Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
METALLURGY
2131904
Chapter 8
Heat Treatment
Prepared by
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Assistant Professor,
Mechanical Engg. Dept.
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology.
Introduction
Definition
Heat Treatment is controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter
their mechanical properties without changing the product shape.
Objectives
Steels are heat treated for one of the following purposes:
1) Softening : Softening is done to reduce strength or hardness,
remove residual stresses, improve toughness, restore ductility, refine
grain size of the steel. Restoring ductility or removing residual
stresses is a necessary operation when a large amount of cold working
is to be performed, such as in a cold-rolling operation or wiredrawing
2) Hardening : Hardening of steels is done to increase the strength and
wear properties. One of the pre-requisites for hardening is sufficient
carbon and alloy content. If there is sufficient Carbon content then the
steel can be directly hardened. Otherwise the surface of the part has
to be Carbon enriched using some diffusion treatment hardening
techniques.
Material modification
Relieving Internal Stresses
Improve machinability
2)
3)
Time in region
indicates
amount of
microconstitu
ent!
Cooling Rate,
R, is Change in
Temp / Time
C/s
This steel is
very
hardenable
100%
Martensite in ~
1 minute of
cooling!
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Time-Temp.-Transformation (T.T.T.)
Diagram
A) Introduction
Iron-Carbon diagram predicts the micro-structure of final
product of Steels or Cast Irons after first stage manufacturing
(casting).
T.T.T. diagram predicts the micro-structure of final product
for Steels or Cast Irons expected after Heat Treatment.
There are different T.T.T. Diagrams for Hypo-eutectoid,
Eutectoid and Hyper-Eutectoid Steels and similarly there are
different T.T.T. Diagrams for different types of Cast Irons.
This diagram is also known as C-Curve, S-Curve or Baines
Curve or Iso-Thermal Transformation diagram.
It is known as C or S curve due to the shape of curves.
It is known as Baines Curve from the name of metallurgist.
It is known as Iso-thermal transformation diagram because it
shows the relationship between temperature and time for isothermal transformation / decomposition of austenite which in
turn decides the resultant properties of steel.
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Time-Temp.-Transformation (T.T.T.)
Diagram
B) Steps to construct T.T.T. diagram
1. Prepare a large no. of small specimens cut from the same
steel bar e.g. Eutectoid Steel bar.
2. Place the specimens in a furnace or molten salt bath
maintained at just above the austenitizing temperature. The
specimens are held at this temperature for long enough time
to form complete austenite.
Time-Temp.-Transformation (T.T.T.)
Diagram
3.
4.
Time-Temp.-Transformation (T.T.T.)
Diagram
After cooling, the microstructures are observed.
6.
A graph of Time in
seconds on X-axis vs. %
of Transformed Austenite
on Y-axis is plotted for one
salt bath say 700OC.
This is one curve.
Similarly there are no. Of
curves depending on no. Of salt
baths say 500OC, 400OC,
250OC, etc.
It should be noted that
each curve has a start point (S)
and a finish point (F). Start
indicates the time when the
austenite started transforming
to other phases whereas F
indicates the time of 100%
completion
of
austenite
transformation (to other phases)
5.
Cooling Curve 1:
Cooling Curve 2:
Isothermal transformation
Salt bath
Harder then CC1
Cooling Curve 3:
Transformation will start at 3 with the formation of coarse pearlite
and finish at 4,
with the formation of medium pearlite Since there is a greater
temperature difference between point 3 and 4 than there is
between 1 and 2,
the structure will show a greater variation in the fineness of
pearlite and a smaller proportion of coarse pearlite as compared to
that of curve-a curve-b involves a faster cooling rate than curve a
(annealing) and may be considered typical of normalizing.
Cooling Curve 4:
This curve is typical of a slow oil quench and the microstructure
will be a mixture of medium and fine pearlite
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Cooling Curve 5:
This curve is typical of an intermediate cooling rate and austenite
will start to transform (at point 5) to fine pearlite as Ms line is
crossed,
the remaining austenite will transform to martensite.
The final structure at room temperature will thus consist of
martensite and fine pearlite.
Cooling Curve 6:
This curve is typical of a drastic quench, the substance remains
austenitic until the Ms line is reached, and changes to martensite
between the Ms, and Mf lines.
Cooling Curve 6(6-8):
It is possible to form I00% pearlite or 100% martensite by
continuous cooling, but it is not possible to form 100% Bainite.
cooling curve-e-f obtains a bainitic structure, by cooling rapidly
enough to miss the nose of curve and then holding in the
temperature range at which bainite is formed until transformation
is complete'
Prof. Naman M. Dave
Cooling Curve 7:
This curve is tangent to the nose of TTT curve.
The cooling rate associated with this curve is approximate
critical cooling rate for this steel.
Any cooling rate equal to or faster than this CCR (cooling rate
(CC-6)) will form only martensite and any cooling rate slower
than CCR (CC- 1 to 4) will form some softer transformation
products such as pearlite or bainite.
Temper Brittleness
After being quenched and tempered steels lose impact resistance and
become brittle, If, after tempering, they are slowly cooled or held for
longer time in temperature range 600-300 C.
Example:
Steel with 3.5%Ni 1.5%Cr
Oil hardened: 810-850 C
Tempering: 150-650 C
Suffer Temper brittleness when tempered in the range: 250-400 C
Low resistance in Izod Test
Burning of Steels
A severely overheated steel
Indicated by the presence of a light etching network outlining the
austenite grain boundaries, when the steel is etched with alcoholic
solution of nitric acid, and of a dark-etching network when picric
acid is used.
The structure in a burnt steel, revealed by etching with nitro
sulphuric acid and ammonium nitrate are the reverse of those
obtained in the overheated steel,
Burning can occur at a temperature well below the solidus of an
alloy- of the same chemical composition
Thank
You
Prof. Naman M. Dave