Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
WorkandKineticEnergy
Due:11:59pmonWednesday,March2,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
Amessagefromyourinstructor...
Dot(orScalar)Product
VectorDotProduct
LetvectorsA= (2, 1, 4) ,B =
Calculatethefollowing:
(3, 0, 1)
,andC =
(1, 1, 2)
PartA
Hint1.Rememberthedotproductequation
IfM =
(M x , M y , M z )
andN =
(Nx , Ny , Nz )
,then
M N = M x Nx + M y Ny + M z Nz
ANSWER:
= 10
A B
Correct
PartB
Whatistheangle AB betweenAandB?
Expressyouranswerusingonesignificantfigure.
Hint1.Rememberthedefinitionofdotproducts
A B = |A | |B| cos()
,where istheanglebetweenAandB.
ANSWER:
AB
= 2 radians
Correct
PartC
ANSWER:
= 30
2B 3C
Correct
PartD
ANSWER:
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2(B 3C )
= 30
Correct
PartE
Whichofthefollowingcanbecomputed?
Hint1.Dotproductoperator
Thedotproductoperatesonlyontwovectors.Thedotproductofavectorandascalarisnotdefined.
ANSWER:
A B C
A (B C )
A (B + C )
3A
Correct
PartF
ExpressyouranswerintermsofV1
Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweenavectoranditself?
Theanglebetweenavectoranditselfis0.
Hint2.Rememberthedefinitionofdotproducts
A B = |A | |B| cos()
,where istheanglebetweenAandB.
ANSWER:
Correct
PartG
IfV 1 andV 2 areperpendicular,
Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweenperpendicularvectors?
Theanglebetweenvectorsthatareperpendicularisequalto/2 radiansor90degrees.
ANSWER:
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V 1 V 2 cos(
Correct
PartH
IfV 1 andV 2 areparallel,
ExpressyouranswerintermsofV1 andV2 .
Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweenparallelvectors?
Theanglebetweenvectorsthatareparallelisequalto0.
ANSWER:
V
V1 V2
Correct
Amessagefromyourinstructor...
DefinitionofWork
AllWorkandNoPlay
LearningGoal:
Tobeabletocalculateworkdonebyaconstantforcedirectedatdifferentanglesrelativetodisplacement
Ifanobjectundergoesdisplacementwhilebeingacteduponbyaforce(orseveralforces),itissaidthatworkisbeing
doneontheobject.Iftheobjectismovinginastraightlineandthedisplacementandtheforceareknown,theworkdone
bytheforcecanbecalculatedas
cos
W = F s = F
s
PartA
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WhatcanbesaidaboutthesignoftheworkdonebytheforceF 1 ?
ANSWER:
Itispositive.
Itisnegative.
Itiszero.
Thereisnotenoughinformationtoanswerthequestion.
Correct
When
= 90
,thecosineof iszero,andthereforetheworkdoneiszero.
PartB
WhatcanbesaidabouttheworkdonebyforceF 2 ?
ANSWER:
Itispositive.
Itisnegative.
Itiszero.
Correct
When0
< < 90
,cos ispositive,andsotheworkdoneispositive.
PartC
TheworkdonebyforceF 3 is
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
When90
,cos isnegative,andsotheworkdoneisnegative.
PartD
TheworkdonebyforceF 4 is
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
PartE
TheworkdonebyforceF 5 is
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ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
PartF
TheworkdonebyforceF 6 is
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
PartG
TheworkdonebyforceF 7 is
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
Inthenextseriesofquestions,youwillusetheformulaW
cos
= F s = F
s
tocalculatetheworkdonebyvariousforcesonanobjectthatmoves160meterstotheright.
PartH
FindtheworkW donebythe18newtonforce.
Usetwosignificantfiguresinyouranswer.Expressyouranswerinjoules.
ANSWER:
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= 2900 J
Correct
PartI
FindtheworkW donebythe30newtonforce.
Usetwosignificantfiguresinyouranswer.Expressyouranswerinjoules.
ANSWER:
W
= 4200 J
Correct
PartJ
FindtheworkW donebythe12newtonforce.
Usetwosignificantfiguresinyouranswer.Expressyouranswerinjoules.
ANSWER:
W
= 1900 J
Correct
PartK
FindtheworkW donebythe15newtonforce.
Usetwosignificantfiguresinyouranswer.Expressyouranswerinjoules.
ANSWER:
W
= 1800 J
Correct
Exercise6.8
Aloadedgrocerycartisrollingacrossaparkinglotinastrongwind.YouapplyaconstantforceF = ( 28N)^
i ( 41
^
N )j
tothecartasitundergoesadisplacements =
^
9.1m)^
i ( 3.3m)j .
PartA
Howmuchworkdoestheforceyouapplydoonthegrocerycart?
Expressyouranswerusingthreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
W
= 120 J
Correct
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WorkfromaConstantForce
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandhowtocomputetheworkdonebyaconstantforceactingonaparticlethatmovesinastraightline.
Inthisproblem,youwillcalculatetheworkdonebyaconstantforce.AforceisconsideredconstantifF ( r ) is
independentofr .ThisisthemostfrequentlyencounteredsituationinelementaryNewtonianmechanics.
PartA
ConsideraparticlemovinginastraightlinefrominitialpointBtofinalpointA,acteduponbyaconstantforceF .In
thefiguretheforceisindicatedbyaseriesofidentical
vectorspointingtotheleft,paralleltothehorizontalaxis.
Thevectorsareallidenticaltoreflecttheideathatthe
forceisconstanteverywherealongthepath.The
magnitudeoftheforceisF ,andthedisplacementvector
frompointBtopointAisL(ofmagnitudeL,makingan
angle (radians)withthepositivexaxis).FindW BA ,the
workthattheforceF performsontheparticleasitmoves
frompointBtopointA.
ExpresstheworkintermsofL,F ,and .Remember
touseradians,notdegrees,foranyanglesthat
appearinyouranswer.
Hint1.Formulaforworkdonebyaconstantforce
ForaparticlesubjectedtoaconstantforceF alongastraightpathrepresentedbythedisplacementvector
,thenetworkdonebyF isF L.
Hint2.FindtheanglebetweenF andL
YouneedtofindtheanglebetweenthevectorF ,whichisdirectedhorizontallytotheleft,andthevectorL
inthedirectionoftheparticle'smotion(atanangle (radians)relativetothepositivexaxis).Itmayhelpto
visualizeF directedalongthenegativexaxisattheorigin.Whatistheangle betweenF andL?
Expressyouranswerinradians,notdegrees.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
W BA
F Lcos( )
Correct
Thisresultisworthremembering!TheworkdonebyaconstantforceofmagnitudeF ,whichactsatanangleof
withrespecttothedirectionofmotionalongastraightpathoflengthL ,isW BA = F L cos() .This
equationcorrectlygivesthesigninthisproblem.Since istheanglewithrespecttothepositivexaxis(in
radians), = hencecos() = cos( ) = cos() .
PartB
NowconsiderthesameforceF actingonaparticlethattravelsfrompointAtopointB.ThedisplacementvectorL
nowpointsintheoppositedirectionasitdidinPartA.FindtheworkW AB donebyF inthiscase.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofL,F ,and .
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Hint1.Aphysicalargument
Theeasiestargumenttomakeisaphysicalone:IftheparticleweretogostraightfrompointAtopointBand
thenbackfrompointBtopointAwiththesameforceacting,thetotalworkdonewouldbezero(i.e.,thegain
inenergyonthewaytopointBduetothisforcewouldbelostonthewayback,andviceversa).Thisholds
forallconservativeforces(butdoesnotholdfornonconservativeforces),andaconstantforceisindeed
conservative.Therefore,W BA + W AB = 0.
ANSWER:
W AB
F Lcos( )
Correct
Exercise6.14
YouapplyaconstantforceF = (68.0 N)^
i + (36.0
is240.0 counterclockwisefromthe+x axis.
^
N) j
toa420kg carasthecartravels40.0minadirectionthat
PartA
Howmuchworkdoestheforceyouapplydoonthecar?
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
W
= 113J
Correct
Amessagefromyourinstructor...
WorkEnergyTheorem
WorkEnergyTheoremReviewed
LearningGoal:
Reviewtheworkenergytheoremandapplyittoasimpleproblem.
IfyoupushaparticleofmassM inthedirectioninwhichitisalreadymoving,youexpecttheparticle'sspeedto
increase.IfyoupushwithaconstantforceF ,thentheparticlewillacceleratewith
accelerationa = F /M (fromNewton's2ndlaw).
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accelerationa
= F /M
(fromNewton's2ndlaw).
PartA
Enteraoneortwowordanswerthatcorrectlycompletesthefollowingstatement.
Iftheconstantforceisappliedforafixedintervaloftimet,thenthe_____oftheparticlewillincreasebyanamount
at.
Hint1.Kinematicequationsrecalled
Recallthekinematicequations
v = u + at ;
s = ut +
v
= u
1
2
at
+ 2as
ANSWER:
velocity
Correct
PartB
Enteraoneortwowordanswerthatcorrectlycompletesthefollowingstatement.
IftheconstantforceisappliedoveragivendistanceD,alongthepathoftheparticle,thenthe_____oftheparticle
willincreasebyF D.
ANSWER:
energy
Correct
TheworkW doneontheparticlebytheforceF overthedistanceDisF D.
PartC
IftheinitialkineticenergyoftheparticleisKi ,anditsfinalkineticenergyisKf ,expressKf intermsofKi andthe
workW doneontheparticle.
ANSWER:
Kf
W + Ki
Correct
Thisistheworkenergytheorem,oftenwrittenW = Kf Ki .Itis,essentially,astatementofenergy
conservationthatdoesnotincludepotentialenergyexplicitly.Allforcesevenconservativeforceslikegravity
contributetothework.
PartD
Ingeneral,theworkdonebyaforceF iswrittenas
W =
f
i
dr .
F (r )
Now,considerwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse:
Thedotproductassuresthattheintegrandisalwaysnonnegative.
Thedotproductindicatesthatonlythecomponentoftheforceperpendiculartothepathcontributesto
theintegral.
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Thedotproductindicatesthatonlythecomponentoftheforceparalleltothepathcontributestothe
integral.
Entertfortrueorfforfalseforeachstatement.Separateyourresponseswithcommas(e.g.,t,f,t).
ANSWER:
f,f,t
Correct
PartE
Assumethattheparticlehasinitialspeedv i .FinditsfinalkineticenergyKf intermsofv i ,M ,F ,andD.
Hint1.Findtheinitialkineticenergy
ExpresstheinitialkineticenergyKi intermsoftheparticle'sinitialvelocityv i anditsmassM .
ANSWER:
Ki
.5M v i
ANSWER:
Kf
.5M v i
+ FD
Correct
PartF
Whatisthefinalspeedoftheparticle?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofKf andM .
ANSWER:
vf
2K f
M
Correct
WorkonaSlidingBlock
Ablockofweightw sitsonafrictionlessinclinedplane,whichmakesanangle withrespecttothehorizontal,as
shown.AforceofmagnitudeF ,appliedparalleltotheincline,pullstheblockuptheplaneatconstantspeed.
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PartA
TheblockmovesadistanceLuptheincline.Theblockdoesnotstopaftermovingthisdistancebutcontinuesto
movewithconstantspeed.WhatisthetotalworkW tot doneontheblockbyallforces?(Includeonlytheworkdone
aftertheblockhasstartedmoving,nottheworkneededtostarttheblockmovingfromrest.)
Expressyouranswerintermsofgivenquantities.
Hint1.Whatphysicalprincipletouse
Tofindthetotalworkdoneontheblock,usetheworkenergytheorem:
W tot = Kf Ki .
Hint2.Findthechangeinkineticenergy
Whatisthechangeinthekineticenergyoftheblock,fromthemomentitstartsmovinguntilithasbeen
pulledadistanceL?Rememberthattheblockispulledatconstantspeed.
Hint1.Considerkineticenergy
Iftheblock'sspeeddoesnotchange,itskineticenergycannotchange.
ANSWER:
Kf Ki
= 0
ANSWER:
W tot
= 0
Correct
PartB
WhatisW g ,theworkdoneontheblockbytheforceofgravityastheblockmovesadistanceLuptheincline?
Expresstheworkdonebygravityintermsoftheweightw andanyotherquantitiesgivenintheproblem
introduction.
Hint1.Forcediagram
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Hint2.Forceofgravitycomponent
Whatisthecomponentoftheforceofgravityinthedirectionoftheblock'sdisplacement(alongtheinclined
plane)?
Expressyouranswerintermsofw and .
Hint1.Relativedirectionoftheforceandthemotion
Rememberthattheforceofgravityactsdowntheplane,whereastheblock'sdisplacementisdirected
uptheplane.
ANSWER:
F g||
wsin()
ANSWER:
Wg
wLsin()
Correct
PartC
WhatisW F ,theworkdoneontheblockbytheappliedforceF astheblockmovesadistanceLuptheincline?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofF andothergivenquantities.
Hint1.Howtofindtheworkdonebyaconstantforce
Rememberthattheworkdoneonanobjectbyaparticularforceistheintegralofthedotproductoftheforce
andtheinstantaneousdisplacementoftheobject,overthepathfollowedbytheobject.Inthiscase,sincethe
forceisconstantandthepathisastraightsegmentoflengthLuptheinclinedplane,thedotproduct
becomessimplemultiplication.
ANSWER:
WF
FL
Correct
PartD
WhatisW normal ,theworkdoneontheblockbythenormalforceastheblockmovesadistanceLuptheinclined
plane?
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Expressyouranswerintermsofgivenquantities.
Hint1.Firststepincomputingthework
Theworkdonebythenormalforceisequaltothedotproductoftheforcevectorandtheblock's
displacementvector.Thenormalforceandtheblock'sdisplacementvectorareperpendicular.Therefore,
whatistheirdotproduct?
ANSWER:
= 0
N L
ANSWER:
W normal
= 0
Correct
WorkandKineticEnergy
Twoblocksofice,onefourtimesasheavyastheother,areatrestonafrozenlake.Apersonpusheseachblockthe
samedistanced .IgnorefrictionandassumethatanequalforceF isexertedoneachblock.
PartA
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutthekineticenergyoftheheavierblockafterthepush?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Theworkenergytheoremstatesthatthechangeinkineticenergyofanobjectequalsthenetworkdoneon
thatobject:
W total = K .
Theworkdoneonanobjectcanalsoberelatedtothedistanced thattheobjectmoveswhilebeingactedon
byaforceF :
W = F d
Hint2.Findtheworkdoneoneachblock
Whatcanbesaidaboutthenetworkdoneontheheavierblock?
ANSWER:
Itisgreaterthantheworkdoneonthelighterblock.
Itisequaltotheworkdoneonthelighterblock.
Itislessthantheworkdoneonthelighterblock.
ANSWER:
Itissmallerthanthekineticenergyofthelighterblock.
Itisequaltothekineticenergyofthelighterblock.
Itislargerthanthekineticenergyofthelighterblock.
Itcannotbedeterminedwithoutknowingtheforceandthemassofeachblock.
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Correct
Theworkenergytheoremstatesthatthechangeinkineticenergyofanobjectequalsthenetworkdoneonthat
object.Theonlyforcedoingworkontheblocksistheforcefromtheperson,whichisthesameinbothcases.
Sincetheinitialkineticenergyofeachblockiszero,bothblockshavethesamefinalkineticenergy.
PartB
Comparedtothespeedoftheheavierblock,whatisthespeedofthelightblockafterbothblocksmovethesame
distanced ?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
InPartA,youdeterminedthatthekineticenergyoftheheavierblockwasthesameasthatofthelighter
block.Relatethistothespeedoftheblocks.
Hint2.Proportionalreasoning
Proportionalreasoningbecomeseasierwithpractice.Firstrelatethekineticenergiesoftheblockstoeach
other.Toaccomplishthis,letthesubscripthrefertotheheavierblockandthesubscript tothelighterblock.
Now
Kh = K
canbewrittenas
1
2
m h (v h )
1
2
m (v )
Theproblemstatesthattheheavierblockisfourtimeasmassiveasthelighterblock.Thiscanbe
representedbytheexpression
m h = 4m
Substitutingthisexpressionintotheexpressionforkineticenergyyields
1
2
(4m )(v h )
1
2
m (v )
Howmanytimeslargerthanv 2h isv 2 ?
ANSWER:
v
= 4 v 2h
ANSWER:
onequarterasfast
halfasfast
thesamespeed
twiceasfast
fourtimesasfast
Correct
Sincethekineticenergyofthelighterblockisequaltothekineticenergyoftheheavierblock,thelighterblock
mustbemovingfasterthantheheavierblock.
PartC
NowassumethatbothblockshavethesamespeedafterbeingpushedwiththesameforceF .Whatcanbesaid
aboutthedistancesthetwoblocksarepushed?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
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Theworkenergytheoremstatesthatthechangeinkineticenergyofanobjectequalsthenetworkdoneon
thatobject:
W total = K .
Theworkdoneonanobjectcanalsoberelatedtothedistanced thattheobjectmoveswhilebeingactedon
byaforceF :
W = F d
Hint2.Relatethekineticenergiesoftheblocks
Letthesubscripthrefertotheheavierblockandthesubscript tothelighterblock.Whatistheratio
Kh
Hint1.Thekineticenergies
Torelatethekineticenergiesoftheblockstoeachother,recallthat
vh = v
and
m h = 4m
ANSWER:
Kh
K
= 4
Hint3.Comparetheamountofworkdoneoneachblock
Intheprevioushint,youfoundthatKh
workdoneonthelighterblock,
Wh
W
= 4K
.Whatistheratiooftheworkdoneontheheavyblocktothe
ANSWER:
Wh
W
ANSWER:
Theheavyblockmustbepushed16timesfartherthanthelightblock.
Theheavyblockmustbepushed4timesfartherthanthelightblock.
Theheavyblockmustbepushed2timesfartherthanthelightblock.
Theheavyblockmustbepushedthesamedistanceasthelightblock.
Theheavyblockmustbepushedhalfasfarasthelightblock.
Correct
Becausetheheavierblockhasfourtimesthemassofthelighterblock,whenthetwoblockstravelwiththe
samespeed,theheavierblockwillhavefourtimesasmuchkineticenergy.Theworkenergytheoremimplies
thatfourtimesmoreworkmustbedoneontheheavierblockthanonthelighterblock.Sincethesameforceis
appliedtobothblocks,theheavierblockmustbepushedthroughfourtimesthedistanceasthelighterblock.
Exercise6.27
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A12packofOmniCola(mass4.30kg )isinitiallyatrestonahorizontalfloor.Itisthenpushedinastraightlinefor
1.20mbyatraineddogwhoexertsahorizontalforcewithmagnitude36.0N.
PartA
Usetheworkenergytheoremtofindthefinalspeedofthe12packifthereisnofrictionbetweenthe12packand
thefloor.
ANSWER:
v
= 4.48 m/s
Correct
PartB
Usetheworkenergytheoremtofindthefinalspeedofthe12packifthecoefficientofkineticfrictionbetweenthe
12packandtheflooris0.30.
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
v
= 3.6 m/s
Correct
Amessagefromyourinstructor...
Power
Exercise6.51
PartA
Howmanyjoulesofenergydoesa100wattlightbulbuseperhour?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
W
= 3.6105 J
Correct
PartB
Howfastwoulda66kg personhavetoruntohavethatamountofenergy?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
v
= 100 m/s
Correct
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Exercise6.57
Yourjobistolift30kg cratesaverticaldistanceof0.90mfromthegroundontothebedofatruck.
PartA
Howmanycrateswouldyouhavetoloadontothetruckinoneminutefortheaveragepoweroutputyouusetolift
thecratestoequal0.50hp ?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
85 1/min
Correct
PartB
Howmanycratesforanaveragepoweroutputof100W ?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
23 1/min
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis98.6%.
Youreceived108.42outofapossibletotalof110points.
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