Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Planting rice is believed to have been introduced by the Thai Malay states in the
North and the Minangkabau people in Southern states.
States famous in the cultivation of rice in Malaya Kedah, Melaka, Negeri
Sembilan and Pahang. Between the states, the state of Sarawak is well known as
the rice bowl of the country. By the 18th century, the plains of Perlis and
Seberang Perai also become a major rice growing area. Rice cultivation is
growing by leaps and bounds are affected by the irrigation system used since the
19th century.
Water was brought into the paddy fields through irrigation and canal. Among the
famous canal is Canal Wan Mat Saman, built in 1885 in Kedah. In Negeri
Sembilan, windmills were built to bring water into the paddy field. Compared
with paddy rice, upland rice grown itinerant whenever cultivation is carried out
as soil fertility has been lost or significantly reduced. Typically, rice is grown in
the mountainous areas. For example, the hamlet of Murut tribe in Sabah and
Sarawak who live in rural areas engaged in paddy fields. However, there are also
other crops as a complement to results such as potatoes, rice, vegetables and so
on. Cultivation of this crop is important because it is a "food gap". Moreover, the
tubers can also be made part of the main meal when the supply of rice.
Maintenance
Agricultural activities affect the fertility of the soil for plants. To maintain soil to
remain fertile, farmers are encouraged to make crop rotation. For example, in the
first season of the land area planted with beans, on the second season of the
same area of land planted with chili.
Fishery
Fish is a food source for traditional Malay society. Fishing is the main occupation
of the community who live by the sea and rivers. The catch will be the needs of
you and surplus revenue will be sold. Fishing activities can be seen especially in
the state of Terengganu and Pahang. They carry out their activity between March
and October and stopped between November and February because of the time
it is the rainy season. In the rainy season, fishermen in the state of fish stocks
will catch fish in ponds, rivers and rice fields. In addition, they are also trying to
improve the means of catching them at the moment. At sea, fishermen use nets,
fishing nets, nets, fish traps, Kelong and longline fishing. The river, the fishing
line, nets, tangguk, wood, fish trap, Omak and harpoons used for fishing.
Nowadays only fishing activities carried out by those who live on the seafront
and the less educated. Moreover, society today is also less keen to participate in
fishing activities because they work extremely hard and low revenue. The
government also encouraged the young people involved in this activity. To
attract, the government has been trying to establish such many way fisher
associations and many more. Fishery also divided into 2 of saltwater fishing and
freshwater. Examples of saltwater fish is kerabong grouper, mackerel while the
sample is talapiah bream, catfish, snakehead, catfish
construction plans and so on. The construction of this infrastructure allows the
tin exported easily. But a lot of tin production led to an oversupply on the world
market. Thus, the price of tin has shrunk from 99.7 pounds per tonne (1870) to
96.7 pounds per tonne (1880s). Some steps have been taken by the British to
restrict and control the production of tin ore to the price did not go down. In
addition to tin, pepper, spices, and sugar cane Gambir is also important
merchandise. Planting these plants can be seen in Johor where many Chinese
who migrated from Singapore cultivate Gambir; Penang and Perak sugarcane
cultivation is carried out by the Europeans.
Beginning, 20th century, to plant rubber export or trading result is important
because it is very profitable. Its development was closely linked to the transport
system, which is why a lot of the infrastructure was built. The rapid expansion of
rubber cultivation has increased trading revenue Malaya. Between the years
1906-1929, the average area of rubber plantations in Malaya has increased from
129,809 hectares to 2.971 million hectares and rubber exports increased from
6500 tonnes in 1910 to 456,000 tons in 1929. The price of rubber rose from 1s3d
pound to a pound of 2s6d years 1830 to 1900. Prices continue upward until 8s9d
pound in 1910. However, the uncontrolled production leads to excess supply and
price of rubber has fallen from 8s9d (1910) to pound 1s10d (1920). This
phenomenon led to the British took steps to restructure its program of rubber
and several approaches have been made as Stevenson Restriction Plan (19221928). Since 1917, the oil palm has been grown commercially in Selangor. As a
result of the recession the price of rubber, oil palm planted area increased from
4900 hectares (1926) to 25,777 hectares (1933). Results of palm next to the
important trade in Malaya.
Mining
Mining in Malaya usually refer to tin mining as a result of mining other metals
such as gold is too little. Generally, these activities are carried out on a small
scale mainly by Malay chieftains. In the later period, the use of gravel and so the
pump has to boost yields continue to rise.
Tin
Tin industry is one of the oldest industries in Malaya since the time of the
Malacca Sultanate. Tin has attracted foreign traders from the Mediterranean,
Arabia, India and China. Tin mined from the interior were made of tin ingots
melted and then taken down the river to trade.
Wealth tin in Malaya can be proved by an Arab traveller named Abu Dulaf (10th
century). He said that "the whole world there is no such tin mines in Malaya." In
the 12th century, the Italian writer commented that tin in Malaya very pure and
luminous. According to Chinese sources, the Malacca and Pahang are exporting
tin. Note J.F.A. McNair shows, tin ore mined in Perak began in 1616 in Manjung
and BATURITI.
Until the 1820s, a tin mining company Malays. The mines are controlled by kings
and princes. They use melampan way for mining and panning. The result is
limited. Moreover, the attitude of the Malays who consider mining it is only parttime work does not lead to rapid development.
At the initiative of the officials, they have encouraged the entry of China as a
laborer. This is clearly seen since the 1820s, when the Chinese began to get
involved in tin mining. In addition, as a result of radical changes in Europe in
terms of the use of tin, demand has increased. Chinese workers taking also
intensified.
In the 1840s, the company began to change with the discovery of a new area
pattern, the entry of Chinese capital and the introduction of the ways of mining
more effective by the Chinese. This situation has brought about changes of
power and political relevance of the Chinese in Malaya as a whole. This has
provided an opportunity for the British to intervene in matters of administration
of Malaya.
In addition, the British government is also trying to create a pleasant atmosphere
for the development of a private tin companies belonging to Europe. They use
dredges to mine. Mining dredger can use a lot but this method requires high
expenditure. Thus, the tin industry by the Chinese began to be taken over by
European companies as a technique that can dredge mining quickly and
eventually sell its tin mines to the British company.
Gold
According to J. Kennedy, gold mining may have run close to Malacca in the
Neolithic period and this fact may be true for the past, gold was an important
trade in Malaya so called Peninsular Malaya Peninsular Gold or Gold. Stated that
in Pahang especially in Kuala Lipis, gold mining was carried out at the latest since
the 16th century again. These companies are generally the companies of the
Malays and the total production is small.
In 1889, Raub Australian Gold Mining Company (by Australia) was established. It
is the most important gold mining company in Malaya and closed in the 1960s.
Coal
Coal mining carried out in Batu Arang (Selangor) and Enggor (Perak). The
activities undertaken by the Company since 1915. Malayan collieries coals were
sold in the local market to Malayan Railways, power stations and tin mines. In
1950, coal production began to decline due to competition from fuel oil. Thus,
the coal mine in Batu Arang was closed in 1960.
Iron ore
Iron ore mining is carried out by Japanese companies just after World War I in
Johor and Kelantan and Terengganu. Iron ore is then exported to Japan and by
1938, about half of Japan's total iron ore imports came from Malaya.
Bauxite
Bauxite is only beginning to be known and carried mining in 1936 in Bukit Pasir
near Batu Pahat. Before World War II, two bauxite mines were opened in Aceh
and Sri Medan well. However, both mines were closed in 1941 when the outbreak
of World War II. Most of Malaya bauxite is exported to Japan and only a small
portion is exported to Australia and Taiwan.
Ekonomi Malaysia
Malaysia adalah negara yang sedang membangun, mengamalkan pasaran
berorientasikan negara dan terbuka. Negara memainkan peranan yang penting
tetapi semakin berkurangan dalam menjana ekonomi menerusi perancangan
makroekonomi. Di alam tahun 2007, Ekonomi Malaysia adalah negara
mempunyai ekonomi ke-29 terbesar di dunia mengikut pariti kuasa membeli
dengan keluaran dalam negara kasar bagi tahun 2007 dianggarkan berjumlah
$357.9 bilion dengan suatu kadar tumbesaran sebanyak 5% hingga 7%
semenjak 2007 Negara-negara Asia Tenggara telah mengalami suatu
peningkatan ekonomi mendadak dan menjalani pembangunan yang pantas
semasa akhir abad ke-20 dan mempunyai satu KDNK per kapita sebanyak
$14,400, telah dianggap sebagai sebuah negara industri baru. Bagi taburan
pendapatan, terdapat 5.8 juta seisi rumah pada tahun 2007. Daripada itu, 8.6%
mempunyai pendapatan sebulan di bawah RM1,000, 29.4% mempunyai
pendapatan di antara RM1,000 dan RM2,000, manakala 19.8% memperolehi di
antara RM2,001 dan RM3,000; 12.9% daripada seisi keluarga/rumah
memperolehi di antara RM3,001 dan RM4,000 serta 8.6% di antara RM4,001 dan
RM5,000. Akhirnya, di sekitar 15.8% daripada seisi rumah mempunyai
pendapatan di antara RM5,001 dan RM10,000 serta 4.9% mempunyai
pendapatan RM10,000 dan ke atas.
lada hitam, rempah, gambir dan tebu juga merupakan barang dagangan yang
penting. Kegiatan penanaman tumbuhan ini dapat dilihat di Johor dimana orang
Cina yang berhijrah dari Singapura mengusahakan penanaman gambir; di Pulau
Pinang dan Perak usaha penanaman tebu dijalankan oleh orang Eropah. Bermula,
abad ke-20, getah pula menjadi tanaman eksport atau hasil dagangan yang
penting kerana ia sangat menguntungkan. Perkembangannya berhubung rapat
dengan sistem pengangkutan, sebab itulah banyak kemudahan infrastruktur
dibina. Perkembangan yang pesat dalam penanaman getah telah menambahkan
lagi hasil perdagangan Tanah Melayu. Antara tahun 1906-1929, purata keluasan
penanaman getah di Tanah Melayu telah meningkat dari 129809 hektar kepada
2971000 hektar dan eksport getah telah bertambah dari 6500 tan dalam tahun
1910 kepada 456000 tan pada tahun 1929. Harga getah juga meningkat
daripada 1s3d sepaun kepada 2s6d sepaun antara tahun 1830-1900. Harganya
terus menaik sehingga 8s9d sepaun pada tahun 1910. Walau bagaimanapun,
pengeluaran yang tidak terkawal menyebabkan kelebihan penawaran dan harga
getah telah merosot daripada 8s9d (1910) kepada 1s10d sepaun (1920-an).
Fenomena ini menyebabkan British mengambil langkah untuk menyusun semula
program perusahaan getah dan beberapa pendekatan telah dibuat seperti
Rancangan Sekatan Stevenson (1922-1928). Sejak 1917, kelapa sawit telah
ditanam secara komersil di Selangor. Akibat kemelesetan harga getah, kawasan
penanaman kelapa sawit telah meningkat dari 4900 hektar (1926) kepada 25777
hektar (1933). Hasil kelapa sawit seterusnya menjadi bahan dagangan yang
penting di Tanah Melayu.
Perlombongan
Perlombongan di Tanah Melayu selalunya merujuk kepada perlombongan bijih
timah memandangkan hasil perlombongan logam lain seperti emas adalah
terlalu sedikit. Secara amnya, aktiviti ini dijalankan secara kecil-kecilan terutama
oleh pembesar-pembesar Melayu. Dalam tempoh yang lebih lewat, penggunaan
pam kelikir dan sebagainya telah merangsangkan hasil pengeluaran terus
meningkat.
Bijih timah
Industri bijih timah merupakan satu industri yang tertua di Tanah Melayu sejak
zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka. Bijih timah telah menarik minat pedagangpedagang asing dari Mediterranean, Arab, India dan China. Timah yang
dilombong daripada kawasan pedalaman telah dilebur dan dijadikan timah
jongkong lalu dibawa ke hilir sungai untuk diperniagakan. Kekayaan bijih timah di
Tanah Melayu dapat dibuktikan melalui seorang pengembara Arab yang bernama
Abu Dulaf (abad ke-10). Beliau berkata di seluruh dunia tidak ada lombong bijih
timah seperti di Tanah Melayu. Pada abad ke-12 pula, seorang penulis Itali
mengulas bahawa bijih timah di Tanah Melayu sangat tulen dan bercahaya.
Menurut sumber China pula, Melaka dan Pahang ada mengeksport bijih timah.
Catatan J.F.A. McNair pula menunjukkan, bijih timah mula dilombong di Perak
pada tahun 1616 di Manjung dan Beruas. Sehingga tahun 1820-an,
perlombongan bijih timah merupakan perusahaan orang Melayu. Lombong-
lombong ini dikuasai oleh raja dan pembesar. Mereka menggunakan cara
melampan dan mendulang untuk melombong. Hasilnya adalah terhad. Selain itu,
sikap orang Melayu yang menganggap perlombongan itu hanya merupakan
pekerjaan sambilan menyebabkan perkembangannya tidak pesat. Atas inisiatif
pembesar, mereka telah menggalakkan kemasukan orang Cina sebagai buruh.
Keadaan ini jelas dilihat mulai tahun 1820-an, apabila orang Cina mula
melibatkan diri dalam perlombongan bijih timah. Selain itu, akibat perubahan
radikal di Eropah dari segi penggunaan bijih timah, permintaan terhadapnya
telah meningkat. Pengambilan buruh Cina juga dipergiatkan lagi. Pada tahun
1840-an, perusahaan ini mula bertukar corak dengan penemuan kawasan baru,
kemasukan modal Cina dan pengenalan cara-cara perlombongan yang lebih
efektif oleh orang Cina. Keadaan ini telah membawa perubahan kekuasaan dan
kaitan politik orang Cina di Tanah Melayu secara keseluruhan. Keadaan ini telah
memberi peluang kepada British untuk campur tangan dalam hal-hal
pentadbiran Tanah Melayu. Selain itu, kerajaan British juga berusaha untuk
mewujudkan suasana yang menyenangkan kepada perkembangan perusahaan
bijih timah swasta kepunyaan orang Eropah. Mereka menggunakan kapal korek
untuk melombong. Penggunaan kapal korek dapat melombong dengan banyak
tetapi kaedah ini memerlukan belanja yang tinggi. Dengan itu, perusahaan bijih
timah oleh orang Cina mulai diambil alih oleh syarikat Eropah kerana teknik
kapal korek yang dapat melombong dengan cepat dan akhirnya menjual
perusahaan lombong bijih timah mereka kepada syarikat British.
Emas
Menurut J. Kennedy, perlombongan emas mungkin telah dijalankan berhampiran
dengan Melaka pada zaman Neolitik lagi dan kenyataan ini mungkin benar
kerana semenjak dahulu, emas merupakan dagangan yang penting di Tanah
Melayu sehinggakan Tanah Melayu dikenali sebagai Semenanjung Emas atau
Semenanjung Kencana. Dinyatakan bahawa di Pahang terutamanya di Kuala
Lipis, perlombongan emas telah dijalankan selewat-lewatnya semenjak abad ke16 lagi. Perusahaan ini pada umumnya merupakan perusahaan orang Melayu
dan jumlah pengeluarannya adalah kecil. Pada tahun 1889, Raub Australian Gold
Mining Company (oleh orang Australia) telah ditubuhkan. Ia merupakan syarikat
perlombongan emas yang terpenting di Tanah Melayu dan ditutup pada tahun
1960-an.
Arang batu
Perlombongan arang batu dijalankan di Batu Arang (Selangor) dan Enggor
(Perak). Kegiatan ini dijalankan oleh Syarikat Malayan Collieries semenjak tahun
1915. Arang batu yang diperolehi telah dijual dalam pasaran tempatan kepada
Keretapi Tanah Melayu, stesen-stesen kuasa dan lombong bijih timah. Dalam
tahun 1950-an, pengeluaran arang batu mula merosot sebagai akibat persaingan
dengan bahan api minyak. Dengan itu, lombong arang batu di Batu Arang telah
ditutup pada tahun 1960.
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