotor angle.

REL

E E

E e

E e

(5)

The relay voltage as measured in relay point REL

is equal to:

1.2

U

Adec
Asm
0.8

REL

P [pu]

Z

0.4

REL

Aacc

I

REL

(6)

SL

U
I

REL

= Z + Z
SL

acc
60

eqv

mech

REL

30

90
deg

120

150

180

impedance points

The rotor starts to decelerate in a moment, when

the fault is removed from the system and normal
connection between its two parts restored. The rotor
angle is at this occasion equal to . The excessive

k = E

energy accumulated in rotor is proportional to the area

Aacc in Figure 5 and will be injected into the system in
form of transient oscillating power. This oscillation
will remain stable (power swing condition) as long as
the decelerating energy and this way the area A = A
dec

1
1 k e

j (

(7)

Z

SL

and ( Z

+ Z

SR

) . This point is

called electrical center of oscillation, ECO. The

diameter of the circle depends on value of factor

acc

and becomes infinite for the case when

k = 1 . Impedance trajectory becomes in this case a

straight-line perpendicular on the before mentioned
system impedance line. It is evident that such
performance of measured impedance may influence
the security of distance relays on power lines as well
as other impedance measuring elements in the power

acc

remains over the injected mechanical power and stops

at rotor angle , before the second intersection
eqv

P ( )

If we place the relay point REL in coordinate center

of an impedance plane, than it is possible to show that
the impedance trajectories as seen by the impedance
relay follow the equations of circles, as presented in
Figure 6. Each impedance trajectory passes in at least
one point the system impedance line between

Figure 5: P() curve - dependence of transmitted

power P on generator angle

between the

Impedance as measured by impedance relays in

relay point REL is this way equal to:

Pmech

= E e

curve and the Pmech line takes

place. An area Asm secures additional safety margin.

The generator poles will slip out of synchronism
(step out of synchronism) with the system in case
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systems.

called
120

60

k=0.9

150

30

k=0.8

k=1.0
180

0
0

500

1500 []

1000

k=1.2
210

330

k=1.1

240

300
270

U [V]

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

on

impedance

Z t

oscillation

detection principle is based on a fact that impedance

measured in relay point changes during oscillations
relatively slow in comparison with nearly
instantaneous change from load to fault impedance
during different faults in primary system. Figure 8
presents this principle by simplified schematic.

50

400

based

The operation of a so called

100

200

and U cos methods. The first one is

A. Oscillation detection
measurement

Figure 6: Impedance trajectories in relay point

REL during pole slip conditions in a two-machine
system

Z t

implemented mainly in line distance relays and the

second one in pole slip protection used close to bigger
generating units.
Power system oscillations are in general not a
three phase phenomena. They can be initiated by
different faults in power system and may develop
further on during the fault clearing process or during
the time when the power system is still in emergent
state. Typical example of such performance is
development of oscillation over a power line, which
operates only in a two-phase mode during the deadtime of a single-pole autoreclosing cycle. The
oscillation detection functions must provide
dependable functionality for all such cases.

90

50

100
t [ms]
4

200

400

600

800

1000

EXT

I [A]

jX

INT

OSC

&

t [ms]

Figure 7: Phase voltage and current in relay point

at the beginning of pole slip and three consecutive
slips

Oscillations are characteristic for phase currents

and voltages as well and presented for a typical case
in Figure 7. Here it is possible to observe typical
increase of slip frequency for consecutive oscillations,
which require adaptive approach also in oscillation
detection measuring elements, independent on basic
principles of their operation. Unwanted operation of
overcurrent and undervoltage based protection
functions in relay point during system oscillations
must be prevented by correct selection of their setting
parameters. Operation of impedance measuring
elements must be prevented by special oscillation
detection elements, implemented in distance
protection devices.

Figure 8:

Z t

principle based oscillation

detection
Oscillation OSC is detected if the impedance
measured in relay point needs to enter the internal
boundary INT with time delay longer than the time
delay t set on time measuring element after it has
entered the external boundary EXT. It should be noted
that the time element needs an adaptive time delay,
which must be for consecutive slips shorter than the
initial time delay for the first slip. This is of outmost
importance in order to distinguish between fast
consecutive slips and slowly developing faults, which
appear for example in series compensated networks or
during slowly developing earth faults (e.g. when the
fault develops over an ice coat around the phase
conductor).

III. OSCILLATION DETECTION

Different oscillation detection methods are in use
worldwide. Two most spread between them are so
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B. Oscillation detection
measurement

based

on

U.cos()

The basic operating principle of U .cos ( )

oscillation detection method is based on direct
relation as presented by equation (8) and graphically
on Figure 9. All designations relate to a two-machine
model presented in Figure 1. Presentation is
simplified for a case when E = E = E .
L

U REL cos ( ) = E cos
2

(8)
UREL

EL

Figure 10: UCTE and area included in systemwide disturbance 11 September 2001

ER

Following is the basic sequence of the disturbance,

which started at 11:02:28 hours CET.
1) Important 400 kV power line between Djerdap
(YU) and Drmno (YU) was out of operation due
to maintenance.
2) 400 kV power line Nis (YU) Bor (YU), which
has further connection towards Djerdap HPP was
disconnected by overload protection.
3) Djerdap HPP, which produced at that moment
1000MW, was separated from the YU power
system and remained in parallel operation with
RO power system.
4) Very significant changes in power flow took place
within the complete interconnected system. The
400 kV Tantareni (RO) line has been disconnected
at Kozloduy (BG) side by operation of P>
automation.
5) RO and BG power systems remain interconnected
only by one 400kV line between Isaccea (RO) and
Dobrudja (BG), and they start to rapidly loose the
stability without any chance for resynchronization.
Distance protection at Isaccea operates for out of
step tripping conditions and separates the RO
power system from the interconnection after the
blocking by power swing detection with time
delay of 0.4s had expired. This way have been
fulfilled all necessary conditions for operation of
distance protection zone 2.
6) Strong load shedding starts in BG, GR, SCG and
FYROM power systems.
Figure 11 presents time dependence of impedance
as measured by distance relay in Isaccea (RO) end of
remaining 400 kV line between RO and BG. Time
mark of 0sec represents the tripping moment. The
disturbance recording was done with 500ms pre-fault
time.

/2

E L = ER = E

Figure 9: Basic operating principle of U.cos()

method
Direct relation between both voltages makes
possible detection of oscillations in power system by
measuring the speed, with which changes the
measured projection of relay point voltage on
measured current.
IV. TYPICAL SYSTEM WIDE DISTURBANCE
Typical system-wide disturbance, which shows
clearly the interdependence of interconnected national
power systems, happened on the Balkan Peninsula 11
September 2001. The disturbance embraced power
systems of Bulgaria (BG), Greece (GR), Romania
(RO) and Yugoslavia (YU), see Figure 10.
The simplified operating scheme of a system is
presented in Appendix. Only the approximate loadflow within RO and towards YU and BG is presented
for better understanding of initial event. Values in
brackets present the conditions before tripping of a
400kV power line Djerdap Bor in YU. Values
without brackets present the power flow after tripping.

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120
1600

100

Stability limit Pmax = 1360 MW

1400
1200

80
P [MW]

Z(-85ms)
Z(-185ms)
Z(-285ms)
Z(-385ms)
Z(-485ms)
Z(-35ms)
Z(-135ms)
Z(-235ms)
Z(-535ms)
Z(-335ms)
Z(-435ms)

Z(0sec)

200
0

0
120

48

44
46

42

40

38

36

32
34

30

26
28

24

22

16

18
20

14

-200
12

100

10

80

60
R [ohm]

2
4

40

20

-10

T = 1.7 sec
fs = 0.59 Hz
= 2.12.3%
> 3%

400

-2

20

600

-6
-4

40

800

-8

jX [ohm]

1000

60

Time, sec

Figure 11: Time dependence of impedance

measured by distance protection in Isaccea (RO) end
of 400kV line

Figure 13: Transfer of active power over the

400kV line Sofia west (BG) Nis (YU) reached the
stability limit

The out of step condition is obvious as well as the

tendency towards the pole slip condition. The picture
also indicates a fact that the first oscillations are
generally slow, usually with frequency even under
1Hz.

The conclusions made after analyzing the

disturbance were as follows.
1) Congestion forecast has note been made at a
planning stage. The n-1 criterion has not been
fulfilled.
2) Setting of the overload protection on 400 kV line
Bor Nis was unnecessarily low.
3) It is necessary to improve the congestion
management within the interconnection.
4) Underfrequency protection should operate
according to the agreement between the utilities.
5) It is strongly recommended to implement out-ofstep protection on all 400 kV tie and important
internal lines.

P[MW]

1040

dP2/dt2=0 MW/s

1030
1020
1010

dP3/dt3= - 323.6 MW/s

dP4/dt4=0 MW/s
dP1/dt1=233.6 MW/s

1000
990

dP5/dt5=dP5/dt5=- 619.9 MW/s

980
970
960

V. IMPLEMENTATION OF POLE SLIP PROTECTION

950
-600

-500

-400

-300
t[ms]

-200

-100

Installation of a pole slip protection on 400 kV tie

lines between Bulgaria and Romania is justified by
different reasons, as it has been already mentioned
and also proved on different practical examples.
Specialists from power utilities in both countries
performed a comprehensive study of system
conditions under which out-of-step mode of operation
between Bulgarian and Romanian power systems
could appear with ECO on or close to the 400 kV tie
line Tantareni (RO) Kozloduy (BG). Additional
tasks were also: determining the expected slip
frequency and settings for the pole slip protections,
which are of the same design at both line ends.
The results of studies confirmed that double
circuit 400 kV line between S/S Tantareni and
Kozloduy represents a very stable system connection.
It is nearly impossible that out-of-step conditions
would appear over this circuit under normal operating
conditions. The asynchronous operation of generating
units located at the ends of this line could start only
under extreme system conditions. One of them
considers 400 kV tie lines Sofia West (BG) Nis

Figure 12: Time dependence of measured active

power in Isaccea (RO) end of 400kV line
The measured impedance is in such cases one of
only few available useful information on the
beginning of system oscillation. Measurement of
active power, reactive power, current, voltage and
their time derivates does not provide sufficiently clear
and undoubted information. Figure 12 presents just
for information purposes time dependence of
measured active power and its time derivates for the
recorded disturbance.
Further analysis of events after tripping of Isaccea
(RO) Dobrudja (BG) power line shows strong
frequency deep in BG with minimum frequency down
to 48.96 Hz. Transfer of active power over 400 kV tie
line Sofia West (BG) Nis (YU) reached the stability
limit of 1360 MW, see Figure 13. Very severe
conditions occurred also on 400 kV tie line between
Blagoevgrad (BG) and Thessaloniki (GR).
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seen by the pole slip protection installed in Tantareni

(RO) end of the tie line. The operating characteristics
of the applied pole slip protection are presented as
well.

(YU) and Blagoevgrad (BG) Thessaloniki (GR) out

of operation, export of 1000 MW from the BG power
system and a three-phase short circuit at 400 kV
Kozloduy NPP bus-bar eliminated with 0.5 s time
delay. Figure 14 presents the impedance trajectory as
p

80

60
BG

jX, Ohm

40

Kozloduy

20

Tantareni

-20

-40
-120

RO

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

20

40

60

80

100

120

R, Ohm

Figure 14: Impedance trajectory as seen by pole slip protection in Tantareni S/S after a three-phase fault at
Kozloduy S/S

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must detect oscillations caused by faults and similar
big changes in power system as well as oscillations,
which appear during emergent system operating
conditions.
It is recommended to implement pole slip
protection independently on distance protection of the
same power line. This way both protection functions
will operate with their optimal settings and
functionality for line fault conditions (distance
protection) as well as for the wider system
disturbances (pole slip protection). Simultaneous use
of specific distance protection zones for the purposes
of pole slip protection in general does not provide the
optimal solution, because the settings required for one
and another functionality contradict each other.

Measured impedance changes very fast from prefault load conditions (-120 + j25) ohm to impedance
marking the end of protected line (Kozloduy). Fault
clearance also presents fast change in measured
impedance to approximately (0 + j25) ohm. Here
starts slower movement of impedance in
anticlockwise direction and exits the impedance
measuring area completely. The oscillation would
continue further on and even change its direction to
the clockwise one, if it would be permitted to continue
without any action from the installed pole slip
protection.
Measured impedance trajectory enters the external
impedance boundary again at approximately (-17 +
j60) ohm and with time delay longer than 40 ms (set
value) also the inner impedance boundary at (-17 +
j40) ohm.
This is sufficient condition for protection to
declare system oscillation. Big generation units
behind line ends do not permit long oscillations with
more than one slip.
The pole slip protection is for this reason set to
trip the corresponding circuit breaker even before the
complete slip really appears, in this case when the
measured impedance reaches the left incoming
tripping line at approximately (-5 + j28) ohm.
The operating characteristic of the pole slip
protection applied provides a possibility to control the
tripping conditions with respect to the phase angle
between EMFs of power generators in both
subsystems. This prevents additional stresses of
primary equipment. It also provides remote back-up
possibilities for swings with their ECO behind the
remote ends of the protected line (see the area around
the Kozloduy S/S in Figure 14).

VII. REFERENCES
1. Y G Painthankar, 2000, Transmission Network
Protection Theory and Practice
2. ABB Manual 1MRK 506 074, 06-2001
3. F. Ilar: Innovations in the Detection of Power
Swings in Electrical Networks, 1986, ABB document
CH-ES 35-30.10E
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Janez Zakonjek (Janez.Zakonjsek@se.ab.com)
obtained his Master Degree in Power Engineering
1977 at University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since than
he has been working in the field of power system
protection, firstly in ISKRA, Slovenia and since 1991
in ABB Sweden. His main interest is protection of
complex network configurations. Currently he holds a
position of senior application specialist in ABB
Automation Technologies, Sweden. He is a member
of different international organizations and currently a
convener of CIGR working group for protection of
series compensated networks.
Bozhidar Pavlov (Bpavlov@ndc.bg) has M.Sc.
Degree in Electrical Engineering from the Sofia
Technical University, Bulgaria. Since his graduation
he has been working for the Bulgarian National
Electric Company. From 1983 to 1987 he was a NEK
representative at the Central Dispatching Office of
IPS (Prague) as a relay protection engineer. After his
return to NEK he became a transmission planning
engineer and currently he is the Head of the
Transmission Planning and System Analyses
Department at the National Dispatching Center of
Bulgaria. International activities: Member of the
UCTE WG Operation & Security; Acting secretary of
the Technical Committee UCTE/Romania-Bulgaria.
Doru Mircea Paunescu

VI. CONCLUSIONS
Asynchronous operating conditions are a fact in
modern power systems and should be eliminated as
fast as possible in order to keep their stronger parts in
normal operation. Introduction of pole slip protection
on tie lines proved to be one of the best solutions.
This requires comprehensive stability studies under
different operating conditions and in many cases also
excellent cooperation of experts from different
utilities, and even different countries.
Impedance and its time derivative measurement
provide in a moment still the best information on
system oscillations and possible asynchronous run of
their parts.
Operating characteristics of applied pole slip
protection devices must secure correct operation
under different system operating conditions. They
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the System Safety in the Romanian National Power

Grid Company Transelectrica S.A.
Felicia Lazar (Flazar@transelectrica.ro) received
her Master Degree in Power Engineering 1981 from
Bucharest Technical University. Mrs. Lazar collected
her first experiences within the engineering field with
Electromontaj company in Bucharest. She joined the
Protection and Automation Department in National
Dispatch Center (former Ministry of Energy) in 1984,
where she gained in 1994 an Expert in Protection and
Automation position. Mrs. Lazar was appointed in
March 2002 as Head of Protection & Automation
Department in the Romanian National Power Grid
Company Transelectrica S.A.

(DPaunescu@transelectrica.ro)
received
his
Master Degree in power engineering 1967 from
Electrical Department of Cluj Technical University in
Cluj Romania. He joined IRE Bucharest as an
electrical engineer immediately after studies and
worked between 1970 and 1974 as an Expert Engineer
in the Bucharest Area Dispatch center. In 1974 he
joined as an Expert Engineer the Ministry of Energy.
Mr. Paunescu worked between 1982 and 1990 as a
Head of Protection & Automation Department in the
Dispatch Center of the East European Power System
in Prague. He headed the Protection & Automation
Department within the National Dispatch Center of
Romania between 1990 and 2000, when he was
appointed to his current position: Chief Inspector of

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APPENDIX
Simplified operating scheme of a system on Balkan Peninsula 11 September 2001 at the event of major
disturbence
Drmno
400 kV

Djerdap
400 kV

Portile de Fler
400 kV

(300MW)

(850MW)

250MW
(250MW)

850MW
(300MW)

OPEN LINE

(100MW)
(1100MW)

150MW
1000MW

450MW

Slatina
400 kV

0MW
OPEN LINE
(1000MW)

RO

Urechesti
400 kV

1000MW
(450MW)

Tantareni
400 kV

(0MW)

(300MW)
1400MW
(150MW)

CONNECTED
NETWORK

150MW
1000MW

400MW

Isaccea
400 kV

Kozloduy
400 kV
OPEN LINE

100MW

YU

CONNECTED
NETWORK

(150MW)

Bor
400 kV

(300MW)

1150MW

Dobrudja
400 kV
CONNECTED
NETWORK

Sofia West
400 kV

Chervena Mogila
400 kV
Blagoevgrad
400 kV

BG
GR

248

Thessaloniki
400 kV