Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
FLUID FLOW
A: Mathematical Formulation (4.1.1, 4.2,
6.1-6.4)
B: Inviscid Flow: Euler Equation/Some
Basic, Plane Potential Flows (6.5-6.7)
C: Viscous Flow: Navier-Stokes Equation
(6.8-6.10)
Introduction
Differential Analysis
z
z
z
PART A
Mathematical Formulation
(Sections 4.1.1, 4.2, 6.1-6.4)
V = u ( x, y, z , t )i + v( x, y, z , t ) j + w( x, y, z , t )k
r uur
drA
= VA
dt
V = V ( x, y , z , t )
V = V = u +v +w
2
V4.9 streamlines
V4.10 streaklines
V4.1 streaklines
uur uur ur
uur
VA = VA rA , t = VA x A ( t ) , y A ( t ) , z A ( t ) , t
( )
uur uur ur
uur
VA = VA rA , t = VA x A ( t ) , y A ( t ) , z A ( t ) , t
uur
uur
uur
uur
uur
dVA VA VA dx A VA dy A
=
+
+
aA (t ) =
t
x dt
y dt
dt
uur
VA dz A
+
z dt
uur
uur
uur
uur
VA
VA
VA
VA
=
+ uA
+ vA
+ wA
t
x
y
z
( )
Acceleration
z
ur
ur
ur
ur
r V
V
V
V
a=
+u
+v
+w
t
x
y
z
u
u
u
u
ax =
+u +v + w
t
x
y
z
v
v
v
v
ay = + u + v + w
t
x
y
z
w
w
w
w
az =
+u
+v
+w
t
x
y
z
Material derivative
z
Material derivative
z
T
T
T
DT T
=
+u
+v
+w
t
x
y
z
Dt
r
T
+ (V )T
=
t
Example: the temperature of a passenger experienced on a train
starting from Taipei on 9am and arriving at Kaohsiung on 12.
Acceleration along a
streamline
ur
r
R r
V = u ( x ) i = V0 1 + 3 i,
x
ur
ur
r V
V u
u r
+u
= + u i
a=
t
x t
x
r
r
R3
4
3
a = Vo (1 + 3 )Vo [ R ( 3x )] i
x
< 0)
Dt
t
Dt
t
time (local) derivative
v
v
v
DV V v
=
+ V V
Dt
t
local acceleration
V4.12 Unsteady flow
DT T v
=
+ V T
Dt
t
DT
T
= 0 + us
Dt
s
Tout Tin
=0+us
s
v
v
V =V s
v
v
Ds
v DV DV v
a=
s +V
=
Dt
Dt
Dt
V V ds V dn v
=
+
+
s
t s dt n dt
v
v
v
s s ds s dn
+V +
+
t
s
dt
n
dt
s
v
v
a = V
s
+
V
V
s
s
V v V 2 v
V
V2
=V
s+
n
or as = V
, an =
s
R
s
R
v
v
v
v v
s s
s 1 s
s n
v
s
Q
,
or
,
lim
=
=
=
=
=
s 0 s
R
s
s
R
s
R
ur r r
r
or V = ui + v j + wk
Acceleration of a particle
V
V
V
V
a=
+w
+v
+u
z
y
x
t
ur
ur
r DV V
ur
ur
a=
=
+ V V
Dt
t
( )r ( ) r ( ) r
j+
k
i+
( ) =
x
y
z
u
u
u
u
ax =
+u
+v
+w
z
t
x
y
ay =
v
v
v
v
+u +v +w
t
x
y
z
az =
w
w
w
w
+u
+v
+w
t
x
y
z
0
V dt
t
OA = lim
t 0 t
so that
( v / x) t v
=
t 0
t
x
OA = lim
(if
v
x
= lim
t 0 t
u
yt
u
y
tan =
t
=
y
y
so that
OB
( if
( u / y ) t u
= lim
=
t 0
t
u
is positive, OB will be clockwise)
y
Angular rotation
V4.6 Flow past a wing
z
z =
2 x y
similarly
thus
1 w v
x =
2 y z ,
1 u w
2 z x
y =
r 1
r 1
r
r
r
= x i + y j + x k = curl V = V
2
2
r
i
1
1
V =
2
2 x
u
y
v
1 w v 1 u w
1 v u
k
j
+
=
i +
z 2 y z 2 z x
2 x y
w
Definition of vorticity
z
Define vorticity
= 2 = V
u
v
=
x
y
If
u v
=
y x
ur = u z = 0
z = 2
r = = 0
z =
1
(ru ) 1 u r
r r
r
Free vortex
u =
k
r
= 0
z =
ur = u z = 0
r = 0
1
(ru ) = 0
r r
for
r0
Angular Deformation
u
y
Angular Deformation
z
t
+
t
x
y
= lim
& = lim
t 0 t
t 0
t
v u
= +
x y
If
, the rate of angular deformation is zero and this
condition indicates that the element is simply rotating as an
undeformed block.
Conservation of mass:
DM sys
Dt
=0
dV + V ndA = 0
cv
cs
t
(6.19)
d
V
xyz
t
t
u x
u
u x
z
xyz
+
=
Net mass flow in the direction
x 2
x 2
v
Net mass flow in the y direction
xyz
y
Net mass flow in the z direction w xyz
z
u v w
Net rate of mass out of flow
x + y + z xyz
(continuity equation )
In vector form
r
+ V = 0
t
r
V = 0
r
V = 0
1 (rv r ) 1 (v ) v z
+
+
+
=0
t r r
r
z
then
z
( x, y )
such that
v=
x y
+
x y
2 2
=0
=
xy yx
dx +
dy = vdx + udy
x
y
dy v
=
dx u
=
dy +
dx = d
y
x
2
q = d = 2 1
1
vr =
1
r
v =
or
z
CV
r
V dV +
CS
r r r
V V n dA
then
z
D
F=
V dm
sys
Dt
r
Fcontents of the =
t
control volume
( )
D Vm
F =
Dt
or
Fbx = mg x
Fby = mg y
Fbz = mg z
is
n defined as,
Fn
A0 A
n = lim
1 = lim
F2
A0 A
2 = lim
Sign of stresses
Positive sign for the stress as
positive coordinate direction
on the surfaces for which the
outward normal is in the
positive coordinate direction.
NotePositive normal stresses are tensile stresses, ie, they tend to stretch the material.
Thus
xx yx zx
+
+
x y z
y
z
x
Fsy = xy + yy + zy x y z
y
z
x
Fsx =
xz yx zz
+
+
y
z
x
Fsz =
x y z
ur
r
r
r
F s = Fsx i + Fsy j + Fsz k
ur
uur
uur
F = Fs + Fb
(6.50)
PART B
Inviscid Flow:
Euler Equation/Some Basic, Plane
Potential Flows
(Sections 6.5-6.7)
gy = + u
+
+w
t
x
y
z
y
gx
w
p
w
w
w
=
+u
+
+w
t
x
y
z
z
or
uv
uv
V uv
v
g p = + (V )V
t
gz
uv
uv
v
g p = V V
uv
g = g z (up being positive)
uv
uv 1 uv uv uv
uv
V V = V V V V
2
uv uv
uv
uv
V V V V
or
uv
uv
p 1
2
+ V + g z = V V
2
( )
( )
uv
v
Since d s and V are parallel, therefore
uv
v
V ( V ) dsv = 0
Since
v
v
v
v
d s = dx i + dy j + dz k
v p
p
p
p d s =
dx + dy + dz = dp
x
y
z
( )
1
+ d V 2 + g dz = 0
2
uv
where the change in p, V , and z is along the streamline
which indicates that the sum of the three terms on the left side of
the equation must remain a constant along a given streamline.
For inviscid, incompressible flow, the equation become,
p
V2
+
+ gz = const
2
or
p1
V12
p2 V22
+
+z =
+
+z
2g 1 2g 2
uv
V = 0
uv
uv
u w
=
z x
fluid?
According to the 2-D vorticity transport equation (cf.
Problem 6.81)
D z
= 2 z
Dt
z
uv
In an irrotational flow, V = 0 , so the equation is zero
z
V12
p2 V22
+
+ z1 =
+
+ z2
2g
2g
uv
uv
V = 0 thus V =
u=
, =
, w=
x
y
z
Velocity potential can be defined for a general threedimensional flow, whereas the stream function is restricted
to two-dimensional flows.
) ev
1 ( ) v ( ) v
e +
ez
( ) =
r +
r
r
z
v 1 v v
er +
e +
ez
=
r
r
z
where = ( r , , z )
uv
v
v
v
Since V = r er + e + z ez
uv
V
=
Thus for an irrotational flow with
1 1 2 2
+ 2 =0
r
+ 2
2
z
r r r r
Example 6.4
= 2r 2 sin 2
1
= 4r cos 2 =
= 2r 2 cos 2 + f1 ( )
r
r
1
=
= 4r sin 2 =
= 2r 2 cos 2 + f 2 ( r )
r
r
Thus = 2r 2 cos 2 + C
r =
= 2r 2 cos 2
V 2 = ( 4r cos 2 ) + ( 4r sin 2 ) = 16r 2
2
p1
V12 p2 V22
+
=
+
2g 2g
= 1 + 2
velocity potential : u =
, v=
x
y
stream function : u =
z
, v=
y
x
vr =
,
r
or
or
vr =
1
v =
r
1
,
r
y y
x x
or
2 2
+ 2 =0
2
x
y
v =
d =
dx +
dy = vdx + udy
x
y
dy v
udy = vdx,
=
dx u
d =
dx +
dy = udx + vdy = 0
x
y
dy
u
udx = vdy,
=
dx
v
The simplest plane flow is one for which the streamlines are
all straight and parallel, and the magnitude of the velocity is
constant uniform flow.
u =U v = 0
=U,
=0
x
y
= Ux + C
z
= Ux
z
=U,
= 0 = Uy
y
x
= U ( x cos + y sin )
= U ( y cos x sin )
m
2 r
m
1
=
,
=0
r 2 r
r
m
=
ln r
2
z
z
=0 =
r
2
= K and = K ln r
where K is a constant.
v =
K
1
=
=
r
r
r
(free vortex)
Free vortex
z
z
z
Forced vortex
Combined vortex
z
v = r r r0
K
v =
r
r > r0
Circulation
z
r
(
V
)
k
dxdy
=
V
ds
C
R
r
r r
r
V = V ds = ds = d
therefore,
d = 0
C
K
For example, the free vortex with v = r
K
( rd ) = 2 K
r
K=
2
Note: However along any path which does not include the
singular point at the origin will be zero.
z
The velocity potential and stream function for the free vortex
are commonly expressed in terms of circulation as,
= ln r
2
(6.90)
(6.91)
Example 6.6
Determine an expression relating the surface shape to the
strength of the vortex as specified by circulation .
=
2
z For irrotational flow, the Bernoulli equation
p1
V12
p2 V2 2
+
+ z1 =
+
+ z2
2g
2g
V12
V22
= zs +
2g
2g
1
v =
=
r 2 r
2
zs = 2 2
8 r g
p1 = p2 = 0
z1 = 0
V1 0
6.5.4 Doublet
z
m
= (1 2 )
2
tan 1 tan 2
2
tan
= tan(1 2 ) =
1 + tan 1 tan 2
m
r sin
Since tan 1 =
r cos a
2
Thus tan
m
r sin
and tan 2 =
r cos + a
2ar sin
= 2
2
r a
m
1 2ar sin
tan 2
=
2
2
r a
Doublet
For small values of a
m 2ar sin
mar sin
=
=
2
2
2 r a
(r 2 a 2 )
(6.94)
K sin
=
r
where K = ma/ is called the strength of the doublet.
The corresponding velocity potential is
K cos
=
r
Eq. 6.94 reduces to:
(6.95)
(6.96)
Doublet-streamlines
1 K cos
Vr =
=
=
r r
r2
1
K sin
V =
=
=
2
r
r
r
= Ur sin +
2
(6.97)
v =
= U sin
r
b
b
2
2
V = U 1 + 2 cos + 2
(6.101)
r
r
(6.102)
Note: the velocity tangent to the surface of the body is not zero;
that is, the fluid slips by the boundary.
Example 6.7
2
b
b
V 2 = U 2 1 + 2 cos + 2
r
r
on the surface = / 2
b ( ) b
=
r=
sin
2
Thus V = U 1 + 2
b
y2 =
2
2
p1
V12
p2 V2 2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2
2g
2g
p1 p2 =
2
2
V
V
( 2 1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
= Ur cos
m
(ln r1 ln r2 )
2
As in Section 6.5.4
m
2ar sin
tan 1 2
2
2
r a
m
2ay
1
tan 2
= Uy
2
2
2
x + y a
= Ur sin
or
l =
+ a2
U
source:
l m
or
=
+ 1
a Ua
m
vr =
2 r
Therefore
m
m
U
+
=0
2 ( r a ) 2 ( r + a )
m 2a
U
=0
2
2
2 r a
m
1
m
2
2
1
= 0 or r a =
2
2
U r a
U
m
+ a2
l =r =
U
2ay
m
m
1
1 2ah
= Uy
tan
tan 2
0
Uh
2
2
2
2
2
2
h a
x + y a
2ah Uh 2
tan 2
=
2
m
h a
2ah
2 Uh
= tan
2
2
h a
m
2 Uh
h2 a 2
tan
h=
2a
m
2
2
Ua h
2 Uh 1 h
h 1 h
= 1 tan
= 1 tan 2
2
a 2 a
m
a
m
a
z
z
z
z
K cos
velocity potential : = Ur cos +
r
K
2
=
=
0
K
Ua
a2
=
= U 1 + 2 sin
v =
r
r
r
Fx = ps cos ad = 0
0
Fy = ps sin ad = 0
0
= Ur 1 2 sin
ln r
2
r
a2
= Ur 1 + 2 cos +
2
r
vs =
r
r =a
= 2U sin +
2a
(6.119)
(6.120)
(6.121)
sin stag =
2a
4Ua
= 0 or
vs = 0 = 2U sin +
if = 0 stag
2
2
2 a
1
2 sin
2
2
2
ps = p0 + U 1 4sin +
2 2 2
2
4 a U
aU
Fx = ps cos ad = 0
0
U 2 2
sin d = U
Fy = ps sin ad =
0
0
z
PART C
Viscous Flow:
Navier-Stokes Equation
(Sections 6.8-6.10)
= ma y
F z = ma z
Thus
u
xx yx zx
u
u
u
gx +
+
+
=
+u
+v
+w
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
xy yy zy
v
v
v
v
gy +
+
+
=
+u
+v
+w
t
x
y
z
x
y
z
w
xz yz zz
w
w
w
gz +
+
+
=
+u
+v
+w
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
visc,ij
xx,visc xy
yx yy,visc
zx
zy
vx vy
vx
vz vx
+ +
2
x
x z
y x
xz
vy
vy vz
vx vy
2
yz +
y
y x
z y
zz,visc
vz
vz + vx vy + vz
2
x z
z
y
z
1
xx + yy + zz )
(
3
Consequently,
for normal stresses
u
x
yy = p + 2
y
w
zz = p + 2
z
xx = p + 2
Can you figure out why the normal viscous stress xx,visc can be
expressed as 2 u x ?
1 r
r
=
=
rr = p + 2
r
r
r +
r
r
r
r
1 r
= p + 2
+ z = z = + 1 z
r
r
z r
z
r z
zz = p + 2
=
=
+
rz
zr
z
z
r
Note: Notation xy
p
+u
+
+w
= + gy + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
y
y
z
t
x
2w 2w 2w
w
w
w
w
p
+u
+
+w
= + gz + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x
r
z
r r
t
1 r r 1 2r 2 2r
p
= + gr +
2
+ 2
r
2 + 2
2
r
r z
r r r r r
+ r + + r + z
r
z
r
r
t
1
1 p
=
+ g +
r
r
r r r
z z
z
+ r
+
+ z z
r
z
r
t
2
2
1 2 r
2 + 2 2 2 + 2
r
z
r r
1 z 1 2z 2z
p
= + gz +
+ 2
r
+ 2
2
z
z
r r r r
p
+u
+
+w
= + gy + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
y
y
z
t
x
2w 2w 2w
w
w
w
w
p
+u
+
+w
= + gz + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x
Nonlinear terms
umax
= 0, w = 0
Thus continuity indicates that
u
=0
x
2u 2u 2u
u
u
u
u
p
+ u + + w = + gx + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
x
2 2 2
p
+u
+
+ w = + gy + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
y
y
z
t
x
2w 2w 2w
w
w
w
w
p
+u
+
+ w = + gz + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x
p
=
+
+w
+u
= + gy + 2 + 2 + 2
dy 2 x
y
y
z
t
x
y
z
x
du 1 p
= y + C1
dy x
1 p 2
u=
y + C1 y + C2
2 x
2w 2w 2w
w
w
w
w
p
+
+w
+u
= + gz + 2 + 2 + 2
z
y
z
t
x
y
z
BCs : u = 0 for y = h
Thus C1 = 0
1 p 2
C2 =
h
2 x
Thus the velocity distribution becomes,
1 p 2
2
y
h
u=
2 x
1
h 2
q = u dy =
h
p 2
2
y
h
dy
x
1 p y 3
2
q=
h y
2 x 3
h
3
h
1 p y 3
3
3
=
h + h
2 x 3
3
2 h3 p
=
3 x
p
p
=
x
l
2 h 3 p 2h 3p
q=
=
,
3 x
3 l
q h 2 p
V=
=
2h 3 l
or
3
umax = V
2
V 2h
Therefore
1 p 2
u=
y + C1 y + C2
2 x
boundary conditions
u=o at y=0, u=U at y=b
u =U
b 1 p 2
+
y by
y 2 x
or in dimensionless form
u y
b 2 p y y
=
1
U b 2U x b b
Couette flow
z
=0
y
b
which indicates that the velocity varies linearly
between the two plates.
Thus
u =U
Example 6.9
u=w=0
=0
y
= ( x)
p p
=
=0
x z
x = h p = atmospheric pressure
dp
=0
dx
dp
=0
dz
Therefore
d 2
0 = g + 2
dx
d 2
=
2
dx
d
= x + C1
dx
C1 =
2nd integration
2 h
x
x + C2
2
x = 0 = V0 C2 = V0
2 h
=
x
x + V0
2
=
2 h
q = dx =
x
x + V0 dx
0
0
h3
q = V0 h
3
h
Only if
h2
V0 >
3
vr = v = 0
vz
=0
z
vz = vz ( r )
1 p
r
p
0 = g sin
r
0 = g cos
0=
1 v z
p
+
r
z
r r r
g r = g sin
g = g cos
1 p
=
z
v
1 p 2
r z =
r + C1
r 2 z
vz =
z
1 p 2
r + C1 ln r + C2
4 z
Boundary conditions
1 p 2
2
r R
4 z
That is, at any cross section, the velocity distribution is parabolic.
vz =
v rdr = 2
0
1 p 2
R 4 p
2
(r R )rdr =
4 z
8 z
Let p = p , then
l
z
z
Poiseuilles law
mean velocity
Q
R 2 P
V =
=
2
8l
R
maximum velocity
vmax
R 4 p
Q=
8l
R 2 p R 2 p
=
=
4 z 4 l
so
vmax = 2V
1 p 2
r + C1 ln r + C 2
4 z
thus
ri2 r02
1 p 2 2
vz =
ln ( r0 / ri )
r r0 +
4 z
ln ( r0 / ri )
2
2
2
r
r
p 4 4
o
i
Q = vz 2 rdr =
r
r
o i
8 z
ln ( r0 / ri )
ri
2
2
2
p 4 4 ro ri
ro ri
=
8 l
ln ( r0 / ri )
r0
ro2 ri2
rm =
2 ln ( r0 / ri )
The maximum velocity does not occur at the mid point of the
annulus space, but rather it occurs nearer the inner cylinder.
z
DhV
remains below 2100.
+ V V = p + g + 2 V