Digital Communication Systems

Syed Ahmed Faran

Reconstruction

Reconstruction

Reconstruction

Reconstruction
Reconstruction or interpolation is the process of constructing
original message
from sampled message
.

Reconstruction
Let
such that
kth sample of
generates
impulse of height g(kTs) at
[
]
t=kTs.
Filter output:
For complete signal, output:

Reconstruction

Ideal interpolation

Nyquist rate (2BTs=1):

Interpolation formula

Practical Issues in sampling

Aliasing occurs when data is sampled below
Nyquist rate.
In frequency domain, portions of different
samples overlap which generates ambiguous data.

Aliasing

Aliasing

Aliasing filters

Aliasing filters

Aliasing filters and sampling rate

A tradeoff has to be made between cost of sharp
transition bandwidth and cost of higher sampling
rate.
In practice, engineers have developed rule to
make transition bandwidth 10-20% of maximum
frequency and sample at: fs2.2fm

Aliasing filters and sampling rate

Oversampling is the economical solution!
Signal processing with high performance analog
equipment is costly compared to their digital
counterparts.

Aliasing filters and sampling rate

Aliasing filters and sampling rate

Sampling and quantization effects

Quantization noise: Error between voltage
levels of PAM signal and its quantized PCM
signal. (or loss of information due to ADC)

Sampling and quantization effects

Quantizer saturation: If input signal to ADC
(or quantizer) is out of operating range, large
input values are saturated.
AGC may be used to control effect.

Sampling and quantization effects

Timing Jitter: occurs if sampling is not done
at uniform intervals.
Generates FM components during
reconstruction.
Jitter is a random phenomenon, hence sampling
positions cannot be accurately known.
Timing jitter can be controlled by very good
power supply isolation and stable clock.