Each property of an engineering material has a materials selection charts illustrated by Fig. triste range of values, The values are conveniently displayed on (the modulus, Ein this case) is plotted against another (he density. P) on logasthmic scales. The range ofthe axes is chosen to include all matevals, fiom the Habtest foams to the heaviest metals. I is then found that data for a given class of materials (polymers for example) chstr together on the chiar: the subrange associated With one material classi, i all cass, much stall than th fll smige of that propety Data for one class can be enclosed in a property-cuvelope, as shown in Fig, 1. The envelope encloses all members ofthe class. 1000 Longitudinal wave velocity 100} (VEIp), mls Eng inee! fing /. - “Composites s Porous 10 ceramics _- 4 S __-\-Engineering polymers - Young's modulus (E), GPa Density (p), Mg/m$ Fig. 1 The idea of Materials Property Chart: Young's modulus, &, is plotted against the density, P, on log scales. Each class of material occupies a characteristic part of the chart. The log scales allow the longitudinal elastic wave velocity v = (£/P)'” to be plotted as a set of parallel contours. All this is simple enough-—just a helpfil way of plotting data. However, by choosing the axes and scales appropriately ‘more can be added. The speed of sound in a solid depends on the moxtulus, F, and the density, P: the longitudinal wave speed v, for instance, is 1A v=|= p log E=log P+ 2 log v For a fixed value of v, this equation plots as a straight line of slope 1 on Fig. 1. This allows the addition of contours of constant wave velocity to the chart: They are the family of parallel diagonal lines linking materials in whieh longitudinal ‘waves travel with the same speed. All the charts allow adltional fundamental relationships of tis sort tobe displayed,A number of mechanical and thermal properties characterize a material and detemnine its use in engineering design; they include density, moxiuus, stength, toughness, damping coefficient, thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and expansion. The charts display data for these properties for the nine classes of materials listed in Table 1. Within each class, data are plotted fora representative set of materials, chosen both to span the full rage of behavior forthe class and to include the ‘most comumion and most widely used memibers of it. In this way the envelope for a class encloses data not only for the ls listed in Table 1, but for virally all other meanbers ofthe clas as well (a) A distinction is drawn in the charts between the properties of uniply and laminated (laminates) composites. ©) separate property envelopes describe properties of wood parallel, Il, and perpendicular, L, to the grain. ‘The charts show a range of values for each property of each material. Sometimes the range is narrow: the modulus of copper, for instance, varies by only a few percent about its mean value, influenced by purity, texture, and the like. ‘Sometimes the range is wide; the strength of alumina-ceramic can vary by a factor of 100 or more, influenced by porosity, gait size, and so on, Heat treatment and mechanical working have a profound effect on yield strength, damping, and the Toughness of metals. Crystallinity and degree of cross-linking greatly influence the modulus of polymers, and so on, ‘These structure-sensitive properties appear as elongated bubbles within the envelopes on the charts. A bubble encloses typical range forthe value ofthe property for a single material (see Fig. 2) Envelopes (heavier lines) enclose the bubbles for a clas, Characteristics of Manufacturing Processes ‘This section describes the basic characteristics of manufacturing processes. Although the level of detail is rather lementary, this section provides sufficient detail for selection of processes at the conceptual or embodiment stages of vo 30 ers), Mg? Fig, 2 Young's modulus, £, plotted against density, P, for various engineered materials. The heavy envelopes enclose data for a given class of material. The diagonal contours show the longitudinal wave velocity. The quide lines of constant /P, £°/P, and €/P allow selection of materials for minimum weight, deflection-imited, design.Te tigre Gad Sgeuiaps Cab _eom woven Ae Neon Copper Bins Tass Chen eaten Payee Zee Ser Castine Neel Patan ewan Tung 108 Sf wot ry we 2 w 102 A} 10 wot one rol L ° 0 700 1500 Ea 2500 ‘00 00a Mating temperra, K Fig. 1 Ashby process chart for casting. The size in this chart is measured by weight, W. It can be converted to volume via the density, P, or to the approximate linear dimension, L, shown on the right-hand-axis via L = (W/PY?. Source: Ref 2 Approsimate ines irension, om