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foKku
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
CK
CK
vkeq[k
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
jk"Vh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k
tkuk pkfg,A ;g flkar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ izHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt
rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA ubZ jk"Vh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;e vkSj ikB~;
iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk iz;kl gSA bl iz;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d ekcwr nhokj
ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izo`fk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vh;
f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa of.kZr cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,xsA
bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z vkSj v;kid cPpksa dks
dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj lh[kus osQ nkSjku vius vuqHko ij fopkj djus
dk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vkkknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih
xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu dj ldrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa ,oa
lzksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh izo`fk
gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izf;k esa iwjk
Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA
;s ms'; LowQy dh nSfud fkanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ekx djrs gSaA nSfud
le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh k:jh gS] ftruk okf"kZd dSysaMj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k
osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k Hkh bl ckr dks r;
djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk
vuqHko cukus esa fdruh izHkkoh fl gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk ;ku
j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd
lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr ,oa cgl vkSj gkFk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa dks
izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy,
rKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ge foKku ,oa xf.kr ikB~;iqLrd lykgdkj lewg osQ v;{k izksI +ksQlj t;ar fo".kq
ukyhZdj vkSj bl iqLrd dh lykgdkj MkW- ,u- jRuJh osQ fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSaA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl
esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ izkpk;ks osQ vkHkkjh gSaA
ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ izfr rK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalk/uksa] lkexzh rFkk lg;ksfx;ksa dh
enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ek;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalkku fodkl
ea=kky; }kjk izksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa izksI+ksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh v;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr
(ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, kU;okn nsrs gSaA
O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ izfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa ,oa
lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn yh tk losQA
ubZ fnYyh
20 fnlacj 2005
funs'kd
jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku
vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
CK
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
tt
no
CK
CK
CK
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
eq[; lykgdkj
,u- jRuJh] funsZf'kdk] usg: rkjkeaMy] rhu ewfrZ Hkou] ubZ fnYyhA
lfefr lnL;
lh-oh- f'kezs] izoDrk] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyhA
Mh- yfgjh] izksI+ksQlj (vodk'k izkIr)] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyhA
th-ih- ikaMs;] mkjk[kaM lsok fuf/] i;kZoj.k f'k{kk laLFkku] tk[kku nsoh] vyeksM+k] mkjkapyA
g"kZ oqQekjh] gsMfeLVsl] lh-vkbZ-bZ- izk;ksfxd cqfu;knh fo|ky;] f'k{kk foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA
ts-,l- fxy] izksI+ksQlj] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyhA
t;Jh flDdk] lgk;d izksisQlj] ouLifr foKku foHkkx] ih-,e-ch- xqtjkrh foKku dkWyst] bankSjA
dY;k.kh ".kk] izokpd] ouLifr foKku foHkkx] Jh osaDVs'oj dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyhA
yfyrk lh- oqQekj] izokpd (jlk;u foKku)] LowQy vkWiQ lkbal] bafnjk xkkh jk"Vh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyhA
uhjtk jk?kou] ys[kd] xYlZ ,tqds'ku Iyl] caxyksjA
ih- ,l- ;kno] izksisQlj] tho foKku foHkkx] ef.kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] bEiQkyA
vkj-osQ- ikjk'kj] izoDrk] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyhA
jpuk xxZ] izoDrk] lh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh- ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyhA
jatuk vxzoky] eq[; oSKkfud ,oa v;{k] Mh- ,iQ- Vh-] Hkkjrh; f"k lkaf[;dh 'kks/ laLFkku] vkbZ-,-vkj-vkbZ
oSQail] iwlk] ubZ fnYyhA
lqfuyk elhg] v;kfidk] fe=kk th-,p-,l- LowQy] lqgkxiqj] ih-vks-] gkS'kaxkckn] e; izns'kA
lqfurk eYgks=kk] izksI+ksQlj (jlk;u foKku)] LowQy vkWiQ lkbal] bafnjk xkkh jk"Vh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyhA
oh-ih- JhokLro] izokpd] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyhA
vkj- tks'kh] izoDrk (lysD'ku xzsM)] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyhA
no
tt
fganh vuqoknd
dUgS;k yky] izkpk;Z (vodk'kizkIr)] f'k{kk funs'kky;] jk"Vh; jkt/kuh {ks=k] fnYyh ljdkj] fnYyhA
jkt xksiky 'kekZ] ijke'kZnkrk (foKku)] foKku osaQnz] uacj&2] olar fogkj] ubZ fnYyhA
ts- ih- vxzoky] izkpk;Z (vodk'kizkIr)] f'k{kk funs'kky;] jk"Vh; jkt/kuh {ks=k] fnYyh ljdkj] fnYyhA
lqys[k panz] izokpd] kkfdj gqlSu dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA
fot; oqQekj] iz/kuk;kid] jktdh; loksZn; lg&f'k{kk lhfu;j lsosaQMjh LowQy] vkuan fogkj] fnYyhA
leUo;d&lnL;
vkj- ,l- fla/q] izokpd] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyhA
CK
CK
vkHkkj
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuqlakku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ foKku] d{kk 6 dh ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsus okys
mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa] fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa] f'k{kdksa ,oa foHkkxh; lnL;ksa osQ izfr rKrk Kkfir djrh gS ftUgksaus
bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa lf; lg;ksx fn;k gSA
bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl rFkk leh{kk osQ fy, ifj"kn~ lq"kek fdj.k lsfr;k] izpk;Z] loksZn; dU;k
fo|ky;] gfjuxj] ubZ fnYyh_ eksfguh fcanzk] izkpk;Z ] jketl LowQy] iwlk jksM] ubZ fnYyh_ Mh- osQ- osnh]
izkpk;Z] ,sihts lhfu;j lsosaQMjh LowQy] ihreiqjk] ubZ fnYyh_ pkn ohj flag] izoDrk (tho foKku)]
th-ch-,l-,l- LowQy] jktkSjh xkMZu] ubZ fnYyh_ uhye eksaxk] Vh-th-Vh- (foKku)] osaQnzh; fo|ky;]
tudiqjh] ubZ fnYyh_ js.kqdk enku] Vh-th-Vh- (HkkSfrdh)] ,vj iQkslZ xksYMu tqcyh baLVhV~;wV] lqczksrks
ikoZQ] fnYyh oSaQV_ ih-osQ- Hk^kpk;Z] izksI+ksQlj (vodk'k izkIr) oaQLyVsaV] Mh-bZ-,l-,e] vkSj lq[kohj flag]
izokpd] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyh dk kU;okn djrh gSA
ikaMqfyfi dh leh{kk esa Hkkxhnkjh djus okys fuEufyf[kr lgHkkfx;ksa osQ izfr ifj"kn~ vkHkkj O;Dr
djrh gS% fouksn jS.kk] lnL;] us'kuy eksusVfjax desVh] Hkkjr Kku&foKku lfefr] lkosQr] ubZ fnYyh_
vferkHk eq[kthZ] izksI +ksQlj ,oa funs'kd] lsaVj iQkWj lkbal ,tqosQ'ku ,aM dE;wuhosQ'ku (lh-,l-bZ-lh-)]
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh_ lfo=kh flag] izkpk;Z] vkpk;Z ujsanz nso dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]
fnYyh_ ,e-,e- diwj] izksI+ksQlj] lsaVj iQksj lkbal ,tqosQ'ku ,aM dE;wuhosQ'ku (lh-,l-bZ-lh-)] fnYyh
fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh_ vkj-,e- gkWysu] lsaVj iQksj lkbal ,tqosQ'ku ,aM dE;wuhosQ'ku (lh-,l-bZ-lh-)]
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh_ Mh-,- feJk] izkpk;Z (vodk'k izkIr)] (lh-,l-bZ-lh- }kjk ukfer)] f'k{kk
funs'kky;] ljLorh fogkj] ubZ fnYyh_ pk: oekZ] izoDrk] (lh-,l-bZ-lh- }kjk ukfer) MkbZV] ihreiqjk]
fnYyhA
ikaMqfyfi osQ fodkl osQ fofHkUu pj.kksa esa lq>koksa ,oa lg;ksx osQ fy, ifj"kn~ vjfoan oqQekj] izksI+ksQlj
,oa funs'kd] gkseh HkkHkk lsaVj iQkWj lkbal ,tqosQ'ku] eqacbZ vkSj lh-,l-bZ-lh- rFkk gkseh HkkHkk lsaVj iQkWj
lkbal ,tqosQ'ku osQ fo'ks"kKksa osQ izfr rKrk Kkfir djrh gSA
fganh :ikarj.k osQ iqujkoyksdu] laiknu ,oa vafre Lo:i osQ fy, ifj"kn~ fuEufyf[kr O;fDr;ksa osQ
izfr Hkh vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gS% 'ksj flag] v;kid (HkkSfrdh)] uo;qx LowQy] ykskh jksM] ubZ fnYyh_
t;ohj flag] ih-th-Vh- (HkkSfrdh)] gksyh kWl LowQy] utI+kQx<+] ubZ fnYyh vkSj lrh'k panz lDlsuk] iwoZ
mifuns'kd] oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyhA
'kSf{kd ,oa iz'kklfud lg;ksx rFkk ekxZn'kZu osQ fy, ifj"kn~ izksisQlj ,e- pUnzk] foHkkxk;{kk]
Mh-bZ-,l-,e- dh fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSA izdk'ku dk;Z esa lf; lg;ksx osQ fy, ifj"kn~ nhid diwj] izHkkjh]
oaQI;wVj LVs'ku] Mh-bZ-,l-,e-_ jkts'k oqQekj ^ek>h*] dkWih ,fMVj_ lrh'k oqQekj feJk ,oa lhek ;kno]
izwiQ jhMlZ_ eksgEen v;wc jkk feLckgh ,oa vjfoan 'kekZ Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVlZ_ Mh-bZ-,l-,e- osQ ,-ih-lhdk;kZy; rFkk Mh-bZ-,l-,e- ,oa ifj"kn osQ iz'kkldh; deZpkfj;ksa osQ izfr gkfnZd :i ls vkHkkj izdV
djrh gSA
bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa izdk'ku foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dk lg;ksx iz'kaluh; gSA
CK
CK
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
lsok esa]
v;{k]
foKku ,oa xf.kr f'k{kk foHkkx]
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] Jh vjfoan ekxZ]
ubZ fnYyh & 110016
CK
CK
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku
Hkkx 4d
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
vuqPNsn 51 d
no
tt
ewy drZO; & Hkkjr osQ izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g drZO; gksxk fd og &
(d) lafo/ku dk ikyu djs vkSj mlosQ vkn'kks] laLFkkvksa] jk"Vot vkSj jk"Vxku dk vknj
djs_
([k) Lora=krk osQ fy, gekjs jk"Vh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mPp vkn'kks dks n;
esa latks, j[ks vkSj mudk ikyu djs_
(x) Hkkjr dh laizHkqrk] ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh j{kk djs vkSj mls v{kq..k cuk, j[ks_
(?k) ns'k dh j{kk djs vkSj vkg~oku fd, tkus ij jk"V dh lsok djs_
() Hkkjr osQ lHkh yksxksa esa lejlrk vkSj leku Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k djs tks
/eZ] Hkk"kk vkSj izns'k ;k oxZ ij vkkkfjr lHkh HksnHkkoksa ls ijs gks] ,slh izFkkvksa dk
R;kx djs tks efgykvksa osQ lEeku osQ fo#n~/ gkas_
(p) gekjh lkekfld laLd` fr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk dk egRRo le>s vkSj mldk ifjj{k.k
djs_
(N) izkd` frd i;kZoj.k dh] ftlds varxZr ou] >hy] unh vkSj oU; tho gSa] j{kk djs vkSj
mldk laokZu djs rFkk izkf.kek=k osQ izfr n;kHkko j[ks_
(t) oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] ekuookn vkSj KkuktZu rFkk lq/kj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djs_
(>) lkoZtfud laifRr daaks lqjf{kr j[ks vkSj fgalk ls nwj jgs_
(k) O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd xfrfof/;ksa osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa mRd"kZ dh vksj c<+us dk lrr~
iz;kl djs] ftlls jk"V fujarj c<+rs gq, iz;Ru vkSj miyfC/ dh ubZ mQpkb;ksa dks Nw
losQ_ vkSj
(V) ;fn ekrk&firk ;k laj{kd gS] Ng o"kZ ls pkSng o"kZ rd dh vk;q okys vius]
;FkkfLFkfr] ckyd ;k izfrikY; dks f'k{kk osQ volj iznku djsA
CK
CK
fo"k;&lwph
vkeq[k
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
iii
v;k; 2
Hkkstu osQ ?kVd
v;k; 3
rarq ls oL=k rd
18
v;k; 4
oLrqvksa osQ lewg cukuk
26
v;k; 5
inkFkks dk i`FkDdj.k
35
v;k; 6
gekjs pkjksa vksj osQ ifjorZu
46
v;k; 7
ikS/ksa dks tkfu,
52
v;k; 8
'kjhj esa xfr
66
v;k; 9
ltho ,oa mudk ifjos'k
79
no
tt
v;k; 1
Hkkstu % ;g dgk ls vkrk gS\
CK
CK
v;k; 10
xfr ,oa nwfj;ksa dk ekiu
95
107
v;k; 12
fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
116
v;k; 13
pqacdksa }kjk euksjatu
125
v;k; 14
ty
136
v;k; 15
gekjs pkjksa vksj ok;q
147
v;k; 16
dpjk & laxzg.k ,oa fuiVku
155
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
v;k; 11
izdk'k& Nk;k, ,oa ijkorZu
CK
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
fo|kFkhZ@nksLr dk uke
f;kdyki 2
dPph lkexzh
jksVh@pikrh
vkVk] ty
nky
f;kdyki 3
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
lkj.kh 1-2 esa lwphc oqQN dPph lkexzh tSls iQy vkSj lCth
osQ lzksr dk vuqeku yxkuk gekjs fy, cgqr vklku gks ldrk gSA
;g dgk ls vkrs gSa\ fuf'pr~ :i ls ikS/ksa lsA xsgw vkSj pkoy dk
D;k lzksr gS\ vkius kku vkSj xsgw osQ [ksrksa esa muosQ ikS/ksa dh
vusd iafDr;k ns[kh gksaxhA buls gesa vukk kIr gksrs gSaA
oqQN vU; [kk| inkFkZ tSls] nw/] vaMk] eqxkZ] eNyh] >haxk]
ekal vkfn gesa tarqvksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA
vkb,] ge iwoZ lwphc [kk| inkFkks ,oa muosQ
la?kVdksa osQ lzksr tkuus dk iz;kl djsaA oqQN mnkgj.k
lkj.kh 1-3 esa fn, x, gSa] oqQN vkSj mnkgj.k bl
lwph esa tksfM+,A blosQ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
bMyh
dPph lkexzh
pkoy
lzksr
ikS/k (ikni)
mM+n dh nky
ued
ty
fpdu djh
tarq
elkyk
tt
no
fpdu
rsy@?kh
ikS/s@tarq
ty
[khj
nw/
tarq
pkoy
ikS/k
phuh
2
foKku
iq"i
dh fi_h esa Mqcksdj o
rydj idkSMh+ cukdj
[kk;k gS\ bldk iz;Ru
dhft,A
dyh
oqQN ikS/ksa osQ nks
ruk
;k nks ls vf/d Hkkx ikh
[kkus ;ksX; gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ljlksa
osQ cht ls gesa rsy
kIr gksrk gS ,oa bldh
tM+sa
ifk;kas dk mi;ksx lkx
cukus osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA D;k vki osQys
osQ ikS/s osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa
osQ ckjs esas lksp ldrs gSa ftUgsa ge Hkkstu osQ :i esa ysrs
gS\a D;k vki fdlh vU; ikSks osQ ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSa
ftlosQ nks ;k vf/d Hkkx [kk, tkrs gSa\
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 4
no
tt
la?kVd@lzksr
cSaxu
fepZ&elkys osQ :i esa (dksbZ
vU;)
rsy] ewxiQyh] ljlksa] lks;kchu
;k fdlh vU; ikS/s ls
cht
2.
3.
f;kdyki 5
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
D;k vkiosQ ?kj esa dksbZ ,slk ikyrw i'kq gS] ftldh
vki ns[kHkky djrs gks\ oqQkk] fcYyh] HkSal ;k
cdjh\ fiQj vkidks bldh tkudkjh Hkh vo';
gksxh fd vkidk ikyrw tkuoj D;k [kkrk gS\
vU; tarq D;k [kkrs gSa\ D;k vkius dHkh fxygjh]
dcwrj] fNidyh ;k NksVs&ls dhV dks [kkuk [kkrs
ns[kk gS\
foKku
f;kdyki 7
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 6
fcYyh
pwgk
'ksj
ck?k
edM+h
fNidyh
lkj.kh 1-6
'kkdkgkjh
ekalkgkjh
lokZgkjh
Xkk;
'ksj
dkSvk
no
xk;
tt
HkSal
euq";
frryh
dkSvk
vU;
la?kVd
[kk|
edjan
vaoqQfjr cht
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
'kkdkgkjh
ekalkgkjh
lokZgkjh
Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu izns'kksa esa [kk, tkus okys Hkkstu esa cgqr vf/d fofo/rk gSA
gekjs Hkkstu osQ eq[; lzksr ikS/s rFkk tarq gSaA
tks tarq osQoy ikni [kkrs gSa] mUgsa 'kkdkgkjh dgrs gSaA
tks tarq osQoy tarqvksa dks [kkrs gSa] mUgsa ekalkgkjh dgrs gSaA
tks tarq ikni rFkk nwljs izk.kh] nksuksa dks gh [kkrs gSa] mUgsa lokZgkjh dgrs gSaA
no
tt
1- D;k lHkh thoksa dks ,d gh fdLe osQ Hkkstu dh vko';drk gksrh gS\
2- ikp ikS/ksa osQ uke fyf[k, rFkk crkb, buosQ dkSu&ls Hkkx dk mi;ksx [kk| inkFkZ osQ :i esa
gksrk gSA
3- dkWye 1 esa fn, x, [kk| inkFkZ dk feyku dkWye 2 ls dhft,%
dkWye 1
dkWye 2
lfCt;k gSa
'kkdkgkjh
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
1- vkius vius ?kj osQ vkl&ikl fxjfxV dks vo'; gh ns[kk gksxkA vxyh ckj tc vki
bls ns[ksa rks bldk ;kuiwoZd voyksdu djsa rFkk irk yxk, fd ;g D;k [kkrk gSA D;k
bldk Hkkstu fNidyh ls fHkUu gS\
2- Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu izns'kksa esa [kk, tkus okys fofHkUu [kk| inkFkks dh ,d lwph cuk,
(fp=k lfgr] ;fn laHko gks)A bUgsa Hkkjr osQ cM+s ekufp=k ij vafdr dj viuh d{kk
esa izn'kZu gsrq yxk,A
3- mu tyh; ikS/ksa osQ uke fyf[k, ftuosQ mRikn [kk| osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA
tt
4- v;k; 10 esa vki o&js[kkvksa dh yackbZ ekius osQ mik; tkusaxsA vki viuh xf.kr
dh d{kk esa LraHk&xzkiQ cukuk lh[ksaxsA bUgsa lh[kus osQ ckn vki uhps nh xbZ #fpdj
ifj;kstuk dks djus dk iz;kl dhft,A v;k; esa fn, rjhosQ ls oqQN vaoqQfjr ewax
rS;kj dhft,A bUgsa ,d lIrkg rd mxus nhft,A vki ns[ksaxs fd iw.kZ cht vc ,d
uUgk ikS/k cu x;k gSA kkxs dh lgk;rk ls izfrfnu vki vaoqQjksa dh yackbZ ukisaA ukirs
le; ;ku nsa fd vaoqQj VwVs ughaA vc ,d LraHk&xzkiQ cuk, ftlesa yackbZ dh fofHkUu
lhekvksa esa vaoqQjksa dh la[;k gksA
no
D;k vkiosQ vkl&ikl osQ lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks [kkus osQ fy, i;kZIr Hkkstu miyC/ gS\ ;fn
ugha rks D;ksa\
( [k)
2
v
f;kdyki 1
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
nky@ekal dk O;atu
lfCt;k
vU; O;atu
eDosQ dh jksVh
jktek
ljlksa dk lkx
ngh] ?kh
pkoy
oqaQn:
vUu dk O;atu
no
{ks=k@jkT;
tt
iatkc
vka/zizns'k
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
;k tarv
q ksa ls feyrs gSAa bl dPph lkexzh osQ la?kVd
D;k gS\a bl dPph lkexzh esa gekjs 'kjhj osQ fy, oqQN
vko';d ?kVd gksrs gaAS bu ?kVdkas dks ge iks"kd
dgrs gSAa gekjs Hkkstu esa eq[; Ikks"kd dkcksgZ kbMVs ]
izkVs hu] olk] foVkfeu rFkk [kfut&yo.k gSAa blosQ
vfrfjDr gekjs Hkkstu esa #{kka'k rFkk ty Hkh 'kkfey
gS]a ftudh gekjs 'kjhj dks vko';drk gSA
D;k lHkh [kk| inkFkks esa ;s lHkh iks"kd miyC/
gksrs gaS\ oqQN lk/kj.k fof/;ksa ls ge ;g tku
ldrs gSa fd dPph lkexzh ;k iosQ gq, Hkkstu esa
dkSu&lk ,d ;k vf/d iks"kd mifLFkr gSA
dkcksZgkbMsV] izksVhu rFkk olk osQ ijh{k.k] vU;
iks"kdksa osQ ijh{k.kkas dh vis{kk ljy gaSA vkb,]
ge bu ijh{k.kkas dks djosQ izs{k.kkas dks lkj.kh 2-2
esa fy[ksaA
bu ijh{k.kksa dks djus osQ fy, vkidks vk;ksMhu]
dkWij lYisQV rFkk dkWfLVd lksMk foy;uksa dh
vko';drk gksxhA vkidks oqQN ij[kufy;ksa rFkk
,d MkWij dh Hkh vko';drk gksxhA
bu ijh{k.kkas dks iosQ gq, Hkkstu rFkk dPph
lkexzh ij djasA bu ijh{k.kkas ls izkIr izs{k.kkas dks
lkj.kh 2-2 esa n'kkZ, x, rjhosQ ls fy[k ldrs gSaA
bl lkj.kh esa oqQN [kk| inkFkZ n'kkZ, x, gSaA viuk
ijh{k.k bu ij ;k vU; fdlh miyC/ [kk| inkFkZ
ij dj ldrs gSaA bu ijh{k.kkas dks lko/kuh ls
dhft, vkSj fdlh Hkh jlk;u dks [kkus ;k p[kus
dk iz;kl er dhft,A
;fn vko';d foy;u rRdky miYkC/ ugha gSa
rks vkiosQ v;kid fuEu fof/ ls mUgsa rS;kj djk
ldrs gSaA
vkb,] fofHkUu [kk| inkFkks dh tkp djosQ ns[ksa
fd fdlesa dkcksZgkbMsV mifLFkr gSaA dkcksZgkbMsV
dbZ izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA gekjs Hkkstu esa ik, tkus okys
eq[; dkcksZgkbMsV] eaM rFkk 'koZQjk osQ :i esa gksrs
f;kdyki 2
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
izksVhu osQ ijh{k.k osQ fy, fdlh [kk| inkFkZ dh olk osQ fy, ijh{k.k
FkksM+h ek=kk yhft,A ftl [kk| inkFkZ dk ijh{k.k [kk| inkFkZ dh vYi ek=kk yhft,A bls ,d
djuk gS] ;fn og Bksl gS rks igys mldk isLV dkxk osQ VqdM+s esa yisVdj owQfV,A ;ku j[ksa]
vFkok pw.kZ cukus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA [kk|
inkFkZ dh FkksM+h ek=kk dks ihldj ;k
lkfj.kh 2-2 % [kk| inkFkks eas mifLFkr iks"kd
elydj mlosQ pw.kZ dks ,d lkiQ ij[kuyh
[kk| inkFkZ
eaM
izksVhu
olk
esa Mky nsa vkSj nl cwn ty Mkydj mls
(mifLFkr) (mifLFkr) (mifLFkr)
vPNh rjg fgyk,A
dPpk vkyw
gk
vc MkWij dh lgk;rk ls ij[kuyh esa
nw/
gk
nks cwn dkWij lYisQV oQk foy;u rFkk nl
cwn dkfLVd lksMk oQk foy;u Mkfy,
ewxiQyh
gk
(fp=k 2-2)A vPNh rjg fgykdj oqQN
fcuk idk
feuV osQ fy, ij[kuyh dks j[k nhft,A
pkoy (pw.kZ)
vkius D;k ns[kk\ D;k ij[kuyh dk inkFkZ
idk gqvk
pkoy
lw[kk ukfj;y
fcuk idh
vjgj dh
nky (pw.kZ)
no
tt
fdlh lC th
dk ,d VqdM+k
fdlh iQy
dk ,d VqdM+k
mcyk vaMk
(lI+ksQn Hkkx)
foKku
'kdjoaQnh
xUuk
iihrk
xsgw
rjcwt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
vke
pkoy
cktjk
eDdk
fxfj
ewxiQyh
fry
(a)
tt
ekal
no
eNyh
vaMs
(b)
(a)
ikni lzksr
(b)
tarq lzksr
11
ewx
puk
rqvj nky
jktek
eVj
lks;kchu
(a)
ekal
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
;r
ve:n
larjk
eNyh
iuhj
VekVj
fepZ
uhacw
vkoyk
vaMs
(b)
(a)
ikni lzksr
(b)
tarq lzksr
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
f;kdyki 3
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
lkekU;r% iwjs fnu esa tks oqQN Hkh ge [kkrs gSa] mls
vkgkj dgrs gSaA gekjs 'kjhj dh o`f vkSj vPNs
LokLF; dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, gekjs vkgkj esa os
LkHkh iks"kd rRo mfpr ek=kk esa gksus pkfg, ftudh
gekjs 'kjhj dks vko';drk gSA dksbZ Hkh iks"kd rRo
u vko';drk ls vf/d gks vkSj u gh deA gekjs
vkgkj esa i;kZIr ek=kk esa #{kka'k rFkk ty Hkh gksuk
pkfg,A bl izdkj osQ vkgkj oQks larqfyr vkgkj
dgrs gSaA
14
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
15
lkj.kh 2-3 % foVkfeu vkSj [kfut yo.kksa osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k
gksus okys oqQN jksx@fodkj
foVkfeu
vHkkotU; jksx@
fodkj
{kh.krk n`f"Vghurk
y{k.k
deT+kksj n`f"V] va/sjs (jkr) esa
de fn[kkbZ nsuk] dHkh&dHkh
iwjh rjg ls fn[kkbZ nsuk can gks
tkuk
foVkfeu
B 1
csjh&csjh
foVkfeu
LdohZ
foVkfeu
fjosQV~l
oSQfYl;e
vk;ksMhu
?ksa?kk (xkW;Vj)
yksg
larqfyr vkgkj
csjh&csjh
dkWcksZgkbMsV
mQtkZ
olk
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
foVkfeu@
[kfut
vjDrrk
dekksjh
[kfut
iks"kd
izksVhu
#{kka'k
LdohZ
eaM
foVkfeu
no
tt
gekjs Hkkstu osQ eq[; iks"kd roksa osQ uke dkcksZgkbMsV] izksVhu] olk] foVkfeu rFkk
[kfut&yo.k gSaA buosQ vfrfjDr Hkkstu esa vkgkjh js'ks rFkk ty Hkh gksrk gSA
dkcksZgkbMsV rFkk olk gekjs 'kjhj dks eq[; :i ls tkZ iznku djrs gSaA
izksVhu rFkk [kfut&yo.k dh vko';drk gekjs 'kjhj dh o`f rFkk vuqj{k.k osQ fy,
gksrh gSA
foVkfeu gekjs 'kjhj dks jksxksa ls j{kk djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
larqfyr vkgkj esa gekjs 'kjhj osQ fy, vko';d lHkh iks"kd roksa rFkk i;kZIr #{kka'k
vkSj ty mfpr ek=kk esa mifLFkr jgrs gSaA
gekjs vkgkj esa yach vof/ rd ,d vFkok vf/d iks"kd roksa dh U;wurk ls fof'k"V
jksx vFkok fodkj mRiUu gks ldrs gSaA
16
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
tt
1- ,d ckjg c"kZ osQ cPps oQk ,d larqfyr vkgkj&pkVZ rS;kj dhft,A vkgkj&pkVZ esa
mu [kk| inkFkks dks lfEefyr djsa tks [kphZys u gksa rFkk vkiosQ {ks=k esa vklkuh ls
miyC/ gkasA
no
2- ge ;g i<+ pqosQ gSa fd olk dh vR;f/d ek=kk ysuk gekjs 'kjhj osQ fy,
gkfudkjd gSA nwljs iks"kd roksa dk D;k Hkko gksrk gS\ D;k vR;f/d ksVhu vkSj
foVkfeu;qDr vkgkj gekjs 'kjhj osQ fy, gkfudkjd gS\ bu 'uksa osQ mkj osQ fy,
vkgkj ls lacaf/r leL;kvksa osQ fo"k; esa i<+sa vkSj bl fo"k; esa d{kk esa
fopkj&foe'kZ djsaA
3- eosf'k;ksa vkSj ikyrw i'kq }kjk [kk;s tkus okys Hkkstu dh tkp] ;g irk yxkus osQ
fy, djsa fd dkSu&ls iks"kd ro tarqvksa osQ Hkkstu esa gS\ iwjh d{kk ls kIr ifj.kkeksa
dh rqyuk fofHkUu tarqvksa osQ fy, larqfyr vkgkj dh vko';drk ls dhft,A
17
rarq ls oL=k rd
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 2
lwrh diM+s dk ogh VqdM+k pqfu, ftl ij vkius
f;kdyki 1 esa yscy yxk;k FkkA blosQ ,d fljs
ij dksbZ <hyk kkxk ;k rkxk <w<us dk iz;kl dhft,
vkSj bls ckgj [khafp, (fp=k 3-3)A ;fn dksbZ <hyk
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
3-2 rarq
f;kdyki 3
tt
no
rarq ls oL=k rd
19
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
D;k vkius dHkh rsy osQ ySaiksa osQ fy, cfk;k cukbZ
gSa\ bu cfk;ksa dks cukus osQ fy, vki D;k mi;ksx
esa ykrs gSa\ bl #bZ dk mi;ksx xgksa] jtkb;ksa vFkok
rfd;ksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
oqQN #bZ yhft,] bls [khapdj i`Fkd dhft,
vkSj blosQ fdukjksa dks ;ku ls nsf[k,A vkius D;k
izs{k.k fd;k\ ;s NksVh iryh yfM+;k] ftUgsa vki ns[k
jgs gSa] dikl rarqvksa ls cuh gSaA
#bZ dgk ls vkrh gS\ bls [ksrksa esa mxk;k tkrk
gSA lkkkj.kr;k dikl osQ ikSks ogk mxk, tkrs gSa
tgk dh e`nk dkyh rFkk tyok;q m".k gksrh gSA D;k
vki ,sls oqQN jkT;ksa osQ uke crk ldrs gSa tgk
gekjs ns'k esa dikl dh f"k dh tkrh gS\ dikl
ikni osQ iQy (dikl xksyd) yxHkx uhacw dh
eki osQ gksrs gSaA iw.kZ ifjiDo gksus ij cht VwVdj
[kqy tkrs gSa rFkk vc dikl rarqvksa ls <osQ fcukSys
(dikl cht) dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA D;k vkius
,slk dikl&[ksr ns[kk gS tks dikl pqus tkus osQ
fy, rS;kj gks pqdk gS\ bl le; [ksr dikl osQ
ifjiqQYyksa (jksoksa) ls bruk 'osr gks tkrk gS tSls
fge us <d fy;k gks (fp=k 3-6)A
twV (iVlu)
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 4
no
tt
cqukbZ
f;kdyki 5
(a)
(b)
(d)
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(c)
tt
no
foKku
oL=k
rarq
drkbZ
cqukbZ
no
rkxk
tt
#bZ
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
esa oL=kksa dks cukus osQ fy, #bZ rFkk ySDl dh f"k
uhy unh osQ fudVorhZ {ks=kksa esa dh tkrh FkhA
mu fnuksa esa yksxksa dks flykbZ djuk ugha vkrk FkkA
ml le; yksx vius 'kjhj osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks oL=kksa
ls vkPNkfnr dj ysrs FksA os 'kjhj dks vkPNkfnr djus
osQ fy, dbZ fofHkUu <axksa dk mi;ksx djrs FksA flykbZ
dh lqbZ osQ vkfo"dkj osQ lkFk yksxksa us oL=kksa dh flykbZ
djosQ iguus osQ diM+s rS;kj fd,A bl vkfo"dkj osQ
i'pkr flys diM+ksa esa cgqr&lh fofHkUurk, vk xbZ
gSaA ijarq D;k ;g vk'p;Ztud ckr ugha gS fd vkt
Hkh lkfM+;ksa] kksfr;ksa] yqafx;ksa rFkk ixfM+;ksa dk fcuk
flys oL=kksa osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
ftl izdkj leLr ns'k esa [kk, tkus okys Hkkstu
esa vR;fkd fofokrk ns[kus dks feyrh gS] Bhd
mlh izdkj oL=kksa ,oa iguus dh oLrqvksa esa Hkh
vR;fkd fofokrk ikbZ tkrh gSA
rarq ls oL=k rd
23
oL=k&lkexzh vFkok oL=kksa esa fofokrk gksrh gS] tSls lwrh] js'keh] uh vkSj ikWfy,LVjA
oL=k rkxksa ls curs gSa ftUgsa rarqvksa ls cuk;k tkrk gSA
rarq ;k rks izkd`frd gksrs gSa vFkok laf'y"VA js'ke] u vkSj twV oqQN izkfrd rarq
gSa] tcfd uk;ykWu vkSj ikWfy,LVj oqQN laf'y"V rarqvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
#bZ vkSj twV tSls rarq ikniksa ls izkIr fd, tkrs gSaA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
( [k) drkbZ
( x)
( ?k)
( ) rkxksa
( N)
tt
( p)
no
24
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
3- Hkkjr #bZ rFkk lwrh oL=kksa dk izeq[k mRiknd jgk gSA Hkkjr cgqr&ls vU; ns'kksa dks lwrh
oL=kksa rFkk oLrqvkas dh vkiwfrZ djrk gSA irk yxkb, fd ;g gekjh lgk;rk fdl izdkj
djrk gSa\
4- D;k vki tkurs gSa fd lwi- Qh lar rFkk dfo dchj] ,d cqudj FksA muosQ thou pfj=k
rFkk f'k{kkvksa dk irk yxkb,A
5- vki vius f'k{kd vFkok vfHkHkkodksa osQ ekxZn'kZu (fujh{k.k osQ vkhu) esa fdlh oL=k
osQ rarq dh igpku osQ fy, ,d f;kdyki dj ldrs gSaA fdlh oL=k ls N% ls vkB rd
rarq [khapdj ckgj fudkfy,A rarq osQ ,d fljs dks fpeVh ls idfM+, rFkk nwljs fljs dks
ekseckh dh Tokyk osQ ij ykb,A lkokkuh ls izs{k.k dhft,A D;k rarq Tokyk ls nwj
floqQM+rk gS\ D;k rarq fi?kyrk vFkok ty tkrk gS\ blls fdl izdkj dh xak fudyrh
gS\ vius izs{k.kksa dks uksV dhft,A
;fn ;s lwrh rarq gSa] rks ;s ty tkrs gSa] ijarq floqQM+rs vFkok fi?kyrs ugha gSaA tyrs
rarqvksa ls dkxk osQ tyus tSlh xa/ vkrh gSA js'keh rarq Tokyk ls nwj floqQM+rk gS vkSj ty
tkrk gS] ijarq fi?kyrk ugha gSA blls tys ekal tSlh xa/ vkrh gSA uh rarq Hkh floqQM+rk
gS vkSj ty tkrk gS ijarq fi?kyrk ugha gSA blls tyrs ckyksa tSlh rhoz xa/ vkrh gSA
laf'y"V rarq floqQM+rs gSa vkSj ty tkrs gSaA ;s fi?kyrs Hkh gSa rFkk tyrs IykfLVd tSlh xa/
nsrs gSaA
no
tt
rarq ls oL=k rd
25
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 1
vkb,] vc ge vius pkjksa vksj ls ftruh laHko gks
losQ] mruh oLrq, ,d=k djrs gSAa geesa ls izR;sd vius
?kj ls izfrfnu mi;ksx gksus okyh ,d oLrq yk ldrk
gS rFkk oqQN oLrq, d{kk osQ dejs ls vFkok fo|ky;
osQ ckgj ls ,d=k dj ldrk gSA gekjs bl laxgz esa
gekjs ikl D;k gksxk\ pkd] isfa ly] uksVcqd] jcM+]
MLVj (>kM+u)] gFkkSMk+ ] dhy] lkcqu] ifg, dk vkjk]
foKku
f;kdyki 2
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
ydM+h
tt
inkFkZ
dkxk
oLrq,
isu
f[kykSus] oSQysaMj
bLikr] dkp]
IykfLVd (vU; dksbZ\)
peM+k
IykfLVd] /krq
IykfLVd
no
IysV(Fkkyh)
#bZ
27
fn[kkoV
inkFkZ izk;% ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ydM+h
yksgs ls fcYoqQy fHkUu fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA yksgk] rkcs
vFkok ,sYkqfefu;e ls fHkUu fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ijarq
fiQj Hkh yksg]s rkcs rFkk ,sYkqfefu;e esa oqQN lekurk,
gks ldrh gSa] tks ydM+h esa ugha ikbZa tkrhA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
tt
f;kdyki 3
no
foKku
dBksjrk
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
ued
phuh
ckyw
pkd ikmMj
ydM+h dk
cqjknk
29
fljdk
f;kdyki 5
fdjksflu
(a)
(b)
tt
(a)
no
nzo
uhacw dk jl
ljlksa dk rsy
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fp=k 4-5
ukfj;y dk rsy
ikjnf'kZrk
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
f;kdyki 6
dkxk dh ,d 'khV yhft, vkSj blls gksdj fdlh
iznhIr cYc dks nsf[k,A bl laca/ esa] vius izs{k.k
uksV dhft,A vc dkxk dh 'khV osQ chp esa 2&3
31
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
dBksj
32
vikjn'khZ
vfoys;
#{k ([kqjnjk)
|qfre; (pedhyk)
foys;
inkFkZ
ikjHkklh
/krq
ikjn'khZ
foKku
gekjs pkjkas vksj dh oLrq, vusd izdkj osQ inkFkks ls cuh gSaA
fdlh fn, x, inkFkZ dk mi;ksx cgqr&lh oLrqvkas osQ fuekZ.k esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fdlh oLrq dks osQoy ,d gh inkFkZ ls Hkh cukuk laHko gks ldrk gS vFkok mls fofHkUu
izdkj osQ inkFkksZa ls Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
fofHkUu izdkj osQ inkFkks osQ xq.k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSaA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
oqQN inkFkZ fn[kkoV esa pednkj gksrs gS]a tcfd vU; ugha gksrAs oqQN [kqjnjs gksrs gSa rks oqQN
vU; fpdus (elw<+ )A blh izdkj] oqQN inkFkZ Li'kZ djus ij dBksj yxrs gS]a rks oqQN vU;
dksey yxrs gsAaS
oqQN inkFkZ ty esa foys; gksrs gSa] tcfd oqQN vU; vfoys; gksrs gSaA
oqQN inkFkZ tSls dkp ikjn'khZ gksrs gSa] rFkk oqQN vU; tSls ydM+h ,oa /krq, vikjn'khZ
gksrs gSaA oqQN inkFkZ ikjHkklh gksrs gSaA
inkFkksaZ dks muosQ xq.kkas esa lekurkvksa rFkk fofHkUurkvksa osQ vk/kj ij lewgkas esa ckVk tkrk gSA
oLrqvkas dks lqfo/k rFkk muosQ xq.kkas osQ v;;u osQ fy, ,d lkFk lewfgr fd;k
tkrk gSA
no
tt
3- fuEufyf[kr oLrqvksa dk feyku mu inkFkks ls dhft, ftuls mUgsa cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;kn
jf[k, dksbZ oLrq ,d ls vf/d inkFkksZa ls Hkh feydj cuh gks ldrh gS rFkk fdlh fn, x,
inkFkZ dk mi;ksx cgqqr&lh oLrqvkas dks cukus eas Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
oLrq,
inkFkZ
iqLrd
dkp
fxykl
ydM+h
oqQlhZ
dkxk
f[kykSuk
peM+k
twrs
IykfLVd
33
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
4- uhps fn, x, dFku lR; gSa vFkok vlR;A bldk mYys[k dhft, %
(d) iRFkj ikjn'khZ gksrk gS tcfd dkp vikjn'khZ gksrk gSA
([k) uksVcqd esa |qfr gksrh gS tcfd jcM+ (bjskj) esa ugha gksrhA
(x) pkd ty esa foyhu gks tkrk gSA
(?k) ydM+h dk VqdM+k ty ij rSjrk gSA
() phuh ty esa foyhu ugha gksrhA
(p) rsy ty osQ lkFk feJ.kh; gSA
(N) ckyw (jsr) ty esa fu%lkfnr gks tkrk gSA
(t) fljdk ty esa foyhu gks tkrk gSA
5- uhps oqQN oLrqvkas rFkk inkFkksZa osQ uke fn, x, gSa %
ty] ckWLosQV cky] larjk] phuh] Xyksc] lsc rFkk fe^h dk ?kM+k
budks bl izdkj] lewfgr dhft,%
(d) xksy vko`Qfr rFkk vU; vko`Qfr;k
([k) [kk| rFkk v[kk|
6- ty esa rSjus okyh ftu oLrqvkas dks vki tkurs gSa mudh lwph cukb,A tkp dhft, vkSj
nsf[k, fd D;k os rsy vFkok fe^h osQ rsy ij rSjrh gSaA
7- fuEufyf[kr lewg esa esy u [kkus okyk Kkr dhft, %
(d) oqQlhZ] iyax] esk] cPpk] vyekjh
([k) xqykc] pesyh] uko] xsank] dey
(x) ,syqfefu;e] vk;ju] rkck] pknh] jsr
(?k) phuh] ued] jsr] dkWij lYisQV
no
tt
1- vkius vius fe=kksa osQ lkFk Lej.k'kfDr [ksy [ksyk gksxkA fdlh esk ij dbZ oLrq, j[kh
gSa] vkidks mUgsa oqQN feuV izs{k.k djus osQ i'pkr fdlh nwljs dejs esa tkdj mu lHkh
oLrqvksa] tks vkidks ;kn gSa] osQ uke fy[kus osQ fy, dgk tkrk gSA bl [ksy dks oqQN
varj osQ lkFk [ksfy,A bl Lej.k'kfDr [ksy osQ lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa ls ;g dfg, fd os bl
[ksy dks [ksyrs le; fdlh fof'k"V xq.k osQ lkFk oLrq dk uke ;kn j[ksaA ;kn dhft,
vkSj ydM+h ls cuh oLrqvksa osQ uke] [kkus okys inkFkks osQ uke vkfn fy[kdj
vkeksn&izeksn dhft,A
2- inkFkksZa osQ o`gr laxzg ls fofHkUu xq.kksa tSls ikjnf'kZrk] ty esa foys;rk rFkk vU; xq.kksa
osQ vk/kj ij oLrqvksa osQ lewg cukb,A vkxs osQ v;k;ksa esa vki fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo
ls lacaf/r xq.kksa osQ fo"k; esa Hkh lh[ksaxsA laxzfgr inkFkks osQ fofHkUu lewg cukus osQ
i'pkr~ bu lewgksa esa dksbZ iSVuZ <w<us dk iz;kl dhft,A mnkgj.k osQ fy, D;k os lHkh]
inkFkZ ftuesa |qfr gksrh gS fo|qr pkyu djrs gSa\
34
foKku
5
,s
inkFkks dk i`FkDdj.k
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fp=k 5-2 nw/ ;k ngh dk eaFku djosQ eD[ku fudkyk tkrk gSA
no
tt
f;kdyki 1
lkj.kh 5-1 osQ dkWye 1 esa i`FkDdj.k osQ oqQN
ize fn, gSAa i`Fkd djus dk ms'; rFkk vo;oksa
dks i`Fkd djus osQ <axksa dks dkWye 2 rFkk 3
esa fn;k x;k gSA rFkkfi dkWye 2 rFkk 3 esa nh
xbZ lwpuk vO;ofLFkr gks xbZ gSA D;k vki izR;sd
i`FkDr vo;oksa dk ge
D;k djrs gSa\
pkoyksa ls iRFkjksa
dks i`Fkd djuk
pk; dh ifk;k
i`Fkd djuk
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
i`FkDdj.k ize
ikrs gSa\ D;k blesa iRFkj osQ VqdM+s] Hkwlh] VwVs gq,
vUu d.k rFkk vU; [kk| d.k gSa\ vc] vius gkFk
ls iRFkj osQ VqdM+s] Hkwls rFkk vU; vUu d.kksa dks
blls i`Fkd dhft,A
gLr p;u dh bl fofk dk mi;ksx xsgw]
pkoy rFkk nkyksa ls oqQ N cM+s feh osQ d.kksa]
iRFkj rFkk Hkwls dks i`Fkd djus esa fd;k tk
ldrk gS (fp=k 5-3)A ,slh v'kqf;ksa dh ek=kk
izk;% cgqr vfkd ugha gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa
gLr&p;u }kjk inkFkks dks i`Fkd djuk ,d
lqfokktud fofk yxrh gSA
no
gLr p;u
tt
f;kdyki 2
Fkzsf'kax
vkius [ksr vFkok [kfygkuksa esa xsgw ;k pkoy dh
lw[kh MafM;ksa osQ x_j ns[ks gksaxsA MafM;ksa ls vukt dks
foKku
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
fu"ikou
f;kdyki 3
pkyu
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
fp=k 5-7 pkyu }kjk dadM+ rFkk iRFkjksa dks jsr ls i`Fkd
fd;k tkrk gS
f;kdyki 4
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 5
fp=k 5-8 fdlh feJ.k osQ nks vo;oksa dks volknu rFkk
fuLrkj.k }kjk i`Fkd djuk
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
Okk"iu
f;kdyki 6
f;kdyki 7
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
f;kdyki 8
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
f;kdyki 9
f;kdyki 10
nks fxykl yhft, vkSj izR;sd esa vk/k di ikuh
Hkfj,A ,d fxykl esa ,d pEep ued feykb, vkSj
foKku
lkj.kh % 5-2
ty esa ?kqyus okys inkFkZ dh
ek=kk (pEepksa dh la[;k)
inkFkZ
ued
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
phuh
eaFku
la?kuu
lar`Ir foy;u
volknu
fuLrkj.k
pkyu
ok"iu
foy;u
fuL;anu
Fkzsf'kax
gLr p;u
fu"ikou
tt
gLrp;u] fu"ikou] pkyu] volknu] fuLrkj.k rFkk fuL;anu feJ.kkas ls mlosQ vo;okas
osQ i`FkDdj.k dh oqQN fof/;k gSaA
no
vukt ls Hkwlk vkSj iRFkjksa dks gLr p;u }kjk i`Fkd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkwlk] vukt osQ Hkkjh chtksa ls fuLikou fof/ }kjk i`Fkd fd;k tkrk gSA
fdlh feJ.k osQ d.kkas dh vkeki esa varj dk mi;ksx pkyu rFkk fuL;anu izf;kvkas
}kjk i`FkDdj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
jsr vkSj ty osQ feJ.k esa] jsr osQ Hkkjh d.k ryh esa cSB tkrs gSa vkSj fUkLrkj.k dh fof/
}kjk ty dks i`Fkd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
inkFkks dk i`FkDdj.k
43
nzo rFkk mlesa vfoys; inkFkZ osQ vo;oksa dks fuL;anu osQ mi;ksx ls i`Fkd fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
fdlh nzo dks mlh ok"i esa ifjofrZr djus dh izf;k dks ok"iu dgrs gSaA ok"iu dh
fof/ dk mi;ksx nzo esa ?kqys Bksl dks i`Fkd djus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ftl foy;u esa dksbZ inkFkZ vkSj vf/d u ?kqy losQ og ml inkFkZ dk lar`Ir foy;u
gksrk gSA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fdlh inkFkZ osQ foy;u dks xeZ djus ij mlesa vkSj vf/d inkFkZ ?kksyk tk ldrk gSA
ty foys; inkFkks dh fofHkUu ek=kk, ?kksyrk gSA
1- geas fdlh feJ.k osQ fofHkUu vo;okas dks i`Fkd djus dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS\ nks
mnkgj.k fyf[k,A
2- fu"ikou ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ ;g dgk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
3- idkus ls igys nkyksa osQ fdlh uewus ls vki Hkwls ,oa kwy osQ d.k oSQls i`Fkd djsaxs\
4- Nkyu ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ ;g dgk mi;ksx gksrk gS\
5- jsr vkSj ty osQ feJ.k ls vki jsr rFkk ty dks oSQls i`Fkd djsaxs\
6- vkVs vkSj phuh osQ feJ.k ls D;k phuh dks i`Fkd djuk laHko gS\ vxj gk] rks vki bls
oSQls djsaxs\
7- iafdy ty osQ fdlh uewus ls vki LoPN ty oSQls izkIr djsaxs\
8- fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj, %
(d) kku osQ nkuksa dks MafM;ksa ls i`Fkd djus dh fof/ dks &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dgrs gSaA
no
tt
([k) fdlh ,d dIkM+s ij nw/ dks mM+syrs gSa rks eykbZ ml ij jg tkrh gSA i`FkDdj.k dh
;g izf;k &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dgykrh gSA
(x) leqnz osQ ty ls ued &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& izf;k }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
(?k) tc iafdy ty dks iwjh jkr ,d ckYVh esa j[kk tkrk gS rks v'kqf;k ryh esa cSaB tkrh
gSaA blosQ i'pkr LoPN ty dks ij ls i`Fkd dj ysrs gSaA blesa mi;ksx gksus okyh
i`FkDdj.k dh izf;k dks &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dgrs gSaA
foKku
([k) ued rFkk phuh osQ feJ.k dks fu"ikou }kjk i`Fkd dj ldrs gSaA
(x) pk; dh ifk;ksa dks pk; ls i`FkDdj.k fuL;anu }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(?k) vukt vkSj Hkwls dk i`FkDdj.k fuLrkj.k ize }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
10- ty esa phuh rFkk uhacw dk jl feykdj f'koaQth cukbZ tkrh gSA vki c-iZQ Mkydj bls
BaMk djuk pkgrs gSa] blosQ fy, f'kdath esa c-iZQ phuh ?kksyus ls igys Mkysaxs ;k ckn esa\
fdl izdj.k esa vf/d phuh ?kksyuk laHko gksxk\
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
1- fdlh fudVorhZ Msjh esa tkb, rFkk nw/ ls he dks i`Fkd djus osQ izekas dk vk[;k
rS;kj dhft,A
2- vkius dbZ fof/;kas }kjk ty ls iad tSlh v'kqf;kas dks i`Fkd djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
dHkh&dHkh lHkh fofk;ksa dk mi;ksx djus ij Hkh ty FkksM+k iafdy jg tkrk gSA vkb,]
ns[ksa fd D;k ge bu v'kqf;kas dks iwjh rjg ls gVk ldrs gSa\ bl fuL;afnr ty dks
,d fxykl esa yhft,A fiQVdjh osQ ,d VqdM+s dks /kxs ls ck/dj bl ty esa fuyafcr
djosQ ?kqekb,A D;k ty LoPN gks x;k\ iad dk D;k gqvk\ bl izf;k dks Hkkj.k dgrs
gSaA vius ?kj esa cM+ksa ls bl fof/ osQ ckjs esa ckrphr dhft, vkSj irk yxkb, fd D;k
dHkh mUgksaus bl izf;k dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA
no
tt
^fuLikou djus okys* xqLrko dksjcsV dh ,d isafVax (1853)A eqlh Ms ch;l vkVZ~l]
ukUrs (izQkal) osQ lkStU; lsA
inkFkks dk i`FkDdj.k
45
6
d
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
f;kdyki 2
,d dkxk dk VqdM+k ysa vkSj mls fp=k 6-2 osQ
vuqlkj eksMAs+a blls vkiosQ dkxk dk VqdM+k f[kykSuk
gokbZ tgkk esa ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA vkidks bl gokbZ
tgkk dks oqQN le; rd mM+kus esa cgqr ekk
vk,xkA ;fn vki Fkd tk, rks dkxk dks iqu% lhkk
dhft,A
foKku
f;kdyki 4
f;kdyki 3
f;kdyki 5
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fp=k 6-2 dkxk dks eksM+dj cuk;k x;k f[kykSuk gokbZ tgkk
fp=k 6-3 xwa/s gq, vkVs dh yksbZ vkSj csyh xbZ jksVh
no
tt
f;kdyki 6
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
gk@ugha
no
nw/ ls iuhj
tt
fp=k 6-6 ydM+h osQ gRFks yxkus ls igys vkSkkj izk;% xeZ
fd, tkrs gSa
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 7
no
tt
49
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
ifjorZu
laoqQpu
ok"iu
izlkj
xyu
oqQN ifjorZuksa dks mRfer fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk oqQN dks ughaA
inkFkks dks xeZ djosQ ;k fdlh vU; inkFkZ osQ lkFk fefJr djosQ muesa ifjorZu yk,
tk ldrs gSaA
50
foKku
1- tc vki tyeXu bykosQ esa ?kwers gSa rks viuh iks'kkd dks eksM+dj mldh yackbZ de dj
ysrs gSaA D;k bl ifjorZu dks mRfer fd;k tk ldrk gS\
2- vdLekr vkidk fiz; f[kykSuk fxjdj VwV tkrk gSA vki drbZ bl ifjorZu dks ugha pkgrs
Fks\ D;k ;g ifjorZu mRfer fd;k tk ldrk gS\
3- uhps nh xbZ lkj.kh esa oqQN ifjorZu fn, x, gSaA izR;sd ifjorZu osQ lkeus fjDr LFkku esa
fyf[k, fd og ifjorZu mRfer fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok ugha\
mRfer fd;k tk ldrk gS (gk@ugha)
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
e la[;k ifjorZu
1-
2-
vkblhe dk fi?kyuk
3-
4-
[kkuk idkuk
5-
vke dk iduk
6-
4- fp=kdkjh djus ij MkWbax 'khV esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA D;k vki bl ifjorZu dks mRfer
dj ldrs gSa\
5- mnkgj.k nsdj mRfer fd, tkus okys rFkk mRfer u fd, tkus okys ifjorZuksa esa varj
Li"V dhft,A
6- VwVh gqbZ gah ij ca/h i^h osQ ij IykLVj vkWiQ isfjl (POP) dh ,d eksVh ijr p<+kbZ tkrh
gSA lw[kus ij ;g dBksj gks tkrh gS ftlls VwVh gah fgyrh ugha gSA D;k POP esa gq, bl
ifjorZu dks mRfer dj ldrs gSa\
7- jkf=k esa ,d lhesVa dh cksjh tks fd [kqys eSnku esa j[kh gqbZ Fkh] o"kkZ osQ dkj.k Hkhx tkrh gSA vxys
fnu rsk /wi fudyrh gSA lhesVa esa tks ifjorZu gks x;k gS D;k mls mRfer dj ldrs gSa\
no
tt
1- ,d uhac]w iaVs cz'q k vkSj ,d dkxk dk VqdM+k yhft,A uhacw dks dkVdj mldk jl ,d
I;kys esa fupksfM+,A cz'q k dks uhacw osQ jl esa Mqcksb, rFkk mlls dkxk ij oqQN lan's k
fyf[k,A dkxk dks lw[kus nhft,A vki ik,xs fd fy[ks lan's k osQ v{kj vn`'; gks tkrs
gSAa vc dkxk dks yksgs dh xeZ bLrjh ls nck, vFkok ekseckh dh ykS ij xeZ djs]a
(;ku jf[k, fd dkxk tys ugha)A dkxk osQ xeZ gksus ij vn`'; v{kj xgjs Hkwjs jax esa
ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSAa mu ifjorZuksa dh igpku dhft, ftUgsa mRfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- vius ?kj ij cuus okys idokuksa dks nsf[k,A buesa gksus okys dksbZ nks ,sls ifjorZu crkb,
ftUgsa mRfer fd;k tk losQA
3- ,d o"kZ esa ekSle osQ vuqlkj lfCk;ksa] diM+ksa] izfr rFkk vius pkjksa vksj gksus okys
ifjorZuksa dk fjdkMZ cukb,A mRfer fd, tkus okys ;k u fd, tkus okys ifjorZuksa
dh igpku dhft,A
51
7
c
tt
no
fp=k 7-1 ikS/s osQ Hkkx
52
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
dkWye 1
pkbZ
dkWye 2
ruk
gjk
eq>ls NksVk
vke
eq>ls cgqr
yack
uhacw
eq>ls FkksM+k
yack
gk
eksVk
dBksj
rus osQ
vk/kj ls
gk
ikS/s dk
laoxZ
'kkd
gk
gk
gk
gk
o`{k
gk
>kM+h
tt
no
(a)
(b)
(c)
fp=k 7-3
rus osQ
ij ls
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
VekVj
dksey
dkWye 3
dkWye 4
'kk[kk, dgk ls fudyh gSa
(a)
'kkd]
(b)
>kM+h ,oa
(c)
o`{k
53
7-2 ruk
f;kdyki 2
vko';d lkexzh% ,d fxykl] ty] yky L;kgh]
'kkdh; ikS/k rFkk ,d CysMA
fxykl dks ,d frgkbZ ty ls HkjsAa ty esa yky
L;kgh dh oqQN cwna as Mky nsAa 'kkd osQ rus dks vk/kj
ls dkVdj fxykl esa j[ks]a tSlk fd fp=k 7-5 esa
fn[kk;k x;k gSA vxys fnu bu 'kk[kkvksa dk voyksdu
dhft,A
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
foKku
iVy
i.kZo`ar
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 3
no
7-3 ikh
tt
(a)
(b)
(a)
tkfydk :ih
(b)
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 4
no
tt
f;kdyki 5
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
7-4 tM+
f;kdyki 6
vko';d lkexzh % nks xeys] oqQN feh] [kqjih]
CysM vFkok oSaQph ,oa tyA ;g f;kdyki 4&5
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ lewg esa djuk pkfg,A
57
A
(a)
fp=k 7-14
(a)
(b)
(b)
tt
f;kdyki 7
no
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 8
ikS/kas dks lewg (a) esa rFkk js'ksnkj tM+ okys ikS/kas dks
lewg (b) esa jf[k,A lewg (a) osQ ikS/ksa dh ifk;ksa
dks nsf[k,A budk f'kjk&foU;kl fdl izdkj dk gS\
lewg (b) osQ ikS/ksa dh ifk;ksa dk f'kjk&foU;kl fdl
izdkj dk gS\
(a)
(b)
&&&&&&&&& dh tM+sa
&&&&&&&&&
(b)
dh tM+sa
(a)
f;kdyki 9
no
tt
(a)
fp=k 7-17
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fp=k 7-16
(b)
(a)
ewlyk tM+
(b)
js'ksnkj tM+
ikS/s dk uke
f'kjk&foU;kl
dk izdkj
7-5 iq"i
tt
no
(b)
(c)
fp=k 7-19 xqykc (a) ikh foghu 'kk[kk (b) ikh lfgr 'kk[kk
(c) ikh ,oa iq"i lfgr 'kk[kk
60
xqykc osQ ikS/s osQ rhu vkjs[k fp=k 7-19 (a)] (b)]
rFkk (c) esa n'kkZ, x, gSaA dkSu&lh fLFkfr esa vki
ikS/ksa dks Hkyh&Hkk fr igpku ldrs gSa\ D;ksa\
fp=k 7-1 esa iq"i dks jaxus osQ fy, vkius fdl
jax dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk\ D;k lHkh iq"i jax&fcjaxs
gksrs gSa\ D;k vkius ?kkl] xsgw] eDdk] vke vFkok
(a)
f;kdyki 10
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
ckny
Lora=k
mifLFkr
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
L=khosQlj
iqaosQlj Lora=k vFkok mifLFkr@
ia[kqM+h ls tqM+s gq, vuqifLFkr
iqaosQlj
L=khosQlj
tt
no
ijkx dks'k
rarq
chtk.M
ofrZdk
ofrZdkxz
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
vaMk'k;
f;kdyki 11
no
tt
(a)
(b)
vkjksgh
laogu
la[;k esa varj gks ldrk gSA oqQN iq"iksa esa buesa ls
oqQN Hkkx vuqifLFkr Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
vkius ikh] ruk ,oa tM+ osQ y{k.k ,oa oqQN
dk;ks osQ fo"k; esa i<+kA geus fofHkUu iq"iksa dh
lajpuk dk Hkh v;;u fd;kA vki iq"ikas osQ dk;ks
osQ fo"k; esa vxyh d{kkvksa esa i<+saxsA ge iQyksa osQ
fo"k; esa Hkh vxyh d{kkvksa esa i<+saxsA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
i.kZo`ar
izdk'k&la'ys"k.k
L=khosQlj
js'ksnkj tM+
'kkd
tkfydk:ih f'kjk&foU;kl
ckny
ik'oZ tM+
e; f'kjk
>kM+h
iqaosQlj
f'kjk&foU;kl
chtkaM
ewlyk tM+
ok"iksRltZu
lkekarj f'kjk&foU;kl
o`{k
ia[kqfM+;k
f'kjk
tt
folihZ yrk
no
lkekU;r% ikS/kas dk oxhZdj.k mudh pkbZ] rus ,oa 'kk[kkvksa osQ vk/kj ij 'kkd] >kM+h
,oa o`{k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
rus ij ifk;k] iq"i rFkk iQy gksrk gSA
lkekU;r% ikh esa i.kZo`ar vkSj iQyd gksrs gSaA
ikh esa f'kjkvksa dk izfr:i f'kjk&foU;kl dgykrk gSA ;g tkfydk :ih vFkok lekarj
gks ldrk gSA
63
ifk;k ok"iksRltZu f;k }kjk tyok"i dks ok;q esa fu"dkflr djrh gSaA
gjh ifk;k lw;Z osQ izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa ok;q ,oa ty ls izdk'k&la'ys"k.k f;k }kjk
Hkkstu cukrh gSaA
tM+sa feh ls ty ,oa [kfut inkFkks dk vo'kks"k.k djrh gSa rFkk ikS/ksa dks feh esa
n`<+rk ls tek, j[krh gSaA
tM+sa eq[;r% nks izdkj dh gksrh gS% ewlyk tM+ ,oa js'ksnkj tM+A
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
tkfydk #ih f'kjk&foU;kl ;qDr ifk;ksa okys ikS/ksa dh tM+sa ewlyk tM+ gksrh gSa tcfd
lekarj f'kjk&foU;kl ;qDr ifk;kas okys ikS/kas dh tM+s js'ksnkj gksrh gSaA
rus }kjk tM+ksa ls ifk;kas (vkSj nwljs Hkkxksa) dks ty vkSj ifk;kas ls Hkkstu] ikS/kas osQ vU; Hkkxksa
rd igp
q rk gSA
iq"i osQ fofHkUu Hkkx gSa& ckny] ia[kqM+h] iqaosQlj ,oa L=khosQljA
23-
no
45-
tt
1- fuEu
(d)
([k)
(x)
(?k)
()
67-
64
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
8- D;k vki fdlh ikS/s dh ikh dh Nki dks ns[kdj ;g igpku dj ldrs gSa fd mldh
tM+ ewlyk tM+ gksxh vFkok >dM+k tM+\ oSQls\
9- fdlh iq"i osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa osQ uke fyf[k,A
10- fuEu esa ls fdu ikS/ksa osQ iwQy vkius ns[ks gSa\
?kkl] eDdk] xsgw] fepZ] VekVj] rqylh] ihiy] 'kh'ke] cjxn] vke] tkequ] ve:n]
vukj] iihrk] osQyk] uhcw] xUuk] vkyw] ewxiQyhA
11- ikS/ksa osQ ml Hkkx dk uke fyf[k, tks viuk Hkkstu cukrk gSA bl ize dks D;k dgrs
gSa\
12- iq"i osQ fdl Hkkx esa vaMk'k; feyrk gS\
13- ,sls nks iq"iksa osQ uke fyf[k, ftuesa ls izR;sd esa la;qDr vkSj vyx&vyx ia[kqfM+;k gksaA
oqQN lIrkg rd vusd ifk;ksa osQ lkFk ;g f;kdyki dhft,A ftl ikh dk vki
v;;u djuk pkgrs gS] mls rksM+dj ,d xhys diM+s esa yisV dj ?kj ykb,A vc ikh
dks v[kckj osQ dkxk osQ chp iSQykdj j[k nhft,A dkxk ij ,d eksVh iqLrd j[k
nhft,A vki bls vius xs vFkok cDls osQ uhps Hkh j[k ldrs gSaA ,d lIrkg ckn ikh
dks ckgj fudkfy, rFkk blosQ fo"k; esa dksbZ dfork vFkok dgkuh fyf[k,A bl izdkj
ifk;ksa osQ laxzg ls rS;kj iqLrd ls vki ikh fo'ks"kK cu ldrs gSaA
tt
no
2- fuEu fxzM esa ikS/s osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa osQ uke fNis gq, gSaA ij] uhps] nk,] ck, vkSj fr;Zd
fn'kk esa tkdj mu ukeksa dks <wf<,A uke dks ?ksjk yxkb, vkSj vkuan yhft,A
65
8
fc
tt
no
66
tarq oSQls
xeu djrs
gSa
xk;
iSj
pyrh gS
laiw.kZ 'kjhj
jsaxdj
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
euq";
lki
i{kh
dhV
eNyh
xnZu
dykbZ
vaxqfy;k
?kqVus
,sM+h
iw.kZr%
?kwerk gS
va'kr%
?kwerk@eqM+rk gSA
gk
>qdrk gS
mBrk
gS
no
iknkaxqyh
f;kdyki 1
tt
'kjhj dk
Hkkx
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
ihB
flj
dksguh
Hkqtk
'kjhj esa xfr
gk
67
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
oaQnqd&[kfYydk lafk
f;kdyki 2
fp=k 8-2 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA vki dkxk osQ csyu
dks xsan ij Hkh fpidk ldrs gSaA xsan dks ,d NksVh
dVksjh esa j[kdj pkjksa vksj ?kqekus dk iz;kl dhft,A
D;k xsan dVksjh esa Lora=k :i ls ?kwerh gSA D;k
dkxk dk csyu Hkh ?kwerk gS\
vc dYiuk dhft, fd dkxk dk csyu vkidk
gkFk gS rFkk xsna bldk ,d fljk gSA dVksjh da/s osQ
ml Hkkx osQ leku gS ftlls vkidk gkFk tqMk+ gSA
,d vfLFk dk xsna okyk xksy fgLlk nwljh vfLFk dh
dVksjh :ih xqfgdk esa kalk gqvk gS (fp=k 8-3)A bl
kqjkxz lafk
xnZu rFkk flj dks tksM+us okyh laf/] /qjkxz laf/ gSA
blosQ }kjk flj dks vkxs&ihNs ;k nk, ,oa ck,a ?kqek
foKku
fgat lafk
f;kdyki 3
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
vpy lafk
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
f;kdyki 4
xgjh lkl Hkjdj bls dqN le; rd jksosQ jfg,A
vius o{k ,oa ihB dks gYosQ ls nckdj viuh
vfLFk;ksa dk vuqHko dhft,A ftruh ilfy;ksa (o{k
dh vfLFk;k) dks vki fxu ldrs gSa] fxu yhft,A
fp=k 8-9 dks ;ku ls nsf[k, vkSj o{k dh vfLFk;ksa
dh rqyuk vius mi;qZDr vuqHko ls dhft,A ge
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(b)
no
tt
fp=k 8-16 vfLFk dks xfr iznku djus esa nks isf'k;k la;qDr
:i ls dk;Z djrh gSa
72
foKku
'kjhj osQ i'p Hkkx dks Hkwfe esa tdM+s jgrk gS rFkk
vxz Hkkx dks iSQykrk gSA blosQ ckn og vxz Hkkx ls
Hkwfe dks idM+rk gS rFkk i'p Hkkx dks Lora=k dj
nsrk gSA blosQ i'pkr~ ;g 'kjhj dks laoqQfpr djrk
gS rFkk i'p Hkkx dks vkxs dh vksj [khaprk gSA blls
og oqQN nwjh rd vkxs c<+ rk gSA osaQpqvk bl izf;k
dks ckj&ckj nksgjkrs gq, fe h ij vkxs c<+ rk gSA
blosQ 'kjhj esa fpdus inkFkZ gksrs gSa tks bls pyus esa
lgk;rk djrs gSaA
;g vius 'kjhj osQ fgLls dks kehu ls fdl
izdkj fVdkrk gS\ blosQ 'kjhj esa NksVs&NksVs vusd
'kwd (cky tSlh vko`Qfr) gksrs gSaA ;s 'kwd isf'k;ksa ls
tqM+s gksrs gSaA ;s 'kwd feh esa mldh idM+ dks
etcwr cukrs gSaA
osaQpqvk okLro esa vius jkLrs esa vkus okyh fe^h
dks [kkrk gSA mldk 'kjhj vuips inkFkZ dks ckgj
fudky nsrk gSA osaQpq, }kjk fd;k x;k ;g dk;Z
fe^h dks mitkmQ cuk nsrk gS ftlls ikS/ksa dks
iQk;nk gksrk gSA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
?kksa?kk
f;kdyki 6
no
tt
frypk
f;kdyki 7
i{kh
f;kdyki 8
i{kh gok esa mM+ rs gSa rFkk Hkwfe ij pyrs gSaA ck[k
rFkk ga l tSls oqQN i{kh ty esa rSjrs Hkh gSaA i{kh
blhfy, mM+ ikrs gSa D;kasfd mudk 'kjhj mM+us osQ
fy, vuqowQfyr gksrk gSA mudh vfLFk;ksa esa ok;q
izdks"B gksrs gSa ftuosQ dkj.k mudh vfLFk;k gYdh
ijarq ekcwr gksrh gSaA i'p ikn (iSjksa) dh vfLFk;k
pyus ,oa cSBus osQ fy, vuqowQfyr gksrh gSaA vxz ikn
dh vfLFk;k :ikarfjr gksdj i{kh osQ ia[k cukrh gSaA
oaQks dh vfLFk;k ekcwr gksrh gSaA o{k dh vfLFk;k
mM+ us okyh isf'k;ksa dks tdM+s j[kus osQ fy, fo'ks"k
:i ls :ikarfjr gksrh gSa rFkk ia[kksa dks ij&uhps
djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSa (fp=k 8-20)A
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
eNyh
f;kdyki 9
dkxk dh ,d uko cukdj mls ikuh ij bl
izdkj jf[k, fd mldk uqdhyk Hkkx vkxs dh vksj
jgsA bls khjs ls kDdk nhft, [ fp=k 8-21 (a)] A
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(a)
(b)
tt
D;k vkius lki dks fiQlyrs gq, vkxs c<+rs ns[kk gS\
D;k ;g lhkk pyrk gS (fp=k 8-24)\
liZ dk es#naM yack gksrk gSA 'kjhj dh isf'k;k
{kh.k ,oa vla[; gksrh gaSA os ijLij tqM+h gksrh gaS
no
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
es#naM
oaQnqd&[kfYydk laf/
'kwd
mikfLFk
xqfgdk
vpy laf/
tarqvksa dh pky
fgUt laf/
76
is'kh
ck oaQdky
Jksf.k&vfLFk;k
/qjkxz laf/
ilyh&fiatj
oaQ/s dh vfLFk;k
dadky
/kjkjsf[k;
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
vfLFk ,oa mikfLFk ekuo oaQdky cukrs gSaA ;g 'kjhj dk fiatj cukrk gS vkSj bls ,d
vkfr Hkh nsrk gSA oaQdky pyus esa lgk;d gS vkSj vakrfjd vaxksa dh lqj{kk djrk gSA
ekuo oaQdky [kksiM+h] es#naM] ilfy;ksa] o{k dh vfLFk] oaQ/s ,oa Jksf.k es[kyk rFkk
gkFk ,oa iko dh vfLFk;ksa ls curk gSA
isf'k;ksa osQ tksM+s osQ ,dkarj e esa floqQM+ us ,oa iSQyus ls vfLFk;k xfr djrh gSaA
vfLFk;ksa dh laf/;k vusd izdkj dh gksrh gSaA ;g ml laf/ dh izfr ,oa xfr dh
fn'kk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
if{k;ksa dh n`<+ isf'k;k rFkk gYdh vfLFk;k feydj mUgsa mM+us esa lgk;rk djrh gaSA ;s
ia[kksa dks iQM+ iQM+ k dj mM+ rs gSaA
eNyh 'kjhj osQ nksukssa vksj ,dkarj e esa oy; cukdj ty eas rSjrh gSA
liZ vius 'kjhj osQ nksuksa vksj ,dkarj e esa oy; cukrs gq, Hkwfe ij oy;kdkj xfr
djrk gqvk vkxs dh vksj fiQlyrk gSA cgqr lkjh vfLFk;k ,oa mllsa tqM+h isf'k;k 'kjhj
dks vkxs dh vksj kDdk nsrh gSaA
fryp^s dk 'kjhj ,oa iSj dBksj vkoj.k ls <osQ gksrs gSa tks ck&dadky cukrk gSA o{k
dh isf'k;k rhu tksM+h iSjksa ,oa nks tksM+h ia[kksa ls tqM+h gksrh gS tks fryPk^s dks pyus ,oa
mM+us esa lgk;rk djrh gSaA
osaQpq, esa xfr 'kjhj dh isf'k;ksa osQ ckjh&ckjh ls foLrj.k ,oa laoqQpu ls gksrh gSA 'kjhj
dh v/% lrg ij 'kwd osaQpq, dks Hkwfe ij idM+ cukus esa lgk;d gSA
?kksa?kk is'kh; ikn dh lgk;rk ls pyrk gSA
no
tt
(d) vfLFk;ksa dh laf/;k 'kjhj dks &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& esa lgk;rk djrh gSaA
([k) vfLFk;k ,oa mikfLFk la;qDr :i ls 'kjhj dk &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& cukrs gSaA
(x) dksguh dh vfLFk;k &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& laf/ }kjk tqM+h gksrh gSaA
(?k) xfr djrs le; &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& osQ laoqQpu ls vfLFk;k f[kaprh gSaA
(T )
rFkk vlR;
(F)
(d) lHkh tarqvksa dh xfr ,oa pyu fcyoqQy ,d leku gksrk gSA ( )
([k) mikfLFk vfLFk dh vis{kk dBksj gksrh gSaA
'kjhj esa xfr
()
77
()
()
()
3- dkWye 1 esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dk laca/ dkWye 2 osQ ,d vFkok vf/d dFku ls tksfM+, %
dkWye 2
ijh tcM+k
eNyh
ilfy;k
?kks?a kk
fryp^k
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
dkWye 1
no
tt
geus mu xfr;ksa dh ppkZ dh ftudks djus esa gekjk 'kjhj l{ke gSA bu lHkh xfr;ksa osQ fy,
'kjhj dks LoLFk vfLFk;ksa] isf'k;ksa] laf/;ksa ,oa mikfLFk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA geesa ls oqQN
yksx ,sls fodkj ls ihfM+r gksrs gSa] ftlosQ dkj.k bu xfr;ksa dks djuk bruk ljy ugha gksrkA
viuh d{kk esa ,sls f;kdykiksa dk vk;kstu dhft, vkSj ,sls mik; [kkstus dk iz;kl dhft,
ftuosQ }kjk fdlh ,d izdkj dh xfr ckfkr gksus ij Hkh O;fDr viuh fnup;kZ lqpk# :i
ls pyk losQA mnkgj.k osQ fy, f;kdyki 1 dk Lej.k dhft, ftlesa vkius vius gkFk ij
,d iSekuk ck/dj viuh dksguh dh xfr dks ckf/r dj fn;k FkkA 'kjhj dh lkekU; xfr;ksa
dks o`Qf=ke :i ls ckf/r djus osQ oqQN vkSj rjhosQ lksfp, rFkk ,sls mik; [kksft, ftuosQ }kjk
izfrfnu osQ f;kdyki laikfnr fd, tk losaQA
78
foKku
9
i
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 1
vkb,] ,d ou ls izkjaHk djrs gSAa ;gk ik, tkus okys
lHkh ikS/ks]a tarv
q ksa ,oa oLrqvksa osQ ckjs esa lksfp,A ,d
taxy esa ik, tkus okys tarv
q ks]a ikS/ksa ,oa oLrqvksa dks
lkj.kh 9-1 osQ dkWye 1 esa fyf[k,A nwljs {ks=kksa esa ik,
tkus okyh oLrqvks]a tarv
q ksa ,oa ikSkksa osQ uke Hkh
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
tt
no
lkj.kh 9-1 % fofHkUu ifjos'k esa ik, tkus okys tarq] ikSks ,oa vU; oLrq,
ou esa
80
e#LFky esa
leqnz esa
vU; LFkku\
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
esa jgus ;ksX; cukrh gSA V osQ iSj yacs gksrs gSa
ftlls mldk 'kjhj jsr dh xjeh ls nwj jgrk gS
(fp=k 9-2)A muesa ew=kksRltZu dh ek=kk cgqr de
gksrh gS rFkk ey 'kq"d gksrk gSA mUgsa ilhuk (Losn)
Hkh ugha vkrk D;ksafd 'kjhj ls ty dk kl cgqr
de gksrk gSA blfy, ty osQ fcuk Hkh os vusd fnuksa
rd jg ldrs gSaA
no
tt
81
f;kdyki 2
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
vius ifjos'k esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa osQ lkFk lkeatL; LFkkfir djus osQ fy, oqQN thoksa esa FkksM+s le;
osQ fy, ifjorZu gks ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn ge eSnkuh {ks=k esa jgrs gSa vkSj vpkud gh
ps ioZrh; {ks=k esa pys tk, rks gesa oqQN fnuksa rd 'okl ysus ,oa 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke esa vlqfokk
gks ldrh gSA igkM+ ij gesa rhoz xfr ls 'okl ysuk iM+rk gSA oqQN fnuksa ckn gekjk 'kjhj ioZrh;
{ks=k osQ okrkoj.k osQ izfr vius vki dks <ky ysrk gS rFkk gesa 'okl ysus esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugha
gksrhA vYi vof/ esa fdlh ,d tho osQ 'kjhj esa gksus okys ;s NksVs&NksVs ifjorZu i;ZuqowQyu
dgykrs gaSA ;g ifjorZu gkkjksa o"kks esa gq, vuqowQyu ls fHkUu gSA
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
ioZrh; {ks=k
f;kdyki 3
tt
no
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
;fn vki ioZrh; {ks=k esa jgrs gSa vFkok ogk ?kweus
x, gSa rks vkius ,sls vusd o`{k ns[ks gksxa As ijar]q D;k
vkius ,sls o`{kksa dks vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkh ns[kk gS\
;s o`{k vius vkokl esa fo|eku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
jgus osQ fy, fdl izdkj vuqowQfyr gSa\ ;s o`{k
(a)
?kklLFky
no
tt
(b)
(c)
84
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
leqnz
(a)
(b)
fp=k 9-8
(a)
,d 'ksj ,oa
(b)
fgj.k
no
tt
leqnz esa jgus osQ fy, eNyh osQ vuqowQyu osQ fo"k;
esa ge ppkZ dj pqosQ gSaA nwljs cgqr ls leqnzh tarqvksa
dk 'kjhj Hkh kkjk&js[kh; gksrk gS ftlls og ty esa
lqxerk ls py ldrs gSaA fLDoM ,oa vkWDVksil tSls
oqQN leqnzh tarqvksa dk 'kjhj vkerkSj ij kkjk&js[kh;
ugha gksrkA os leqnz dh xgjkbZ esa] rygVh esa jgrs gSa
rFkk viuh vksj vkus okys f'kdkj dks idM+rs gSaA
tc os ty esa pyrs gSa rks vius 'kjhj dks kkjk&js[kh;
cuk ysrs gSaA ty esa 'okl ysus osQ fy, buesa fxy
(Dykse) gksrs gSaA
MkWyfiQu ,oa sy tSls oqQN tarv
q ksa esa fxy ughaa
gksrAs ;s flj ij fLFkr uklk}kj vFkok okr&fNnzkas }kjk
'okl ysrs gSAa ;s ty esa yacs le; rd fcuk 'okl
fy, jg ldrs gSAa os le;≤ ij leqnhz lrg (ty
ls ckgj) ij vkdj 'olu&fNnzkas ls ty ckgj fudkyrs
gSa ,oa 'okl }kjk LoPN ok;q vanj Hkjrs gSaA D;k vkius
dHkh nwjn'kZu ij vFkok leqnzh thou ij pyfp=k
esa MkWyfiQu dh bl jkspd f;k dks ns[kk gS\
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
ugha gS
dgk] rqEgsa irk
esk us oqQlhZ ls h rih gw
eSa xehZ esa fdru h fcokbZ ls
,oa vius iSjksa d ikrs
gy
;fn ge FkksM+k V krs
i
y
ks
ge FkksM+k c
ok;q ys losQaA
izkFkZuk djks] ge dgkA
esk us oqQlhZ ls gk]
d
oqQlhZ us esk ls gks dHkh ge leFkZ
h
r
vc rqe tku
ugha gSa
ks
w.kZ ckrsa djrh g
rqe oSQlh ew[kZrkih gks ge py
tcfd rqe tkur
ugha ldrs
Hkjrs gq, dgk
esk us BaMh lklsa D;k gtZ gS
dksf'k'k djus e s gh iSj gS ftrus rqEgkjs
esjs ikl Hkh mruD;ksa ugha py ldrs\
ge nks iSjksa ij
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
foKku
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 4
inkFkZ ikS/s osQ oqQN fo'ks"k Hkkxksa esa laxzfgr fd, tkrs
gSa] ftlls ikS/s dks dksbZ gkfu ugha igqprhA oqQN
ikS/ksa esa vif'k"V inkFkks dk fu"dklu ko osQ :i
esa gksrk gSA
mRltZu lthoksa dk ,d nwljk lkekU; y{k.k gSA
(a)
fp=k 9-13
(a)
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(b)
no
tt
f;kdyki 5
xqykc vFkok esagnh dh kM+&dye yhft,A bls
feh esa yxkb,A bls fu;fer :i ls ty nhft,A
vki oqQN fnuksa osQ ckn D;k ns[krs gSa\
dye ls ikS/k cukuk ljy dk;Z ugha gSA ;fn
vkidh dye esa o`f ugha gqbZ gS rks fujk'k u gksaA
foKku
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
91
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
vuqowQyu
tyh; vkokl
tSo ?kVd
mRltZu
o`f
vkokl
ltho
iztuu
'olu
mhiu
fdlh LFkku dk ifjos'k ftlesa ikS/s] tarq ,oa vU; tho jgrs gSa] mudk vkokl dgykrk
gSA
tt
fofHkUu izdkj osQ ikS/s ,oa tarq ,d gh vkokl esa ,d lkFk jg ldrs gSaA
no
ikS/ksa vkSj thoksa osQ fof'k"V y{k.k ,oa LoHkko tks mUgsa ,d vkokl fo'ks"k esa jgus osQ
vuqowQy cukrs gSa] vuqowQyu dgykrk gSA
vkokl vusd izdkj osQ gksrs gSa] ijarq] lkekU;r% bUgsa LFkyh; (kehu ij) ,oa tyh;
vkokl (ty esa) esa oxhZr fd;k tkrk gSA
fofHkUu vkokl esa lthoksa dh fofo/ iztkfr;k ikbZ tkrh gSaA
ikS/s] tarq ,oa lw{e tho la;qDr :i ls tSo ?kVd cukrs gSaA
92
foKku
Pkku] feh] ok;q] ty] izdk'k ,oa rki gekjs ifjos'k osQ oqQN vtSo ?kVd gSaA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
ltho oLrqvksa osQ oqQN lkekU; y{k.k gSa & mUgsa Hkkstu dh vko';drk gksrh gS] os
'olu] mRltZu] i;kZoj.k osQ izfr vuqf;k] iztuu] o`f ,oa xfr djrs gSaA
2- oSQDVl e#LFky esa thou;kiu osQ fy, fdl izdkj vuqowQfyr gS\
3- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %
(d) ikS/s ,oa tarqvksa esa ik, tkus okys fof'k"V y{k.k tks mUgsa vkokl fo'ks"k esa jgus ;ksX;
cukrs gSa] &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dgykrs gSaA
([k) LFky ij ik, tkus okys ikS/ksa ,oa tarqvksa osQ vkokl dks &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& vkokl
dgrs gSaA
(x) os vkokl ftUkesa ty esa jgus okys ikSks ,oa tarq jgrs gSa] &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& vkokl
dgykrs gSaA
(?k) e`nk] ty ,oa ok;q fdlh vkokl osQ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ?kVd gSaA
() gekjs ifjos'k esa gksus okys ifjorZu ftuosQ izfr ge vuqf;k djrs gS]a &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
dgykrs gSaA
4- fuEufyf[kr lwph esa dkSu&lh futhZo oLrq, gSa\
tt
5- fdlh ,slh futhZo oLrq dk mnkgj.k nhft, ftlesa lthoksa osQ nks y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
6- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lh futhZo oLrq, fdlh le; ltho dk va'k Fkha\
no
93
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
3- irk yxkb, fd /zqoh; Hkkyw ,oa isaXohu osQ vkokl dgk gSaA izR;sd tarq osQ nks vuqowQyu
crkb, ftlls irk pys fd og vius vkokl osQ izfr Hkyh&Hkkfr vuqowQfyr gSA
4- irk yxkb, fd fgeky; osQ fxfjikn esa dkSu&ls tarq ik, tkrs gSa\ irk yxkb, fd
fgeky; osQ ioZrh; {ks=kksa esa tkus ij ioZr dh pkbZ c<+us ds lkFk tarqvksa vkSj ikn;ksa
dh iztkfr;ksa esa D;k ifjorZu gksrs gSaA
5- ,d vkokl ,Ykce rS;kj dhft,A f;kdyki 1 esa lwphc tarq rFkk ikS/ksa osQ fp=k
izkIr djus dk iz;kl dhft, rFkk mUgsa ,Ykce osQ fofHkUu vkokl [k.Mksa esa fpidk
nhft,A bu fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa ik, tkus okys o`{kksa osQ fp=k vkSj ifk;ksa dh vkfr cukdj
muls lacaf/r {ks=kksa esa fpidk nhft,A fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ o`{kksa dh 'kk[kk foU;kl dk fp=k
cukdj mUgsa Hkh ,yce esa lfEefyr dhft,A
vkokl D;k
gS\
no
tt
bldk uke
vkSj
94
foKku
10
i
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
96
foKku
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 2
no
tt
esk dh pkSM+kbZ
fdlus ekih\
ckfy'rksa
dh la[;k
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
gSA fp=k 10-6 esa ehVj iSekuk fn[kk;k x;k gSA blesa
vkiosQ T;kfefr&ckWDl dk 15 lsaVhehVj iSekuk Hkh
fn[kk;k x;k gSA
izR;sd ehVj (m) dks 100 cjkcj Hkkxksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa lasVhehVj (cm)
dgrs gSaA ,d lsaVhehVj osQ nl cjkcj Hkkx gksrs gSa
ftUgsa feyhehVj ( mm) dgrs gSaA bl izdkj]
1m = 100 cm
1cm = 10 mm
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
99
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
fp=k 10-7 ekih tkus okyh yackbZ osQ vuqfn'k iSekuk j[kus
dh (a) lgh rFkk (b) xyr fof/
lgh rFkk
(B)
(C)
no
tt
(a)
100
fp=k 10-9 iSekus osQ mfpr ikB~;kad osQ fy, vk[k dh fLFkfr
f;kdyki 3
vius lgikBh dh pkbZ igys ckfy'rksa vkSj fiQj
ehVj iSekus dk mi;ksx djosQ ekfi,A blosQ fy,
foKku
f;kdyki 4
o js[kk AB (fp=k 10-10) dh yackbZ ekius osQ
fy, fdlh /kxs dk mi;ksx dhft,A kkxs osQ ,d
fljs ij xkB ckf/,A bl xkB dks fcanq A ij jf[k,A
vc /kxs dks viuh vaxqyh rFkk vaxqBs }kjk ruk
gqvk j[kdj blosQ NksVs Hkkx dks js[kk osQ vuqfn'k
jf[k,A bl fcanq ij vius ,d gkFk ls /kxs dks
Fkkfe,A vius nwljs gkFk ls /kxs osQ vkSj FkksM+s Hkkx
dks o&js[kk osQ vuqfn'k iSQykb,A bl izf;k dks
nksgjkrs gq, o&js[kk osQ fcanq B rd igqfp,A /kxs
dk tks Hkkx fcanq B ij gS ogk ,d fp vafdr
dhft,A vc bl /kxs dks ehVj&iSekus osQ vuqfn'k
iSQykb,A /kxs osQ vkjaHk esa c/h xkB rFkk bl ij
cus vafre fp ds chp dh yackbZ ekfi,A ;g eki
o&js[kk AB dh yackbZ gSA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
xfr'khy oLrq
?kj
,d mM+rh fpfM+;k
esk
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
?kM+h
tt
f;kdyki 6
no
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
no
tt
f;kdyki 7
(c)
103
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
(c)
(b)
(d)
(e)
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
orqZy xfr
nwjh
ekiu
xfr
vkorhZ xfr
ljyjs[kh; xfr
SI ek=kd
no
tt
,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd tkus osQ fy, ifjogu osQ fofHkUu lk/uksa dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
izkphu dky esa yksx iSj dh yackbZ] vaxqyh dh pkSM+kbZ] ,d dne dh nwjh vkfn dk
mi;ksx ekiu osQ ek=kd osQ :i esa djrs FksA blls my>usa gksrh Fkha rFkk blhfy, fdlh
,d leku ekiu iz.kkyh dks fodflr djus dh vko';drk mRiUu gqbZA
vc ge ek=kdksa dh varZjk"Vh; iz.kkyh (S.I. ek=kd) mi;ksx djrs gSaA bls leLr lalkj
esa ekU;rk izkIr gSA
S.I. ek=kdksa esa yackbZ dk ekud ek=kd ehVj gSA
ljy js[kk osQ vuqfn'k xfr dks ljy js[kh; xfr dgrs gSaA
orqZy xfr esa dksbZ oLrq bl izdkj xfr djrh gS fd ml oLrq dh fdlh fu;r fcanq ls
nwjh leku jgrh gSA
,slh xfr tks ,d fuf'pr le; varjky osQ i'pkr~ nksgjkrh gS] mls vkorhZ xfr dgrs gSAa
105
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
1- ok;q] ty rFkk Fky ij mi;ksx fd, tkus okys ifjogu osQ lk/uksa esa izR;sd osQ nks
mnkgj.k fyf[k,A
2- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %
(d) ,d ehVj esa &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& lsaVhehVj gksrs gSaA
([k) ikp fdyksehVj esa &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ehVj gksrs gSaA
(x) >wys ij fdlh cPps dh xfr &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& gksrh gSA
(?k) fdlh flykbZ e'khu dh lqbZ dh xfr &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& gksrh gSA
() fdlh lkbfdy osQ ifg, dh xfr &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& gksrh gSA
3- ix vFkok dne dk mi;ksx yackbZ osQ ekud ek=kd osQ :i esa D;ksa ugha fd;k tkrk\
4- fuEufyf[kr dks yackbZ osQ c<+rs ifjek.kksa esa O;ofLFkr dhft,A
1 ehVj] 1 lsaVhehVj] 1 fdyksehVj] 1 feyhehVj
5- fdlh O;fDr dh yackbZ 1-65 ehVj gSA bls lsaVhehVj rFkk feyhehVj esa O;Dr dhft,A
6- jk/k osQ ?kj rFkk mlosQ Ldwy osQ chp dh nwjh 3250 ehVj gSA bl nwjh dks fdyksehVj
esa O;Dr dhft,A
7- fdlh LosVj cquus dh lykbZ dh yackbZ ekirs le; LosQy ij ;fn blosQ ,d fljs dk
ikB~;kad 3-0 lsaVhehVj rFkk nwljs fljs dk ikB~;kad 33-1 lsaVhehVj gS rks lykbZ dh yackbZ
fdruh gS\
8- fdlh pyrh gqbZ lkbfdy osQ ifg, rFkk pyrs gq, Nr osQ ia[ks dh xfr;ksa esa lekurk, rFkk
vlekurk, fyf[k,A
9- vki nwjh ekius osQ fy, fdlh yphys iQhrs dk mi;ksx D;ksa ugha djrs\ ;fn vki fdlh
nwjh dks yphys iQhrs ls ekisa rks viuh eki dks fdlh vU; dks crkus esa vkidks tks
leL;k, vk,xh muesa ls oqQN leL;k, fyf[k,A
10- vkorhZ xfr osQ nks mnkgj.k fyf[k,A
tt
no
2- Mksjh rFkk LosQy dk mi;ksx djosQ izR;sd fo|kFkhZ ls mlosQ iSj dh yackbZ dk ekiu
djkb,A leLr d{kk osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ iSjksa dh yackbZ dh eki izkIr djosQ LraHk xzkiQ
[khafp,A
106
foKku
11
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 1
no
tt
oLrq@inkFkZ
lkj.kh 11-1
oLrq osQ ikj ns[kuk laHko (iw.kZr%@
vkaf'kd@fcYoqQy ugha)
(fVIi.kh)
vikjn'khZ@ikjn'khZ@
ikjHkklh
oLrq
isafly
jcM+ dh xsan
iw.kZ fo'okl ugha
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
f;kdyki 3
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
f;kdyki 4
f;kdyki 5
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
(a)
(b)
(c)
foKku
izfrfcac ns[ks FksA lw;Z osQ izfrfcacksa osQ lkFk D;k gksrk
gS\ D;k os izfrfcac Hkh gesa mYVs fn[kkbZ fn, Fks\
igsyh dk oqQN vU; fopkj gSA fu'p; gh ;s
lc ifj.kke] tks ge ns[k jgs gSa tSls& Nk;kvksa dk
cuuk] lwph fNnz izfrfcac vkfn rHkh laHko gSa tc
izdk'k osQoy ljy js[kk esa xeu djsA
f;kdyki 6
vkb,] ikbi dk NksVk VqdM+k vFkok jcM+ dh yach
uyh ysaA dejs esa ,d rjiQ ,d ekseckh tykdj
esk osQ ij j[ksaA vc dejs esa nwljh rjiQ [kM+s
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(a)
(b)
no
tt
(b)
f;kdyki 7
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
f;kdyki 8
fp=k 11-9 ljy js[kk eas pyrk gqvk rFkk niZ.k ls ijkofrZr
gksrk izdk'k
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
nhIr
niZ.k
vikjn'khZ
lwph fNnz oSQejk
ijkorZu
Nk;k
ikjHkklh
ikjn'khZ
vikjn'khZ oLrq, izdk'k dks vius esa ls gksdj ugha tkus nsrhaA
ikjn'khZ oLrq, izdk'k dks vius esa ls gksdj tkus nsrh gSa rFkk ge buosQ nwljh vksj j[kh
oLrqvksa dks Li"V ns[k ldrs gSaA
ikjHkklh oLrq, izdk'k osQ oqQN Hkkx dks gh vius esa ls gksdj tkus nsrh gSaA
tc izdk'k osQ iFk esa dksbZ vikjn'khZ oLrq vk tkrh gS rks Nk;k curh gSA
lkkkj.k lkexzh ls lwph fNnz oSQejk cuk;k tk ldrk gS rFkk bldk mi;ksx lw;Z rFkk
vfr nhIr oLrqvksa osQ izfrfcac dks ns[kus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
niZ.k&ijkorZu ls gesa Li"V izfrfcac izkIr gksrs gSa
izfrfcac Nk;kvksa ls vR;fkd fHkUu gksrs gSaA
no
tt
1- uhps fn, x, ckWDlksa osQ v{kjksa dks iquO;ZofLFkr djosQ ,d ,slk okD; cukb, ftlls gesa
vikjn'khZ oLrqvksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh feyus esa lgk;rk gks losQA
;k
Nk v
ikj n 'khZ gaSA
cukrh
oLrq,
113
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
2- uhps nh xbZ oLrqvksa vFkok inkFkksZ dks vikjn'khZ] ikjn'khZ vFkok ikjHkklh rFkk nhIr vFkok
vnhIr esa oxhZr dhft,%
ok;q] ty] pku dk VqdM+k] ,sYkqfefu;e 'khV] niZ.k] ydM+h dk r[rk] ikWyhFkhu 'khV]
CD , kqvk] lery dkp dh 'khV] oqQgjk] yky rIr yksgs dk VqdM+k] Nkrk] izdk'keku
izfrnhIr ufydk] nhokj] dkcZu isij dh 'khV] xSl cuZj dh Tokyk] xks dh 'khV] izdk'keku
VkWpZ] lsyksisQu 'khV] rkj dh tkyh] feh osQ rsy dk LVkso] lw;Z] twxuw] panzekA
3- D;k vki ,slh vkfr cukus osQ ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSa tks ,d <ax ls j[ks tkus ij o`kkdkj
Nk;k cuk, rFkk nwljs <ax ls j[ks tkus ij vk;rkdkj Nk;k cuk,\
4- fdlh vaksjs dejs esa ;fn vki vius psgjs osQ lkeus dksbZ niZ.k j[ksa rks D;k vki niZ.k esa
viuk ijkorZu ns[ksaxs\
no
tt
1- niZ.k dk [ksy % vius fe=kksa A,B,C, rFkk D dh ,d iafDr cukb, tks ,d js[kk esa [kM+s
gksaA vc fdlh ,d vU; fe=k dks muosQ lkeus ,d gkFk esa niZ.k ysdj bl izdkj [kM+k
dhft, fd niZ.k dk i`"B fe=kksa dh vksj gks (fp=k 11-10)A vc izR;sd fe=k ls ;g dgk
tk ldrk gS fd bl niZ.k esa mUgsa dkSu fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS & A,B,C vFkok D A
;fn A niZ.k esa B dks ns[k ldrk gS] rc] D;k B Hkh niZ.k esa A dks ns[k ldrk gS\ blh
izdkj A,B,C rFkk D esa ls fdUgha nks ;qxyksa osQ lkFk dhft,A
;fn A niZ.k esa B dks ugha ns[k ldrk gS] rc D;k B niZ.k esa A dks ns[k ldrk gS\ blh
izdkj A,B,C rFkk D esa ls fdUgha nks ;qxyksa osQ lkFk dhft,A
fp=k 11-10
bl f;kdyki ls gesa izdk'k osQ xeu rFkk niZ.k ls ijkofrZr gksus osQ ckjs esa oqQN tkudkjh
feyrh gSA blosQ ckjs esa vkSj vf/d mPp d{kkvksa esa lh[ksaxsA
2- nk;k&ck;k
vius nk, gkFk esa ,d oaQ?kk yhft, vkSj bls vius ckyksa rd ys tkb,A vc Lo;a dks niZ.k
esa nsf[k,A blesa vkidk tkuk igpkuk izfrfcac vki ij eqLoqQjk jgk gS
114
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fopkj.kh; ckrsa
tt
1- vikjn'khZ oLrq, Nk;k, cukrh gSa] D;k ,slk ugha gS\ vc ;fn ge dksbZ ikjn'khZ oLrq kwi
esa ysdj [kM+ s gks tk, rks D;k gesa kjrh ij mldh Nk;k fn[kkbZ nsxh] ftlls gesa ;g laosQr
feys fd ge gkFk esa oqQN idM+ s gq, gSa\
2- geus ns[kk fd vikjn'khZ oLrqvkas osQ jaxkas dks cnyus ls mudh Nk;kvkas osQ jax esa dksbZ
ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA tc ge fofHkUu jaxkas ds izdk'k dks vikjn'khZ oLrqvkas ij Mkyrs gSa
rc D;k gksrk gSa\ vki ,slk VkWpZ osQ i`"B dks ikjn'khZ jaxhu dkxk ls <ddj dj ldrs
gSaA (D;k vkius dHkh lw;kZLr osQ le; lk;adkyhu Nk;kvksa osQ jax ns[ks gSa\)
no
#fM;kMZ fdifyaXl dh jpuk tLV lks LVksjh fo'ks"kr% dgkuh ^^gkm fn fyvksikMZ xksV bV~l
LiksV~l** esa mUgksaus /kjhnkj] fpkhnkj] nkx&/Ccs okyh ijNkb;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ;gk ml
dgkuh ls ,d mj.k gS ftlesa cgqr&lh ijNkb;k crkbZ xbZ gSaA
- - - dHkh cgqr fnukas osQ ckn mUgksaus ,d cM+s] mQps] [kksrjks ls iw.kZ yacs o`{kkas osQ taxy esa
/kfj;k fpks] /Ccs rFkk fcanq] vkM+h frjNh js[kk,] iQyduqek vkSj xSj iQyduqek tSlh
ijNkb;k ns[khaA (l'kDrrk ls dgsa rFkk ns[ksa fd taxy vo'; brus Nk;kdkjh gksrs gSa)A
fyvksikMZ us dgk] ^;g D;k gS!*] ^bruk vf/d va/sjk] rc Hkh izdk'k osQ iqat!*
115
12
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
tt
psrkouh vkius fo|qr~&[kaHkksa] fo|qr~&miosaQnzksa rFkk vU; LFkkuksa ij bl izdkj dk fp ns[kk gksxkA ;g
no
n'kkZrk gS fd fo|qr~ dk mi;ksx mfpr :i ls u fd;k tk, rks ;g vR;ar [krjukd gks
ldrh gSA ;fn fo|qr~ rFkk fo|qr~ ;qfDr;ksa dks vlko/kuhiwoZd cjrk tk, rks ;g xaHkhj pksV
vFkok e`R;q rd dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA vr,o vkidks dHkh Hkh fo|qr~ osQ rkjksa rFkk
lkWosQV vkfn ls iz;ksx djus dk iz;Ru ugha djuk pkfg,A ;g Hkh ;kn jf[k, fd lqck
tfu=k (iksVsZcy tsujsVj) }kjk mRiUu fo|qr~ Hkh bruh gh [krjukd gSA fo|qr~ lacaf/r lHkh
f;kdykiksa osQ fy, osQoy lkkkj.k cSVjh dk gh mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
116
foKku
rarq
VfeZuy
fp=k 12-2
(a)
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(b)
(a)
(b)
f;kdyki 1
f;kdyki 2
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(b)
(c)
no
tt
(a)
12-3 fo|qr~&ifjiFk
(d)
(e)
(f)
foKku
f;kdyki 3
,d VkWpZ&cYc rFkk rkj dk ,d VqdM+ k yhft,A
igys dh rjg rkj osQ nksuksa fljksa ls IykfLVd
vkoj.k dks gVkb,A fp=k 12-7 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj rkj
osQ ,d fljs dks cYc osQ /krq osQ <kps osQ pkjksa vksj
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
tt
no
12-4 fo|qr~&fLop
f;kdyki 4
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
tt
no
fy, djrs gaSA ;|fi ?kjksa esa mi;ksx gksus okys fLop
blh flkar ij dk;Z djrs gSa ij muosQ fMkkbu
tfVy gksrs gaSA
f;kdyki 5
f;kdyki 4 osQ fy, iz;qDr fo|qr~&ifjiFk ls
fLop dks vyx dhft,A ,slk djus ls vkidks
fp=k 12-12 (a) osQ vuqlkj nks Lora=k rkjksa osQ fljs
fey tk,axsA bu rkjksa osQ nksuksa fljksa dks ,d&nwljs osQ
lehi yk, rkfd ;s ,d&nwljs dks Li'kZ djsaA D;k
cYc ty mBrk gS\ vc vki bl O;oLFkk dks
inkFkks osQ ijh{k.k osQ fy, iz;ksx esa yk ldrs gaS fd
;s fo|qr~&kkjk izokfgr djrs gaS vFkok ughaA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
yhft, ifjiFk cukus osQ fy, /krq osQ rkjksa osQ LFkku
ij ge lwrh /kxs dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA D;k vki
lksprs gSa bl voLFkk esa Hkh cYc nhIreku gksxk\
fo|qr~&/kjk osQ izokg osQ fy, ifjiFk esa fdl izdkj
osQ inkFkks dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkb,
bldk irk yxkrs gSaA
cYc
ijkorZd
IykfLVd dk
vkoj.k
(a)
(b)
LykbM fLop
no
tt
fo|qr~&lsy
121
jcM+
ugha
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
jcM+(bjskj)
fo|qr~&pkyd &&&&&&&&&&&]&&&&&&&&&&&]&&&&&&&&&
fo|qr~&jks/d &&&&&&&&&&&]&&&&&&&&&&&]&&&&&&&&&
vkius D;k fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS\ dkSu&ls inkFkZ
fo|qr~&pkyd gSa vkSj dkSu&ls fo|qr~&jks/d\
v;k; 4 osQ mu inkFkks dks Lej.k djsa tks pednkj
gksrs gSaA D;k os fo|qr~&pkyd gSa\
vc vki vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSa fd rkjksa dks
cukus osQ fy, rkck] ,syqfefu;e rFkk vU; kkrq,
D;ksa iz;qDr dh tkrh gSa\
vkb, f;kdyki 4 dks Lej.k djsa ftlesa geus
fLop osQ lkFk ,d ifjiFk cuk;k Fkk (fp=k 12-9)A
tc fLop [kqyh fLFkfr esa Fkk rc D;k nks MkWbax fiu
FkeksZdksy 'khV ls tqM+s gq, ugha Fks\ ijarq vki tkurs
gSa fd FkeksZdksy ,d fo|qr~&jks/d gSA fjDr LFkku esa
tc ok;q gksrh gS rc D;k gksrk gS\ pwfd fLop osQ
nks MkWbax fiu osQ chp esa tc osQoy ok;q Fkh rks cYc
nhfIreku ugha gksrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd ok;q Hkh
fo|qr~&jkskd gSA
fo|qr&~ pkyd rFkk fo|qr&~ jks/d gekjs fy, leku
:i ls egRoiw.kZ gaAS fLop] fo|qr~ Iyx] lkWoQs V lqpkyd
inkFkks ls cuk, tkrs gSAa nwljh vksj fo|qr&~ rkjks]a Iyx
osQ ij osQ Hkkx] fLop rFkk fo|qr&~ midj.kksa osQ
vU; Hkkx ftUgsa yksx Li'kZ dj ldrs gSAa budks cukus
osQ fy, jcM+ rFkk IykfLVd dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
psrkouh % vkidk 'kjhj fo|qr~ dk cgqr vPNk
pkyd gSA vr% fo|qr~ midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djrs
le; lko/kuh cjfr,A
dkp
/krq
no
tt
122
cYc
fo|qr~&pkyd
rarq
fo|qr~&jks/d
fo|qr~&lsy
fLop
fo|qr~&ifjiFk
VfeZuy
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fLop ,d ljy ;qfDr gS tks fo|qr~&/kjk osQ izokg dks jksdus ;k izkjaHk djus osQ fy,
ifjiFk dks rksM+rk vFkok iwjk djrk gSA
ftu inkFkksZ ls gksdj fo|qr~&/kjk izokfgr gks ldrh gS] os fo|qr~&pkyd dgykrs gSaA
ftu inkFkksZ ls gksdj fo|qr~&/kjk izokfgr ugha gks ldrh] os fo|qr~&jks/d dgykrs gSaA
([k) fo|qr~&ifjiFk cukus osQ fy, /krq osQ rkjksa osQ LFkku
ij twV dh Mksjh iz;qDr dh tk ldrh gSA
tt
fp=k 12-13
no
fp=k 12-14
123
6- fp=k 12-14 esa lqj{kk fiu dh txg ;fn jcM+ yxk nas rks D;k cYc nhfIreku gksxk\
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
7- D;k fp=k 12-15 esa fn[kk, x, ifjiFk esa cYc nhfIreku gksxk\
fp=k 12-15
8- fdlh oLrq osQ lkFk ^^pkyd&ijhf{k=k** dk mi;ksx djosQ ;g ns[kk x;k fd cYc nhfIreku
gksrk gSA D;k bl oLrq dk inkFkZ fo|qr~&pkyd gS ;k fo|qr~&jks/d\ O;k[;k dhft,A
9- vkiosQ ?kj esa fLop dh ejEer djrs le; fo|qr~&feLrjh jcM+ osQ nLrkus D;ksa igurk gS\
O;k[;k dhft,A
10- fo|qr~&feLrjh }kjk mi;ksx fd, tkus okys vkSkkj] tSls ispdl vkSj Iyk;lZ osQ gRFkksa
ij izk;% IykfLVd ;k jcM+ osQ vkoj.k p<+s gksrs gaSA D;k vki bldk dkj.k le>k
ldrs gaS\
1- dYiuk djks ,d eghus rd fo|qr~&vkiwfrZ ugha gSA ;g vkidh rFkk vkiosQ ifjokj
osQ vU; lnL;kas osQ nSfud f;kdykiksa dks oSQls izHkkfor djsxhA vki viuh dYiuk
dks ukVd ;k dgkuh osQ :i esa izLrqr dhft,A ;fn laHko gks rks Lofyf[kr vFkok
vius fo|ky;h fe=k }kjk fyf[kr ukVd dk eaph; izLrqrhdj.k dhft,A
no
tt
2- vius fe=kksa osQ fy, vki ,d [ksy cuk ldrs gaS ftldk uke gksxk] ^vkidk gkFk
fdruk fLFkj gS\* vkidks ,d lsy] ,d fo|qr~&cYc] yxHkx Ms<+ ehVj yack /krq dk
eksVk rkj (ftlosQ IykfLVd osQ fo|qr~&jks/u dks [kqjp fn;k x;k gks) ,d /krq dh
oqaQth] nks yksgs dh dhysa (yxHkx 5 lsaVhehVj yach) rFkk la;kstd rkj osQ oqQN VqdM+s
pkfg,A ,d ydM+h osQ r[rs ij yxHkx ,d ehVj dh nwjh ij nks dhysa bl izdkj
yxkb, fd bUgsa gqd dh Hkkfr mi;ksx fd;k tk losQA rkj dks oqaQth osQ NYys esa ls
fudky dj bu dhyksa osQ chp esa dl nhft,A vius fdlh fe=k ls NYys dks
lh/s rkj esa fcuk rkj dks Nq, ,d fljs ls nwljs fljs rd ys tkus dks dfg,A
3- vkyslkanzks oksYVk] ftUgksaus fo|qr~&lsy dk vkfo"dkj fd;k] osQ laca/ esa if<+, vkSj
tkfu,A vki fo|qr~&cYc osQ vkfo"dkjd FkkWel ,Yok ,fMlu osQ ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh
izkIr dj ldrs gaSA
124
foKku
13
i
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 1
no
tt
126
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
lkj.kh 13-1 % pqacd }kjk vkdf"kZr gksus okyh oLrqvksa dk irk yxkuk
inkFkZ ftldh oLrq cuh gS (diM+k@IykfLVd@
,sYkqfefu;e@ydM+h@dkp@yksgk@vU; dksbZ)
yksgk
gk
LosQy
IykfLVd
ugha
twrk
peM+k
no
yksgs dh xsan
tt
oLrq dk
uke
127
f;kdyki 3
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fdlh pqacd dks jsr vFkok fe^h esa jxMs+A pqacd dks
ckgj fudkysasA D;k pqacd osQ lkFk oqQN jsr vFkok
fe^h osQ d.k fpid x, gSa\ vc bu jsr vFkok
fe^h osQ d.kksa dks gVkus osQ fy, pqacd dks vkjke
ls fgyk,A D;k oqQN d.k vc Hkh fpiosQ gq, gSa\ ;s
fe^h ls mBk, x, yksgs osQ NksVs VqdM+s (yksgs dk
cqjknk) gks ldrs gSaA
bl izdkj osQ f;kdyki }kjk ge ;g Kkr dj
ldrs gSa fd D;k fdlh LFkku dh jsr vFkok feh esa
ykS g d.k fo|eku gS\a vius ?kj osQ ikl] Ldwy esa
vFkok vodk'k osQ fnuksa esa Hkze.k fd, x, LFkkuksa ij
bl f;kdyki dks djus dk iz;kl dhft,A D;k
pqca d ls fpiosQ yksgs osQ cqjkns dh rLohj] fp=k 13-6 esa
n'kkZ, x, fdlh izdj.k tSlh gS\
vkius tks Kkr fd;k gS mldh ,d lkj.kh cukb,A
(a)
f;kdyki 4
(b)
(c)
fp=k 13-6 pqacd (a) i;kZIr yksgs osQ cqjkns osQ lkFk
cqjkns osQ lkFk (c) fcuk cqjkns osQ lkFk
(b)
oqQN
tt
no
LFkku dk uke
(cLrh vkSj dLck@
'kgj@xko)
128
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 5
no
tt
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
foKku
f;kdyki 6
NM+ pqacd osQ mi;ksx ls yksgs dh lqbZ dks pqacfdr
dhft,A vc bls fdlh NksVh dkWoZQ vFkok iQkse osQ
VqdM+ s esa fufo"V dhft,A
bls ikuh ls Hkjs I;kys vFkok
Vc esa rSjkb,A ;g lqfuf'pr
dhft, fd lqbZ ikuh dks u
Nq, (fp=k 13-12)A vc
vkidh oaQikl dk;Z djus
osQ fy, rS;kj gSA rSjrh dkWoQZ
ij yxh lqbZ dh fn'kk uksV fp=k 13-12 I;kys esa ,d
oaQikl
dhft,A lqbZ yxh dkWoZQ dks
fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa ?kqekb,A tc fcuk ?kqek, dkWoZQ
rSjus yxs rks lqbZ dh fn'kk iqu% uksV dhft,A D;k
dkWoZQ dk ?kweuk can gksus ij] lqbZ lnSo ,d gh fn'kk
n'kkZrh gS\
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
A
B
fp=k 13-13 D;k vleku /zqo vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa\
lkj.kh 13-3
dkjas oSQls pyrh gS\
,d&nwljs dh vksj@
,d nwljs ls nwj@
fcYoqQy ugha
oqQN psrkofu;k
osQ
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
dkjksa dh fLFkfr
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
oaQikl (fnd~lwpd)
pqca d
eSXusVkbV
mkjh /qzo
nf{k.kh /zqo
pqacd yksgk] fufdy] dksckYV tSls oqQN inkFkks dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA ,sls inkFkks dks
pqacdh; inkFkZ dgrs gSaA
tks inkFkZ pqacd ls vkdf"kZr ugha gksrs] os vpqacdh; dgykrs gSaA
izR;sd pqacd osQ nks /zqo gksrs gSa & mkjh /zqo rFkk nf{k.kh /zqoA
Lora=krkiwoZd yVdkus ij pqacd lnSo mkj&nf{k.k fn'kk esa vkdj #drk gSA
no
tt
nks pqacdksa osQ vleku /zqo ,d&nwljs dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSa tcfd leku /zqoksa esa
ijLij izfrd"kZ.k gksrk gSA
133
(?k) izkphu dky esa yksx fn'kk Kkr djus osQ fy, &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dk VqdM+k yVdkrs FksA
() pqacd osQ lnSo &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& /zqo gksrs gSaA
2- crkb, fd fuEu dFku lgh gS vFkok xyr %
(d) csyukdkj pqacd esa osQoy ,d /zqo gksrk gSA
([k) f=ke pqacd dk vkfo"dkj ;wuku esa gqvk FkkA
(x) pqacd osQ leku /zqo ,d&nwljs dks izfrdf"kZr djrs gSaA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(?k) yksgs dk cqjknk NM+ pqacd osQ lehi ykus ij blosQ e; esa vf/d fpidrk gSA
() NM+ pqacd lnSo mkj&nf{k.k fn'kk dks n'kkZrk gSA
(p) fdlh LFkku ij iwoZ&if'pe fn'kk Kkr djus osQ fy, oaQikl dk mi;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
(N) jcM+ ,d pqacdh; inkFkZ gSA
3- ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd isafly Nhyd ('kkiZuj) ;|fi IykfLVd dk cuk gksrk gS] fiQj Hkh
;g pqacd osQ nksuksa /qzoksa ls fpidrk gSA ml inkFkZ dk uke crkb, ftldk mi;ksx blosQ
fdlh Hkkx osQ cukus esa fd;k x;k gS\
4- ,d pqacd osQ ,d /qzo dks nwljs pqacd osQ /zqo osQ lehi ykus dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;k
dkWye 1 esa n'kkZbZ xbZ gSaA dkWye 2 esa izR;sd fLFkfr osQ ifj.kke dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fjDr
LFkkukas dh iwfrZ dhft, %
dkWye 1
dkWye 2
___________
N ___________
vkd"kZ.k
SN
___________
___________ S
izfrd"kZ.k
tt
NN
no
134
foKku
10- ikuh osQ Vc esa rSjrh ,d f[kykSuk uko osQ lehi fofHkUu fn'kkvkas ls ,d pqacd yk;k x;kA
izR;sd fLFkfr esa izsf{kr izHkko dkWye 1 esa rFkk laHkkfor dkj.k dkWye 2 esa fn, x, gSaA
dkWye 1 esa fn, x, dFkukas dk feyku dkWye 2 esa fn, x, dFkukas ls dhft,A
dkWye 1
uko pqacd dh vksj vkdf"kZr gks tkrh gSA
uko pqacd ls izHkkfor ugha gksrhA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
dkWye 2
3.
no
tt
4.
,d oaQikl dk mi;ksx djosQ] vius dejs dh f[kM+dh rFkk vius ?kj ;k viuh d{kk
osQ izos'k }kj osQ [kqyus dh fn'kk Kkr dhft,A
leku eki osQ nks ,d tSls NM+ pqacdksa dks ,d nwljs osQ ij bl izdkj j[kus dk iz;Ru
dhft, fd ,d pqacd dk mkjh&/zqo nwljs pqacd osQ mkjh&/zqo ij gksA voyksdu
dhft, D;k gksrk gS] vkSj vius izs{k.kkas dks viuh uksVcqd esa fyf[k,A
c<+bZ osQ dke djrs le; iQ'kZ ij cgqr&lk ydM+ h dk Nhyu iSQy tkrk gS rFkk oqQN
yksgs dh dhysa ,oa isap Hkh buosQ lkFk fey tkrs gSaA gkFkkas ls <w<us esa mldk cgqewY;
le; u"V fd, fcuk vki dhyksa rFkk isapksa dks cqjkns rFkk Nhyu ls i`Fkd djus esa mldh
lgk;rk oSQls djsasxs\
vki ,d cqfeku xqfM+ ;k cuk ldrs gS]a tks viuh
ialn dh oLrq, pqurh gS (fp=k 13-17)A ,d xqfM+;k
yhft, rFkk blosQ ,d gkFk esa ,d NksVk pqca d ck/
nhft,A bl gkFk dks nLrkus ls Nqik nhft, ftlls fd
pqca d u fn[kkbZ nsA vc] vkidh cqfeku xqfM+ ;k rS;kj
gSA vius fe=kksa ls fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrq, xqfM+ ;k osQ
gkFk osQ ikl ykus dks dfg,A oLrq osQ inkFkZ dh
tkudkjh ls vki igys ls gh ;g crk ldrs gks fd fp=k 13-17 ,d cqfeku xqfM+ ;k
xqfM+ ;k bl oLrq dks idM+s xh ;k ughaA
135
14
ek
ty
fnu esa vki rFkk vkiosQ ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa }kjk
izR;sd f;kdyki esa iz;qDr ty dh ek=kk ekfi,A
vki ekiu osQ fy, ex] fxykl] ckYVh ;k fdlh
vU; crZu dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
mi;ksx gq,
ty dh ek=kk
ihus esa
tt
no
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
tt
no
ty
14-3 typ
ty osQ foyqIr gksus dh ;qfDr
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
f;kdyki 2
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
fp=k 14-5 lw;Z osQ izdk'k (/wi) vkSj Nk;k esa ty dk ok"iu
ty
139
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
o"kkZ rFkk fge osQ :i esa i`Foh osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa
vk, ty dk D;k gksrk gS\ izk;% leLr Hkwi"` B
egklkxjksa osQ ry ls ps gSAa o"kkZ rFkk fge osQ :i
esa Hkwfe ij fxjk vf/dka'k ty] varr% egklkxjksa esa
okil pyk tkrk gSA ;g fofHkUu <axksa ls gksrk gSA
ioZrksa ij fge fi?kydj ty cu tkrh gSA ;g
ty igkM+ksa ls >juksa rFkk ufn;ksa osQ :i esa uhps
fxjrk gS (fp=k 14-8)A oqQN ty tks o"kkZ osQ :i
esa Hkwfe ij fxjrk gS] og Hkh ufn;ksa vkSj >juksa osQ
:i esa cg tkrk gSA vf/dka'k ufn;k Hkwfe ij yach
nwjh r; djrh gSa vkSj varr% fdlh leqnz ;k egklkxj
easa fxj tkrh gSa rFkkfi oqQN ufn;ksa dk ty >hyksa esa
cg tkrk gSA
o"kkZ dk ty Hkh >hyksa rFkk rkykcksa dks Hkj nsrk
gSA o"kkZ osQ ty dk oqQN Hkkx Hkwfe }kjk lks[k fy;k
tkrk gS vkSj e`nk esa foyqIr gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA bl
ty dk oqQN Hkkx ok"iu rFkk ok"iksRltZu }kjk]
ty
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fp=k 14-9 typ
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
no
tt
ckny
la?kuu
lw[kk
ok"iu
ck<+
vksyk
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
144
egklkxj
o"kkZ ty laxzg.k
fge
tyok"i
typ
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
vR;f/d o"kkZ ls ck<+ vkrh gS tcfd yacs le; rd o"kkZ u gksus ls lw[kk iM+
ldrk gSA
(d) ty oQks ok"i esa ifjofrZr djus osQ ize dks &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dgrs gSaA
([k) tyok"i dks ty esa ifjofrZr djus osQ ize dks &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dgrs gSaA
(x) ,d o"kZ ;k blls vf/d le; rd o"kkZ u gksuk ml {ks=k esa &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ykrk gSA
(?k) vR;f/d o"kkZ ls &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& vkrh gSA
2- uhps fy[ks esa ls izR;sd dk D;k ;g ok"iu vFkok la?kuu osQ dkj.k ls gSA
tt
no
()
145
([k) ty egklkxjksa] ufn;ksa rFkk >hyksa ls okf"ir gksdj ok;q esa feyrk gS ijarq
Hkwfe ls okf"ir ugha gksrkA
()
( )
()
() ok;q dh ijh ijrksa esa] tgk ;g vkSj vf/d BaMh gksrh gS] tyok"i la?kfur
gksdj NksVh&NksVh tydf.kdk, cukrh gSA
()
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
4- eku yhft, fd vki viuh Ldwy ;wfuiQkeZ dks o"kkZ okys fnu 'kh?kz lq[kkuk pkgrs gSa A
D;k bls fdlh vxhBh ;k ghVj osQ ikl iSQykus ij bl dk;Z esa lgk;rk feysxh\ ;fn
gk] rks oSQls\
5- ,d ty dh BaMh cksry jsfizQtjsVj ls fudkfy, vkSj bls est ij jf[k,A oqQN le;
i'pkr~ vki blosQ pkjksa vksj ty dh xa&ea cwns ns[kssaxsA D;ksa\
6- p'eksa osQ ysal lkiQ djus osQ fy, yksx ml ij iwQd ekjrs gSa rks ysal Hkhax tkrs gSaA ySal
D;ksa Hkhax tkrs gSa\ le>kb,A
7- ckny oSQls curs gSa\
8- lw[kk dc iM+rk gS\
1- rhu f;kdykiksa dh lwph cukb, ftlls vki ty cpk ldrs gSaA izR;sd f;kdyki dks
oSQls djsaxs] bldk mYys[k dhft,A
2- fdlh if=kdk ;k iqjkus lekpkji=k ls gky gh esa vkbZ ck<+ ;k lw[ks osQ fp=k ,d=k djosQ
viuh mkj&iqfLrdk esa fpidkb,A ml {ks=k esa jgus okys euq";ksa us ftu leL;kvksa dk
lkeuk fd;k gS] mu ij oqQN iafDr;k fyf[k,A
tt
3- ty dh cpr osQ mik;kssa ij ,d iksLVj cukb, vkSj mls vius fo|ky; osQ lwpuk&iV
ij iznf'kZr dhft,A
no
4- ^^ty dh cpr** osQ fo"k; ij vius Lo;a osQ oqQN ukjs fyf[k,A
146
foKku
15
v
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
tt
no
f;kdyki 1
viuh eq_h can djsaA blosQ vanj D;k gS\ oqQN ugha\
bldk irk yxkus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr f;kdyki
dhft,A
f;kdyki 2
dkp dh ,d [kkyh cksry yhft,A D;k ;g okLro
esa fcYoqQy [kkyh gS ;k blosQ vanj oqQN gS\ vc
bls mYVk dhft,A D;k vc blosQ vanj oqQN gS\
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
tyok"i
vkWDlhtu
f;kdyki 3
vius f'k{kd dh mifLFkfr esa nks mFkys ik=kksa esa nks
leku vkdkj dh eksecfk;ksa dks chpks&a chp yxkb,A
vc ik=kksa esa oqQN ikuh Mky nsAa vc eksecfk;k tyk,
rFkk fp=k 15-6 osQ vuqlkj izR;sd ekseckh osQ ij
foKku
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
ukbVkstu
f;kdyki 4
149
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fp=k 15-8 HkhM+ Hkjs pkSjkgs ij ,d iqfyldehZ }kjk eq[kkSVk
igudj ;krk;kr fu;a=k.k
no
tt
150
foKku
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM]
tyok"i ,oa nwljh xSlas
vkWDlhtu
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
ukbVkstu
no
tt
f;kdyki 6
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
152
ok;qeMa y
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
ok;q dh lajpuk
/qvk
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
vkWDlhtu
ukbVkstu
iou&pDdh
ok;q izR;sd LFkku ij feyrh gSA ge ok;q dks ns[k ugha ldrs ijarq bls vuqHko dj
ldrs gSaA
xfr'khy ok;q dks iou dgrs gSaA
ok;q txg ?ksjrh gSA
ok;q ukbVkstu] vkWDlhtu] dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] tyok"i rFkk oqQN vU; xSlksa] dk
feJ.k gSA blesa oqQN /wy&d.k Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
vkWDlhtu Toyu esa lgk;d rFkk 'olu osQ fy, vko';d gSA
ok;q dh og ijr] tks i`Foh dks ?ksjs gq, gaS] mls ok;qeaMy dgrs gSaA
i`Foh ij thou osQ fy, ok;qeaMy vko';d gSA
tt
tyh;&izk.kh 'olu osQ fy, ty esa ?kqyh ok;q dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
no
ok;q ls vkWDlhtu rFkk dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM osQ vknku&nku osQ fy, ikS/s rFkk tarq
,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA
153
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
9- ok;qeaMy esa xSlksa osQ vknku&iznku esa ikS/s rFkk tarq ,d&nwljs dh fdl izdkj lgk;rk
djrs gSa\
1- ,d lkiQ 'kh'ks dh f[kM+dh ij] tks ,d [kqys {ks=k dh vksj [kqyrh gks] dkxk dh ,d
vk;krkdkj i^h yxk nsaA oqQN fnu ckn bl i^h dks gVk,A D;k vki f[kM+dh osQ <osQ
gq, vk;krkdkj LFkku rFkk ckdh f[kM+dh esa oqQN varj ikrs gSa\ bl f;kdyki dks
izR;sd ekg nksgjkus ls vkidks vius pkjksa vksj dh ok;q esa fo|eku /wy osQ d.kksa dh ek=kk
dk o"kZ osQ fHkUu&fHkUu le;ksa esa cks/ gks tk,xkA
no
tt
2- lM+d osQ fdukjs ij mxs o`{kksa ,oa >kM+&>adkM+ dh ifk;ksa dk izs{k.k dhft,A uksV dhft,
fd D;k budh ifk;ksa ij /wy vFkok dkfy[k rks ugha teh gSA blh izdkj dk izs{k.k
fo|ky; ifjlj vFkok fdlh ckx osQ isM+ksa dh ifk;ksa osQ lkFk dhft,A D;k lM+d osQ
fudV osQ o`{kksa dh ifk;ksa ij ,df=kr dkfy[k rFkk ckx ;k fo|ky; dh ifk;ksa ij
,df=kr dkfy[k esa dksbZ varj gS\ bl varj osQ D;k laHkkfor dkj.k gks ldrs gSa\ vius
'kgj vFkok dLcs dk ekufp=k yhft,A bl ekufp=k esa mu {ks=kksa dh igpku djsa tgk
lM+d osQ fdukjs osQ ikniksa ij dkfy[k dh cgqr eksVh ijr ns[kh gSA bu ifj.kkeksa dh
vius lgikfB;ksa osQ ifj.kkeksa ls rqyuk dhft, rFkk bu {ks=kksa dks ekufp=k ij vafdr
dhft,A dnkfpr lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ ifj.kkeksa dks lkjkaf'kr djosQ lekpkji=kksa esa Nkik
tk ldrk gSA
154
foKku
16
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
f;kdyki 1
no
tt
vk jgh gS\
dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvk gS\
fdl <sjh osQ dpjs dk foxyu gqvk vkSj
fdldk ugha gqvk\
vius isz{k.kksa osQ vk/kj ij lkj.kh 16-1 osQ
dkWyeksa esa vius fodYiksa (i)] (ii) ] (iii) ;k (iv) dks
foKku
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
157
16-2 oehZoaQiksfLaVx
f;kdyki 2
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
foKku
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
fp=k 16-8 [kjhnh xbZ oLrqvksa ls Hkjh FkSfy;ksa osQ lkFk ukuw
no
tt
161
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
no
tt
vif'k"V
dpjk
Hkjko {ks=k
oaQiksLV
oehZoaQiksfLaVx
iqu%p.k
163
Hkjko {ks=k og LFkku gS] tgk 'kgj vFkok uxj osQ dpjs dks ,d=k djosQ ikVk tkrk gSA
dkykarj esa bl {ks=k esa ikoZQ cuk nsrs gaSA
jlksbZ ?kj osQ vif'k"V lfgr ikS/ksa ,oa tarq vif'k"Vksa dks [kkn esa ifjofrZr djuk oaQiksfLaVx
dgykrk gSA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
jlksbZ ?kj osQ dpjs dks fe vFkok yky osaQpqvkas }kjk ls oaQiksLV esa ifjofrZr djuk]
oehZoaQiksfLaVx dgykrk gSA
dkxk dk iqu%p.k laHko gS rFkk iqu%p.k }kjk cus dkxk ls mi;ksxh phksa cukbZ
tk ldrh gaSA
oaQiksfLaVx }kjk IykfLVd dks de gkfudkjd inkFkks eas ifjofrZr djuk laHko ugha gSA
gesa de ls de vif'k"V mRiUu djus dh vko';drk gSA gesa vius pkjkas vksj dpjs
dh c<+rh ek=kk ls fuiVus ds mik; [kkstus pkfg,A
(d) yky osaQpq, fdl izdkj osQ dpjs dks oaQiksLV esa ifjofrZr ugha djrs\
([k) D;k vkius vius oaQiksLV&xM~<s esa yky osaQpqvkas osQ vfrfjDr fdlh vU; tho dks
Hkh ns[kk gS\ ;fn gk] rks mudk uke tkuus dk iz;kl dhft,A mudk fp=k Hkh cukb,A
2- ppkZ dhft,%
([k) D;k dpjs osQ fuiVku ls lacaf/r leL;kvksa dks de djuk laHko gS\
tt
3- (d) ?kj esa cps gq, Hkkstu dk vki D;k djrs gSa\
no
([k) ;fn vkidks ,oa vkiosQ fe=kkas dks fdlh ikVhZ esa IykfLVd dh IysV vFkok osQys osQ
iks esa [kkus dk fodYi fn;k tk,] rks vki fdls pqusaxs vkSj D;ksa\
4- (d) fofHkUu izdkj osQ dkxk osQ VqdM+s ,d=k dhft,A irk dhft, fd bueas ls fdldk
iqu%p.k fd;k tk ldrk gS\
([k) ysal dh lgk;rk ls dkxkkas osQ mu lHkh VqdM+ksa dk izs{k.k dhft, ftUgsa vkius
mijksDr iz'u osQ fy, ,d=k fd;k FkkA D;k vki dkxk dh ubZ 'khV ,oa iqu%pfr
dkxk dh lkexzh eas dksbZ varj ns[krs gSa\
164
foKku
5- (d) iSfoaQx esa mi;ksx gksus okyh fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrq, ,d=k dhft,A buesa ls izR;sd
dk fdl mss'; osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k Fkk\ lewgksa esa ppkZ dhft,A
([k) ,d ,slk mnkgj.k nhft, ftlesa iSosQftax dh ek=kk de dh tk ldrh FkhA
o N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
he
d
(x) iSosQftax ls dpjs dh ek=kk fdl izdkj c<+ tkrh gS] bl fo"k; ij ,d dgkuh
fyf[k,A
8- D;k vkiosQ fopkj esa jklk;fud moZjd osQ LFkku ij vis{kkr oaQiksLV dk mi;ksx mke
gksrk gS\
1- iqjkuh rFkk isaQdh tkus okyh dkp dh cksrysa] IykfLVd dh cksrysa] ukfj;y dh Hkwlh]
u] pknjsa] ckkbZ dkMZ rFkk vU; vuqi;ksxh oLrq, ,d=k dhft,A D;k vki isaQdus osQ
LFkku ij buls oqQN mi;ksxh phksa cuk ldrs gSa\ iz;kl dhft,A
fpark dk fo"k;
fnYyh tSls 'kgjksa esa 'kjn rq esa <sjksa ifk;k tykbZ tkrh gSaA bu ifk;ksa osQ tyus ij
mRiUu oqQN xSlsa lM+d ij nkSM+us okys okguksa ls eqDr gksus okyh xSlksa tSlh gh gksrh gSaA
;fn ge ifk;ksa dks tykus dh vis{kk buls oaQiksLV cuk, rks ge jklk;fud moZjdksa osQ
mi;ksx esa deh yk ldrs gSaA
gjs {ks=kksa ftuesa 'kq ok;q gksuh pkfg, okLro esa ifk;ksa osQ tykus ls fo"kSyh xSlksa ls Hkj tkrs
gaSA
tt
;fn vki fdlh dks Hkh ifk;ksa dks tykrs gq, ns[ksa rks mldh f'kdk;r uxjikfydk osQ
vfkdkfj;ksa ls djsa vFkok lekpkji=kksa dks fy[ksaA
no
ifk;ksa dks tykus osQ fo# vfHk;ku pykdj lkekftd tkx:drk iSnk djsaA ;g lqfuf'pr
djsa fd fxjh gqbZ ifk;ksa dks tyk;k ugha tk, cfYd bu ifk;ksa ls oaQiksLV cukbZ tk;sA
vius 'kgj vFkok jkT; osQ ^o`{k izkf/dj.k* dks fyf[k, fd og ifk;ksa osQ tykus dks ,d
naMuh; vijk/ ?kksf"kr djasA
165