Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AL
UNIVERSITII TEHNICE
DE CONSTRUCII
BUCURETI
NR.4/2008
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CUPRINS
STUDII
Evaluarea proprietilor de mediu ale unor betoane cu ciment i agregat parial substituite
cu nmol anorganic din industria hrtiei Maria Gheorghe, Nastasia Saca, Lidia Radu----- 5
Studiul cinematic al micrii plane a solidului rigid avnd gradul de mobilitate egal cu 1
Mihail Alexandrescu, Fono Denisa, Emil Alexandrescu -------------------------------------------- 19
Institutul Astronomic al Academiei Romne i tehnologia GPS, Florin Gabriel Pai -------- 32
Investigaii privind posibilitatea aplicrii procesului de reducere biologic a fosforului n staia
de epurare a apelor uzate Constana Sud, Angela Pan, Natalia Rooiu --------------------------- 43
Model de analiz cu elemente finite a structurilor rutiere flexibile, Constantin Romanescu,
tefan Marian Lazr --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Calculul coeficientului de transfer termic al co2, la vaporizarea intr-un schimbator de
caldura cu minicanale, Daniela Maria Eremia-------------------------------------------------------- 71
Evaluation of Environmental
Properties of Some Concretes with
Cement and Aggregate Partially
Substituted by Inorganic Sludge from
Paper Industry
Maria Gheorghe, prof.univ.dr.ing., Catedra de Chimie i Materiale de Construcie (Chemistry and Building
Materials Department) ,Universitatea Tehnic de Construcii Bucureti, maria_gh2001@yahoo.com
Nastasia Saca, asist.drd.ing., Catedra de Chimie i Materiale de Construcie Chemistry and Building Materials
Department),Universitatea Tehnic de Construcii Bucureti, nastasiasaca@gmail.com
Lidia Radu, asist.drd.chim., Catedra de Chimie i Materiale de Construcie Chemistry and Building Materials
Department), Universitatea Tehnic de Construcii Bucureti, lradu31@yahoo.com
Abstract
The paper brings experimental and theoretic data regarding the production, the technical and
leaching characteristics of some composite materials, with matrix cement, including inorganic
wastes from paper industry. In this way we have obtained concretes with aggregate and
cement partially substituted by filler/addition of the inorganic sludge (IS) provided by paper
factory and delivered by CEPROHART for UTCB. Concretes with low compressive strength
have been designed and obtained, potentially to be used for slack traffic pavements and
various non-structurals precast. The environmental properties concerning the evaluation of
dangerous species transfer from the cement matrix into the watery medium were measured
through leaching tests, in specific work conditions regarding pH, solid/liquid ratio, size of
solid particles, liquid-solid contact time in static and dynamic conditions. The leaching tests
used are:
1. Introducere
1. Introduction
local abilities;
-the urgent need to protect the natural
resources;
-insufficient local aggregate resources, the
raise in the cement price;
-capital investments for recovery , lower
than the ones for elimination;
-the use of a common set of leaching tests
which define and quantify the mechanisms
controlling the elimination of polluting
materials,
in
various
environment
conditions, in various utilization, recycling
and elimination scenarios, and therefore
making easier the evaluation of the life
cycle.
Waste recovery implies economic activities
based on a laborious research programme,
on long term, which examines two groups
of properties:
a) technical properties (physical,
chemical, mechanic) imposed by the
technical and technological parameters of
the utilization field concrete works,
geotechnical, road constructions, which
combine with the existent standards and
technical norms.
b) environmental properties which
predict and evaluate the pollution risk.
The environment pollution risk, when using
industrial wastes, comes mainly from
scattering/diluting the pollution materials
and from their transfer into the surface and
underground waters.
The definition of the leaching process is
given by the mass transfer mechanism,
influenced by environment agents. The
passing of pollution substances into the
watery solution from the solid material
pores is done mainly through diffusion,
based on the concentration gradients
between the watery solution from the
material pores and the one from the
exposure medium. The diffusion is
conditioned by the solubility of the
polluting substances. The solubility depends
on the chemical structure of the substance
(for example, the hydroxide of some toxic
materials are practically insoluble), on the
features of the solution (pH, temperature).
The use of wastes as SRM - partially
substitues of aggregate and cement in
2. Materiale si metode
2.1 Materiale
Conform datelor CEPROHART deeurile
din industria celulozei i hrtiei sunt:
- deeuri anorganice
de la fabricarea
celulozei i cenu de la arderea deeurilor
proprii de lemn, depozitate n haldele
proprii;
-deeuri cu coninut organic de la fabricarea
hrtiei i prelucrarea maculaturii, care se
depoziteaz sub control n haldele proprii ale
unitilor productoare sau mpreun cu
deeurile municipale.
Nmol anorganic, nmolul verde+steril, NA,
conine alcalii, oxizi de siliciu i de aluminiu
provenii din antrenarea nisipului i
pmntului cu materia prim lemnoas,
impuriti de la cuptorul de var, respectiv
CaCO3, oxizi de siliciu i aluminiu din piatra
de var, dar i oxizi de fier n stare coloidal
(de culoare verde) din procesele de
coroziune ale utilajelor i conductelor.
2.1 Materials
According to the CEPROHART data,
wastes from the cellulose and paper industry
are:
- inorganic wastes from the cellulose
fabrication and ash from the burning of the
wooden wastes, stocked in their own
dumps;
- wastes having organic content from the
fabrication of paper and manufacturing of
waste sheets which are deposited under
control in the dumps of the production units
or together with town dumps.
The inorganic sludge, the green + the sterile
sludge, contains alkalis, silicate and
aluminium oxides resulted from the drawing
of sand and ground with the wooden raw
material, impurities from the hovel, CaCO3,
silicate and aluminium oxides from the
limestone respectively, but also iron oxides
in colloidal state (the colour green) from the
corrosion processes of equipment and pipes.
Physical determinations were made on the
inorganic sludge, the results being shown, in
comparison with those of the natural
materials currently used in concrete as
aggregate (sand, limestone filler or addition
Tabel 1. Caracteristicile fizice ale nmolului anorganic NA, comparativ cu alte materiale utilizate ca filere
n beton/The physical characteristics of inorganic sludge comparative with other materials used as fillers
in concrete
Nr.
crt.
1
2
3
4
Material/Material
Nisip de ru splat/
Sand
Filer calcar /
Limestone filler
Tuf volcanic Perani/
Volcanic tufa
Nmol /Sludge
Particule, % , cu
D/Particles %, with D
< 0,125
< 0,25
< 0,5
mm
mm
mm
2,0
Densitatea
absolut,
absolute
density,
kg/m3
Densitate
n
grmad,
bulk
density,
kg/m3
100
Activitatea
puzzolanic/
Pozuolanic
activity
index, %
-
53,6
96,8
100
2678
1023
81
100
100
2098
780
90,5
85,4
96,8
99,8
2133
691
43,0
3. Compoziii de mortare/betoane cu
nmol anorganic
3. Mortar/Concrete
Inorganic Sludge
Compositions
with
11
4 . Rezultate i discuii
12
Tabel 4. Rezistena la compresiune (MPa) a pastelor cu nmol verde/Compressive strenghts of pastes with
green sludge
2zile/days
7 zile/days
28 zile/days
6 luni/months
Cod matrice
A2E(referin) cu puzzolana sticl
5,5
7,5
12,2
38,5
E/Reference with glass E content
A2- cu puzzolan nmol NA/A2 with
6,6
8,6
13,4
28,25
sludge
Tabel 5. Proprieti de lixiviere ale nmolului anorganic NA, determinate prin metoda FML, la pH propriu,
n ap distilat i la pH = 12 n soluie de NaOH 0,1n/Leaching properties of inorganic sludge NA, obtained
by FMM method, at specific pH and at pH=12 in 0,1 n NaOH solution
Concentraia/Concentration, mg/L
L/S
Al
Cd
Ca
Mg
Cu
Ni
Pb
0,0
12
Si
<0,05
<0,001
10
0,69
0,07
35
1,82
0,12
25,31
30
0,63
0,019
37
1,6
<0,001
7,98
100
0,28
0,003
37
0,73
0,008
4,33
10
12,37 0,005
48
0,43
0,19
100,3
AB
30
4,65
0,015
11
0,5
0,084
43,76
15,51
100
2,14
0,001 5,7
0,22
0,011
A-deeu AMBRO lixiviere ap distilat/A waste form AMBRO leaching in distillate water
AB-deeu AMBRO lixiviere n soluie de NaOH 0,1n/ waste form AMBRO leaching in NaOH solution
A
Zn
<0,05
Indicativ
13
Na
180
2
2,3
22
7,1
3,3
60
20
62
2670
2250
2200
120
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
50
100
10
50
100
Raportul L/S
Raport L/S
14
12
pH
10
8
AB
4
2
0
10
50
100
22000
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
A
AB
10
Raport L/S
50
Raport L/S
14
100
4.2 The
Environmental
Properties
Determined by the Diffusion Test on
Moulded Samples
655
Cr
Ca
3,7
42
49
150
60
7,4
10
322,1
5240
0
(2)
3CaOAl2O33CaSO432H2O+Ca(OH)2
mg/L
Cu
Cl-
< 0,5
NH4 +
< 0,1
Pb
< 100
A25 6 ore/hours
A25 24 ore/ hours
A25 54 ore/ hours
A25 4 zile/days
A 25 16 zile/ days
A25 36 zile/ days
A 25 62 zile/ days
Concentraii
cumulate/Cumulative
concentration, ml/L
Concentraii cumulate/
Cumulative
concentration, mg/m2
Na
21
88
84
100
240
110
12
< 0,1
Proba/Sample
< 0,1
Tabel 6. Concentraiile de lixiviere pentru fiecare secven i cumulate, proba A25, MLT/Concentration
for each sequence and cumulative values, A25 sample
Si
2,6
2,6
2,4
2,6
4,5
5,2
8
2480
310
< 100
< 100
SO4 211,6
7,5
9,4
9,4
8,3
8,1
11
2790
65,3
239200
5224
NO3-
Al
0,4
0,4
0,5
0,5
1
0,8
1,1
27,
9
ettringite,
which
3CaOAl2O33CaSO432H2O
produces expansion processes of A25
concrete, corresponding to some reactions
such as:
Ca(OH)2 + Na2SO4 +2H2O CaSO42H2O
+ 2NaOH
(1)
4CaOAl2O3 13H2O +3(CaSO42H2O) +
15
12.0
11.8
11.6
11.4
11.2
11.0
10.8
10.6
10.4
10.2
10.0
9.8
6 ore
24 ore
54 ore
4 zile
16 zile
36 zile
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
64 zile
Conductivitate
electric (S/cm)
pH
pH
14H2O
3CaOAl2O33CaSO432H2O+Ca(OH)2
(2)
The gypsum formed through reaction (1) is
already expansive, but moreover, it can
react as shown in (2), with the calcium
aluminate hydrates forming ettringite,
which is a voluminous crystal hydrate,
which produces great expansion efforts. The
calcium hydroxide formed through this
reaction continues to take part in the
formation of gypsum, this one also
continuing to participate to reactions whose
product is the ettringite. As a result, the
corrosion process continues.
So, the formation of etringitte through the
reactions between sodium sulphate from the
IS and the components of the cement matrix
can be one of the major causes of the
sulphatic expansion which has as
consequences internal tensions and the
cracking of the cement matrix.
The pH values and the electric conductivity
of the leaching solutions are fluctuant, but
they drop in time, as a result of the
reduction of the solution concentration after
each sequence (when the eluate is collected
and the immersion water is renewed), as
shown in figure 5.
Termen de msurare
Fig. 5. Variatia pH-ului i a conductivitii electrice a soluiei de lixiviere prin testul monolitic/difuzional, pentru
probele de beton A25/The evolution of pH of the leaching solution by TLM test, of A25 concrete.
Abs (% vol)
Porozitate (% vol)
% volum
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
6h
24h
54 h
4
zile
9
zile
16
zile
36
zile
64
zile
100
zile
Perioada de masurare
Fig. 6. Porozitatea i absorbia apei determinate pe o perioad de imersare n ap de 100 de zile, proba
A25/The porosity and water absorption obtained on a period of 100 days of afloat, sample A25.
Concluzii
Conclusions
17
References
Bibliografie
[1].
[2].
TEOREANU I., MOLDOVAN V., NICOLESCU L. - Durability of concrete, (in Romanian) Editura Tehnic,
Bucureti, 1982.
[3].
NEVILLE A.M. - Properties of Concrete (in Romanian), Ed. Tehnic, Bucureti, 2002, p. 322-327.
[4].
IDORN G.M. - Expansive Mechanisms of Concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 1992, 22 (6), 1039-1046.
[5].
[6].
BALASUBRAMANIAN J., SABUMON P.C., LAZAR JOHN U., ILANGOVAN R. - Reuse of textile effluent
treatment plant sludge in building materials, Waste Management, 2006, 26(1) , 22-28 .
[7].
VEGAS I., URRETA J., FRIAS M., RODRIGUEZ O., GARCIA R., VIGIL R. - Scientific and Technical Aspects
on the Use of Thermally-Treated Paper Sludge in Cement, Proceedings of WASCON, Montenegro, 2006.
[8].
GHEORGHE M., PANAIT N., RADU L. - Some consideration regarding Cr and Mo immobilization in
hydraulic matrix, Romanian Journal of Materials, 2003, 33(1), 59-70.
[9].
GHEORGHE M., PANAIT N., RADU L. - Some consideration regarding Cr and Mo immobilization in
hydraulic matrix, 1st International Conference on Engineering for Waste Treatment, Albi, Frana 2005.
[10].
IPPC document on BAT in the Pulp and Paper Industry - Waste minimization in the pulp and paper industry EU
Directive 96/61/EC, Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), Reference Document on Best Available
Techniques (BAT) in the Pulp and Paper Industry, December 2001.
[11].
SR EN 197-1:1995, Cements: Definition, Composition, Specification and Conformity Criteria: Part 1: Usual
cements (in Romanian).
[12].
SR EN 933-1: 2002 ncercri pentru determinarea caracteristicilor geometrice ale agregatelor: Partea 1:
Determinarea granulozitii-Analiza granulometric prin cernere.
[13].
NEN 7341, Determinations of Availability for leaching From Granular and Monolithic Construction Materials
and Waste Materials, 1994.
[14].
CEN TC 292 WG 6 - New modeling developments to guide the development of a dynamic leaching test for
monolhitic materials, Published by Hans van der Sloot and Hans Meeussen).
[15].
NEN 7345, Determination of the release of inorganic constituents from construction materials and stabilised
waste products, NNI, Delft, Netherlands Formerly Draft NEN 5432, 1993.
18
Mihail Alexandrescu, prof. dr. ing., Universitatea Tehnic de Construcii Bucureti (Technical University Civil
Engineering Bucharest), Catedra de Mecanic, Statica i Dinamica Construciilor (Mechanics, Statics and
Dynamics Engineering Department)
Mina-Denisa Fono, asist. drd. ing., Universitatea Tehnic de Construcii Bucureti (Technical University Civil
Engineering Bucharest), Catedra de Mecanic, Statica i Dinamica Construciilor (Mechanics, Statics and
Dynamics Engineering Department)
Emil Alexandrescu, ing. absolvent Institutul de Construcii Bucureti (eng. graduated Institute Civil Engineeering
Bucharest)
1.Obiectul studiului
Folosind un reper de calcul Oxyz , solidar cu
solidul rigid aflat n micare plan cu gradul de
mobilitate NGL = 1 (fig. 1) , vor fi studiate:
solidul rigid.
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
O1 A = x1O
A O = y1O
O1 B = x1i
OD = xi
BQi = y1i
DQi = yi
19
2.Traiectoriile
punctelor
constitutive
ale solidului rigid aflat n micare
plan, cu gradul de mobilitate egal cu
1, NGL = 1 , n raport cu un reper fix,
O1 x 1 y 1 z 1
O1 x 1 y 1 z 1
Q
According to figure 1, the point i
coordinates results , relative to the immobile
O1 x1 y1 z1 :
mark O1 x1 y1 z1 :
(2)
(3)
x = x + xi cos y i sin ; y i* = y O* + xi sin + y i cos
Forma definitiv a relaiilor (3), pe care o vom
The final form of the equations (3) which we
will deduce and utilize in this article is the result
utiliza n acest studiu, rezult exploatnd
urmtoarele observaii:
of the following observations:
*
i
*
O
*
*
xi i yi din relaiile (3) definesc micarea
absolut a punctului Qi , n raport cu sistemul de
y i = bi
x y
the parameters i , i and . For a better
adequation of the equations (3) to the planar
motion we notice that the point Qi is part of that
rigid which is solid with the mobile reference
so it has an invariable position relative to that
(there is no relative motion in this case).It is
noted:
(4)
(i = 1,2,... , )
where ai and bi are constants which define the
Q
position of the point i of the rigid body with
reference to the solidary mark, Oxyz .
Therefore the equations (3) are written as
follows:
(5)
(i = 1,2,... ,)
xi* = xO* + ai cos bi sin ; yi* = yO* + ai sin + bi cos
known from the treatises on heoretical
cunoscut din tratatele de mecanic teoretic ; mechanics ; they express parametrically the
ea exprim parametric traiectoriile fiecrui
( )
trajectories of each point Qi ai , bi of the rigid
(
)
Q
a
,
b
i
i
i
punct
al solidului rigid , n manier
body , in a discrete manner , relative to the
discretizat , fa de reperul fix. Vom denumi
immobile reference point.This shall be called
acest model lagrangean.
a lagrangean model.
Observm c , n fiecare clip , respectiv
Q
pentru fiecare (t ) punctul material i , solidar
cu solidul rigid i cu planul Oxy , se
suprapune peste un punct fix, plasat n planul
O1 x1 y1 , pe care-l vom nota cu L*1 , avnd
aceleai coordonate n raport cu reperul fix:
(Q , L )(x , y )
i
*
i
*
i
*
i
(Q , L )(x , y )
ij
*
ij
*
ij
*
ij
moment for
(t ) the material point Qi , solid with
each
the rigid body and with the plane , overlaps a
fixed point placed in the plane O1 x1 y1 , noted
*
with
(i = 1,2,... ,)
(6)
*
*
xij* = xOj
+ ai cos j b i sin j ; yij* = yOj
+ ai sin j +b i cos j ;
(7)
(8)
21
NGL = 1
xi = xO1 + x1i cos + y1i sin ; yi = yO1 x1i sin + y1i cos
( x ) ( y )
(9)
O1
O1
n care
i
sunt coordonatele
originii reperului fix n raport cu reperul mobil.
Cu notaiile (2), relaiile (9) devin:
(10)
xi = xO1 + x*i cos + yi* sin ; yi = yO1 xi* sin + y*i cos
n continuare reformulm relaiile (10) n mod
analog celui adoptat pentru relaiile (3) care au
devenit (8). Pentru a realiza aceasta vom
*
y*
considera c n (10) coordonatele xi , i ,
msurate n raport cu reperul fix, desemneaz
*
un numr m de puncte fixe Qi aparinnd
(i = 1,2,... , m)
y i* = bi*
(Q , E )(x , y )
*
i
i respectiv
(11)
(i = 1,2,... m)
(12)
and respectively:
(Q , E )(x , y )
*
ij
ij
ij
ij
22
is:
(13)
(14)
a
b
coordonatele fixe i i i sunt raportate la
reperul solidar Oxyz , iar " m" se alege n
funcie de specificul aplicaiei concrete care
se rezolv, astfel nct solidul rigid cruia i
aparine
s fie
reprezentat
n
mod
satisfctor;
t
momentele j , unde j = 1,2 ,... ,n n care se
nregistreaz micarea plan a solidului rigid,
sau unghiurile
corespunztoare; n virtutea
respective angles
; according to hypothesis
23
ipotezei NGL = 1 , unghiurile j pot fi alese ca
t
argumente n locul momentelor j , fr a fi
necesar cunoaterea structurii analitice a
funciei (t ) .
[ ]
[ ]
L
perechea de puncte materiale Qi i i
t
suprapuse n momentul j , reprezentat prin
L*
(x , y )
*
(
(
)(
)(
)
)
)(
*
*
*
Q21 , L21 x 21 , y 21 ...
......
L* =
*
*
*
Qi1 , Li1 xi1 , y i1 ...
......
*
*
*
Qm1 , Lm1 x m1 , y m1 ...
[ ]
)(
(
(
*
ij
*
ij
)(
)(
)
)
(
(
)(
)(
)
)
)(
)(
)(
)(
(15)
n pseudomatricea [L*]:
linia
t
discretizat n momentele t1 , t2 ,... , j ,... , tn n
Qij
i nregistrat de observatorul
punctele
plasat n reperul fix, prin succesiunea spaio-
t
discretized in the moments t1 , t2 ,... , j ,... , tn in
Q
the points ij and recorded as noted by the
observer in the immobile mark by the space
L*
L*
observatorul
plasat
*
ij
n momentul
acest reper,
tj
4.2.Construcia pseudomatricii [E ]
( )
punctele fixe Q a , b , (i = 1,2 ,... ,m) , unde
m se alege n funcie de specificul fiecrei
aplicaii, astfel nct discretizarea micrii
solidului rigid s nu afecteze n mod
semnificativ fidelitatea fa de fenomenul
*
*
natural; coordonatele ai i bi sunt constante i
*
i
*
i
*
i
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
... Q2*n , E2 n ( x2 n , y 2 n )
......
......
......
......
* *
( *)
the immobile points Qi ai , bi , (i = 1,2 ,... ,m) ,
where m is chosen according to the specificity
of each application, so that the discrete motion
won't significantly affect the accuracy of the
*
*
natural phenomenon; coordinates ai and bi are
*
Q21 , E21 ( x21 , y 21 )...
......
[E ] =
*
Qi1 , Ei1 ( xi1 , yi1 )...
......
*
Qm1 , Em1 ( xm1 , y m1 )...
(16)
25
n pseudomatricea [E ] :
linia
line i
pseudomatricii
reprezint
*
n
traiectoria punctului material fix Qi
Oxyz
raport cu reperul mobil
, discretizat n
(t , t ,..., t j ,... t n ) n punctele Qij* i
momentele 1 2
nregistrat
de
observatorul plasat n
Oxyz ,
reperul
mobil
denumit
prin
intermediul succesiunii spaio-temporal de
E
Q
puncte mobile ij , perechi ale punctelor ij ;
traiectoria respectiv este rigid i mobil,
deoarece este solidar cu reperul mobil.
Coloana j reprezint configuraia static a
*
tuturor punctelor materiale fixe alese Qi ,
(i = 1, 2 ,... n)
represents the
trajectory of the
Qi* varying with
discretized in
(t , t ,... , t j ,... t n ), in points Qij* and
the moments 1 2
recorded by the observer placed in the mobile
mark , using the space-time succession of the
Eij
Qij
of the
point; the
mobile pairs
trajectory is mobile but also rigid because it is
solid with the mobile mark , so
unchangeable for the observer placed in the
mobile mark.
Column j column represents the static
configuration of all material fixed points chosen
Qi* , (i = 1, 2 ,... n) relative to the mobile mark,
and registered by the observer placed in the
t
mobile mark in j moment, using its image
E
formed by the ij points, solid with the same
mobile mark.
Remarks on the two pseudomatrices
L* (x* , y* )
punctelor Qi, notate cu ij ij ij , ale cror
coordonate se raporteaz la reperul fix, conform
relaiei (8);
n pseudomatricea [E] rolul principal revine
* *
( *)
punctelor fixe Qi ai , bi solidare cu reperul fix,
Q*
absolut a punctelor i .
Conform celor de mai sus rezult c:
n concept lagrangean se calculeaz mrimile
absolute care caracterizeaz micarea solidului
rigid (discretizat n timp i spaiu) n raport cu
reperul fix;
n concept eulerian urmeaza s se calculeze
mrimile relative care caracterizeaz micarea
mediului fix (care a fost discretizat n timp i
spaiu) n raport cu reperul solidar; aceast
micare relativ este descris (materializat) de
ctre succesiunea spaio-temporal de puncte
materiale ale solidului rigid care se suprapun
peste fiecare punct fix.
5.Exemplu ilustrativ
aceeai
[E ](x
,y
Q*
succesiune
temporal:
t1 ,
27
t2 , t3 1 , 2 , 3 (n = n = 3) ;
t3 1 , 2 , 3 (n = n = 3) ;
i = 1, 2, 3, 4 (m = m = 4 )
i = 1, 2, 3, 4 (m = m = 4 ) ;
;
n momentul t1 reperele fix i mobil se suprapun,
astfel
nct
rezult:
Enunul aplicaiei
Terms of application:
There is a rectangular board Q1Q2Q3Q4 with sides
QQ QQ
Se consider o plac dreptunghiular 1 2 3 4 de
Q1Q2 = l 3 i Q2Q3 = l , unde l este dat,
laturi
care efectueaz o micare plan astfel nct vrful
Q1 se mic pe axa fix O1 x1 , iar vrful Q3 se
Q
moving on the fixed axis O1 x1 , and the angle 3 is
moving on the fixed axis O1 y1 . At the initial
Qi
, (i = 1, 2, 3, 4 )
Se cere s se
[ ]
*
construiasc pseudomatricile L i [E ] pentru:
[ ]
*
It is required for pseudomatrices L and [E ] to be
(t1 ) = 1 = 0 , (t2 ) = 2 = 6 i
(t3 ) = 3 = 2 .
Q31
Qi*
(fig.3.a).
(t3 ) = 3 = 2 .
y1
y1
y1
Q32
Q22
Q21
Q23
Q41
O1 = Q42
O1 = Q33
(t 2 ) = 2 =
(t1 ) = 1 = 0
(a)
2 x1
Q12
1 = 0 x1
O1 = Q11
(b)
x1
Q13
(t3 ) = 3 =
(c)
Q43
(
)
Fig. 2. Punctele mobile Qi i = 1, 2, 3, 4 ale plcii n micare plan-paralel raportate la reperul fix,
O1 x1 y1 z1 .
The mobile points Qi i = 1, 2, 3, 4 of the plate engaged in a planar parallel motion relative to the
immobile mark , O1 x1 y1 z1
28
*
(
)
Fig. 3.Punctele fixe Qi i = 1, 2, 3, 4 care coincid la momentul iniial t1 cu punctele plcii Qi1 raportate la
5.1.Organigrama
pentru
construirea
*
pseudomatricilor L i [E ] n cazul plcii
dreptunghiulare Q1Q2 Q3Q4 n micare plan
cu NGL = 1
5.1.Diagram
for
constructing
the
*
pseudomatrices L and [E ] for the case of
rectangular board Q1Q2 Q3Q4 in a plane
[ ]
[ ]
Qi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4 )
, n raport cu reperul fix,
*
i
t j = t1
Qi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4 ) ,
dintre punctele mobile
(fig.2), conform relaiilor (8).
(17)
(t ) is chosen.
Qi
Q*
t j = t1
29
[ ]
*
Astfel, pseudomatricea L
are dimensiunile
reinnd
punctelor materiale
Qi*
, conform (8):
[ ]
*
As a result, the pseudomatrix L , according to
(0 , 0 )
3 3l
l
,
2 2
*
L =
(0 , 2l )
l 3 , l
2 2
(l , 0 )
(l , l 3 )
[ ]
(0 , l 3 )
(0 , 0 )
, according to (8):
3 = 2
2 = 6
1 = 0
Qi*
l
3
,l
2
2
(0 , 0 )
3l
3
,l
(2l , 0 )
(18)
, (i = 1, 2, 3, 4 ) (fig. 3),
dintre punctele fixe
conform relaiilor (14). Astfel pseudomatricea
*
i
Qi , conform (14).
material points
(0 , 0 )
l 3 3l
2 ,2
[E ] =
(0 , 2l )
l 3 l
,
2 2
Qi , according to (14):
l 3 l
(
)
,
0
,
2
l
2 2
l 3
3l l
l
, 4 3
3
1
,
3
1
+
2
2 2
2
l
l
(2l , 2l )
2 3 , 1+ 2 3
2
2
l
l
l
l
3 +1 ,
3 +1 , 4 + 3
2
2
2 2
) (
) (
Q*
) (
(19)
[ ]
* (
Q11
1,2,3 ) and
*
Q41
[ ]
( 1,2,3 )]
L'tude cinmatique du mouvement plan du solide rigide ayant le degr de mobilit gal 1
Resum
L'article tudie les trajectoires des points constitutifs d'un solide rigide qui a un mouvement plan et le degr de
mobilit gal 1, par rapport un repre fixe, O1 x1 y1 z1 ainsi que les trajectoires des points de ce repre fixe, par
rapport un repre mobile Oxyz , solidaire du solide rigide.
[ ]
*
Pour l'expression analytique de ces trajectoires on a construit deux pseudomatrices L et [E ] partir des
modles de Lagrange et d'Euler. On prsente aussi un exemple dmonstratif o ces deux pseudomatrices ont les
mmes dimensions m n 4 3 .
Bibliografie
References
[1].
[2].
VLCOVICI V., BLAN T., VOINEA R., Mecanica teoretic, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti, 1968.
31
Institutul Astronomic al
GPS
Technology
Drd. Ing. Florin Gabriel PAI, Centrul Naional de Geodezie, Cartografie,Fotogrammetrie i Teledetecie,
National Center of Geodesy, Cartography,Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
florinpais@yahoo.com
1.1.
History of the Astronomic
Institute of the Romanian Academy
Realizarea
unor
activiti
pentru
astronomie s-au efectuat n cadrul
Institutului Meteorologic care a fost
nfiinat n 1884, pn la nfiinarea n 1908
a Institutului Astronomic din Bucureti.
Directorul tefan Hepites a nfiinat
primele staii meteorologice n 1878,
proces ce a durat pn n 1907 ajungnduse la un numr de 350 staii.
De asemenea, Hepites a introdus sistemul
metric (msuri i greuti) i a realizat
primele lucrri de magnetism terestru i
seismologic din Romnia.
Pentru a realiza unificarea orei pe teritoriul
Romniei, Hepites a comandat la Socit
genvoise pour la construction des
instruments de physique o lunet
meridian cu diametrul de 67 mm.
Aceast instalaie a asigurat determinarea,
pstrarea i difuzarea orei pn n 1926
cnd a intrat n funciune instalaia orar
modern la noul Institut Astronomic din
Bucureti.
La efectuarea msurtorilor astronomii i32
33
Azimutele
astronomice
erau
slab
determinate n acea perioad, deoarece se
determinau pe o latur de triangulaie
numai ntr-un singur sens; deci, indiferent
de precizia msurtorilor, valoarea
obinut avea incoveniente n prelucrarea
triangulaiei, deoarece nu se inea seama
de influena deviaiei verticale. Dup un
deceniu de la primul rzboi mondial a fost
remediat valoarea azimutului utilizat n
triangulaie, ca fiind rezultatul unei
compensri a azimutelor, direct i invers,
n capetele laturii de triangulaie.
Perioada rzboiului (19411945) a avut
implicaii importante asupra Institutului
Astronomic, reducnd i ntrerupnd
activitatea acestuia.
Dup terminarea rzboiului reformele
iniiate au avut consecine favorabile
pentru dezvoltarea Institutului Astronomic,
primindu-se un sprijin substanial din
partea Academiei Romne pentru creterea
bazei materiale, a numrului de cercettori
si a temelor de cercetare pe plan
internaional.
Institutul Astronomic a nceput o
colaborare internaional n mai 1954, cu
numeroase ri cu tradiie n domeniu,
bazat pe un program de schimburi de
experien reciproc i stagii de
specializare.
De asemenea, o contribuie substanial la
dezvoltarea Institutului Astronomic l-a
avut
programul
Anului
Geofizic
Internaional (AGI) a crui scop a constat
din studiul Pmntului cu cele mai
moderne mijloace, din toate punctele de
vedere: interior, suprafa, atmosfer i o
vecintate a Pmntului care trebuia
explorat cu ajutorul sateliilor artificiali.
Cu aceast ocazie s-a nfiinat la Institut un
sector orar modern, dotat cu o lunet
reversibil ZEISS (10-100 cm), cu dou
oscilatoare cu cuar BELIN i cu un post
de radiorecepie a semnalelor orare.
34
35
36
37
Institutului Astronomic
Romane (IAAR).
al
Academiei
2.1.3
Office Works
coordinates
ITRF2000
epoch
2005,43679 for the GPS permanent
stations of the EUREF network
as a network calculated on the
ITRF2000
epoch
coordinates
2005,43679 for the GPS permanent
stations of the IGS network
The coordinates used in the processing are
the coordinates of the permanent stations
from the SNX files of the GPS week 1326,
the processing being performed at the
moment of the observations.
Likewise, to provide the best accuracy
possible in the determination of the AIRA
point, the IGS final accurate ephemerides of
the respective week (igs.sp3c) were used in
the process.
To estimate the tropospheric effect as
accurate as possible, the Hopfield model was
used as a mathematical model of the
atmosphere.
The GPS permanent stations selected for
processing, from the national, Euref and IGS
network of GPS permanent stations are
illustrated in the following figures. These are:
for the national network: Bril
(BRAI), Suceava (SUCE), Constana
(CONT), Cluj (CLUJ), Sibiu (SIBI),
Deva (DEVA), Timioara (TIMI),
Craiova (CRAI) i Bucureti (BUCU)
for the EUREF network: Matera
(MATE)-Italia, Graz (GRAZ)-Austria,
Trabzon (TRAB)-Turcia, Poltava
(POLV)-Ucraina,
Jozefoslaw
(JOZE)-Polonia.
for the IGS network: Ny-Alesund
(NYA1)-Norvegia, Ponta Delgada
(PDEL)-Portugalia,
Maspalomas
(MAS1)-Spania, Kitab (KIT3)Uzbekistan.
Before processing, the data were analyzed
and tested in order to establish a network
processing unitary method. Furthermore,
the results obtained after processing are
presented as well as the accuracy of the
AIRA point positioning, depending on
these groups of stations.
mB the accuracy in the
determination of the coordinates
39
v abaterea fa de medie ;
mm=mB /n
vi= mm- mBi (i=15)
Un indicator de precizie l
reprezint eroarea medie ptratic a mediei
aritmetice eM, conform relaiei:
[vv]
eMB=
,
unde n
n(n 1)
numrul de observaii
2.2 Concluzii
2.2 Conclusions
40
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
27
29
30
48
48
S UCE
47
47
CLUJ
46
46
DE VA
TIMI
S IBI
BRA I
45
IAA R
B UCU
MA
RE
AN
CR AI
EA
GR
A
45
44
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
44
30
41
Bibliografie
References
[1].
[2].
Beutler G., R. Weber, U. Hugentobler, M. Rothacher i A. Verdun GPS for Geodesy, Chapter 2:
GPS Satellite Orbits, Springer-Verlag 1998
[3].
Braasch, M. i F.van Graas Guidance Accuracy Considerations for Real time GPS Interferometry.
Proceedings of ION GPS-91, Albuquerque, New Mexico, september 9-13, 1991
[4].
Bruton A. Improving the Accuracy and Resolution of SINS/DGPS Airborne Gravimetry. PhD
thesis, Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, December 2000.
[5].
[6].
Draper, C.S.(1977). Inertial technology for surveying and geodesy. Proc.1st. International
Symposium on Inertial Technology for Surveying and Geodesy, IAG and CIS, Ottawa, Canada,
October. Canadian Institute of Surveying.
[7].
Hofmann-Wellenhof B., Lichtenegger H., Collins J. Global Positioning System, May 1992.
[8].
[9].
Martin, E. H., "GPS User Equipment Error Models," Global Positioning System Papers, Vol.
[10].
[11].
[12].
www.astro.ro
42
Angela PAN, drd. ing. Universitatea Ovidius Constana (Ovidius University of Constanta), Facultatea de
tiine ale Naturii i tiine Agricole (Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture), e-mail:
panaangela@yahoo.com
Natalia ROOIU, Prof. Univ. Dr., CP I, Universitatea Ovidius Constana (Ovidius University of
Constanta), Facultatea de tiine ale Naturii i tiine Agricole (Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture),
e-mail: natalia_rosoiu@yahoo.com
1. Introducere
1. Introduction
43
CONSTANA
accepts
and
treats
domestic,
industrial
and
pluvial
wastewater from most of the city area. The
nature of the wastewater is mostly
domestic since industrial activity has much
decreased in the past years. The
technological treatment process ensures
the removal of polluting substances from
the wastewater (classic mechanical and
biological stage with active sludge) and
anaerobic sludge stabilization by methanic
fermentation. The maximum volume of
wastewater flowing into the plant under
normal
functioning
parameters
is
Q=3200l/s, but is can reach 6400l/s (2Q)
in rain conditions.
The scope of this study is to assess the
possibility of biological phosphorus
removal in the Constana Sud WWTP,
considering the existing state and to
examine a series of factors and the way
that these affect the biological treatment
process.
2. Materiale i metode
2. Experimental
45
Indicator
4
2
pH
CCO
acetic
CBO
O2
NO3NO2NKT
N total
P total
Fig. 1 Schema de lucru cu punctele de recoltare i indicatorii determinai: 1 intrare bioreactor (bazin de
aerare); 2 zona anaerob (AN); 3 zona aerob (A); 4 evacuare final; 5 nmol recirculat n bioreactor
Working diagram of collection points and indicators: 1 bioreactor input (aerator); 2 anaerobic
area (AN); 3 aerobic area (A); 4 final discharge; 5 recirculated sludge
2.
Rezultate i discuii
CCO total
159,3 mg/l
CCO solubil
98,5 mg/l
biodegradabil
74,47 mg/l
Acizi C2-C5
C2 = 8,43 mg/l
non-biodegradabil
24,03 mg/l
CCO insolubil
60,8 mg/l
biodegradabil
non-biodegradabil
ali compui
organici
47
48
Tab. 1 Valori medii obinute pentru fiecare punct de recoltare din schema de lucru
Average values obtained from each collection point in the work diagram
Nr.
Pct.
COD
COD
solubil
VFA
mg/l
mg/l
acetic
mg/l
159,30
98,50
8,43
BOD
BOD
O2
NO3-
NNO3
NO2-
NNO2
NKT
N
total
P
total
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
3,05
0,69
0,52
0,16
24,09
24,93
3,74
solubil
mg/l
mg/l
89,10
41,30
0,03
11,69
2,64
1,22
0,37
6,53
9,54
4,09
2,58
38,15
8,62
0,11
0,03
1,86
10,52
3,61
35,73
8,08
0,15
0,04
1,99
10,10
2,90
24,94
5,64
43,30
26,70
15,00
7,00
0,05
2,27
3,82
Qi = 1085 l/s
Pi = 3,74 mg/l
NO3i = 3,05 mg/l
Pf = 2,90 mg/l
NO3f =35,73 mg/l
O2 = 0,03 mg/l
PAN = 4,09 mg/l
NO3AN 11,69mg/l
O2 = 0,05 mg/l
Pr = 3,82 mg/l
NO3r = 24,94 mg/l
O2 = 2,58 mg/l
PA = 3,61 mg/l
NO3A = 38,15 mg/l
Qr = 1545 l/s
a)
The amount of phosphorus entering
the bioreactor is the sum of the influent
and the re-circulated sludge:
Pi x Qi + Pr x Qr = (3.74 x 1085 + 3.82 x
1545 ) x 3600 x 10-6 = 35.85 kg/h
Conc. = 35.85 : 9468 x 1000 = 3.78 mg/l
The phosphorus concentration determined
in the non-aired compartment (AN) =
49
4.09mg/l.
A quantity of phosphorus of 4.09 3.78
= 0.31mg/l is released into the water
In the aired compartment a quantity of
phosphorus of 4.09 3.61= 0.48mg/l is
removed from water.
b)The amount of nitrate entering the
bioreactor is the sum of the influent and
the re-circulated sludge:
NO3i x Qi + NO3r x Qr = (3.05 x 1085 +
24.94 x 1545 ) x 3600 x 10-6 = 150.63 kg/h
Concentration = 150.63 : 9468 x 1000 =
15.90 mg/l
Nitrate concentration determined in the
non-aired compartment (AN) = 11.69mg/l
A quantity of nitrate of 15.90 11.69 =
4.21 mg/l is removed in the non-aired
compartment by denitrification
In the aired compartment the quantity of
nitrate in the water rises by 38.15-11.69 =
26.46 mg/l because of nitrification
c)Influent concentration of solvable
biodegradable carbon = 74.47 mg/l
After mixing with the re-circulated mud =
74.47 x 1085 : 2630 = 30.72 mg/l
Input
values:
30.72mg/l
solvable
biodegradable
COD,
3.78mg/l
of
phosphorus and 15.90 mg/l nitrate.
According to Janssen (1999) quoted by
Baetens D. [1], in order to remove 1mg of
phosphorus,
10mg
of
solvable
biodegradable COD is needed, and also
according to Janssen et al. 2002 [5] 4 mg
of solvable biodegradable COD is needed
for 1mg of nitrate in the anaerobic area.
Therefore, theoretically, the carbon
demand is 3.78 x 10 + 15.90 x 4 =
101.4mg/l, while from experiment data
resulted 30.72mg/l, which explains the low
efficiency of the nutrient removal.
4.Concluzii
4. Conclusions
50
51
Investigaii privind posibilitatea aplicrii procesului de reducere biologic a fosforului n staia de epurare a
apelor uzate Constana Sud
Rsum
L'limination du phosphore est une activit du traitement tertiaire. Le principe de la dphosphoration biologique
consiste dans une suraccumulation de phosphore dans la biomasse. Un aspect dterminant de lefficacit de la
dphosphoration biologique est la quantit de substrats assimilables par les bactries dphosphatantes dans les eaux
uses. Lobjectif final de ce travail est de pouvoir valuer la possibilit d'effectuer une dphosphoration biologique
dans une station dpuration existante. Nous avons faites des recherches sur le bio racteur de linstallation pendant
une mois et les rsultes sont: 74,47 mg/l DCO soluble biodegradable et 24,03 mg/l DCO soluble nonbiodegradable dans leau use, qui represente 75,6% et respectivement 24,4 % du DCO soluble de leau. Les
calcules teoretiques demonstrent que pour obtenir un bon resultat il faut avoir 101,4mg/l DCO soluble
biodegradable pendant que leau use contient 30,72 mg/l DCO soluble biodegradable, ce qui explique lefficacit
rduite dans la station dpuration.
Bibliografie
References
[1] BAETENS D. Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal: modelling and experimental design; Ph.D.Thesis,
2001;
[2] ERDAL U.G. The effects of temperature on system performance and bacterial community structure in
biological phosphorus removal system dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 2002;
[3] ERDAL Z.K., ERDAL U.G., RANDALL C.W. - Biochemistry of EBPR and anaerobic COD stabilization,
paper ID 117600, IWA 4th World Water Congress, Marrakech, 2004;
[4] JANSSEN P.M.J., MEINEMA K, VAN DER ROEST H.F Biological Phosphorus Removal. Manual of
design and operation. Stowa Report, IWA Publishing. 2002;
[5] JOHNSON B.R, NARAYANAN B., BAUR R,, MENGELKOCH M. High level biological phosphorus
removal failure and recovery WEFTEC, 2006 (www.environmental-expert.com);
[6] KEASLING J.D, S.J VAN DIEN, TRELSTAD P, RENNINGER N, MCMAHON K Application of
Polyphosphate Metabolism to Environmental and Biotechnological Problems, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2000,
vol.65, No.3, p.324-331;
[7] KORTSTEE G.J.J, APPELDOORN K.J, BONTING C.F.G, E.W.J VAN NIEL, H.W VAN VEEN Recent
Developments in the Biochemistry and Ecology of EBPR, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2000, vol.65, No.3, p.332340;
[8] MACHNICKA A, SUSCHKA J, GRUBEL K Phosphorous uptake by filamentous bacteria, paper ID
117101, IWA 4th World Water Congress, Marrakech, 2004;
[9] MEINHOLD J. Biological Phosphorus Removal from municipal Waste Water. Interactions in the anoxic
zone and consequences on process operations, Ph.D.Thesis, 2001;
[10] MINO T Microbial selection of Polyphosphate-Accumulating bacteria in activated sludge wastewater
treatment process, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2000, vol.65, No.3, p.341-348;
[11] PAN A., ROOIU N. - Studiu privind reducerea biologic a fosforului din apa uzat la staia de epurare
Constana Sud (I), revista ROMAQUA, 2007, vol.52, nr.4, p. 64-67;
[12] PUNRATTANASIN W. Investigation of the effects of COD/P ratio on the performance of a biological
nutrient removal system Ph.D Thesis, 1997;
[13] VABOLIENE G., MATUZEVICIUS A.B. Investigation into biological nutrient removal from wastewater
Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 2005, Vol.XIII, No.4, p.177-181;
[14] VABOLIENE G., MATUZEVICIUS A. B., VALENTUKEVICIENE M. Effect of nitrogen on phosphate
reduction in biological phosphorus removal from wastewater; Ekologija , 2007, Vol.53. No.1, p.80-88;
[15}VAICUM L. Epurarea apelor uzate cu nmol activ. Bazele biochimice. Ed.Academiei Republicii Socialiste
Romnia, Bucureti, 1981;
[16] VILALTA M.P. Effect of different carbon sources and continuous aerobic conditions on the EBPR process,
Ph.D.Thesis, 2004.
52
Constantin Romanescu, prof.dr.ing., Universitatea Tehnic de Construcii Bucureti (Technical University of Civil
Engineering Bucharest), Catedra de Drumuri i Ci Ferate (Department of Roads and Railways), e-mail:
romanescu@cfdp.utcb.ro
tefan Marian Lazr, asist.drd.ing., Universitatea Tehnic de Construcii Bucureti (Technical University of Civil
Engineering Bucharest), Catedra de Drumuri i Ci Ferate (Department of Roads and Railways), e-mail:
lazar@cfdp.utcb.ro
1. Introducere
1. Introduction
53
54
z(v)
r(u)
Fig. 2.1. Element finit al unui solid axialsimetric
Finite element of an axisymmetric solid
55
u
vi
i = i
i deplasarea elementului prin vectorul:
(2.1)
i
= j
m
n
(2.2)
u (r, z ) = N i ( , )u i
i =1
v(r, z ) = N i ( , )vi
(2.3)
i =1
sau
or
u
= [N ]{}
v
(2.4)
2.2. Strain
56
u
r
r v
z z
= =
u
rz r
u + v
z r
Folosind funciile deplasrii definite prin
ecuaiile (2.3) sau (2.4) obinem:
n care
(2.5)
N i
r
0
Bi =
Ni
r
N i
0
N i
z , etc.;
0
N i
(2.7)
r0
0 = z0
0
rz 0
(2.8)
57
1
1
e
0 =
1
0
(2.9)
r
= z = D( 0 ) + 0 .
rz
(2.10)
1
0
E
D=
(2.11)
1
0
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 2 ) / 2
0
0
0
2
K = V B DBd (vol ) = A 0 B DBrddA = 2 Ae B T DBrdA
(2.12)
with B given by equation (2.7) and D by
cu B dat de ecuaia (2.7) i D de ecuaia
(2.11), depinznd de material.
equation (2.11), depending on the material.
59
Grosime/
Thickness,
h, cm
4
5
8
15
Modul de elasticitate
dinamic/
Dynamic elasticity modulus,
E, MPa
3600
3000
5000
300
70
Coeficientul lui
Poisson/
Poissons ratio,
0,35
0,35
0,35
0,27
0,42
60
subgrade.
orizontale;
E y , E x = deformaiile specifice verticale,
stresses;
E y , E x = vertical, respectively horizontal
respectiv orizontale.
strains.
61
62
Deplasarea verticala
Vertical displacement
Dy, microdef.
0,000
0,00
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
0,20
0,40
0,60
h, m
Dy l=0m
Dy l=0,171m
Dy l=1m
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
63
Tensiunea verticala
Vertical stress
Sy, MPa
-0,100
0,000
0,00
0,100
0,200
0,300
0,400
0,500
0,600
0,700
0,20
0,40
0,60
h, m
Sy l=0m
Sy l=0,171m
Sy l=1m
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
Tensiunea orizontala
Horizontal stress
Sx, MPa
-1,000
-0,500
0,000
0,00
0,500
1,000
1,500
2,000
0,20
0,40
h, m
0,60
0,80
Sx l=0m
Sx l=0,171m
Sx l=1m
1,00
1,20
1,40
65
Vertical strain
Ey, microdef.
-200,000
-100,000
0,000
0,00
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
0,20
0,40
0,60
h, m
Ey l=0m
Ey l=0,171m
Ey l=1m
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
66
Horizontal strain
Ex, microdef.
-300,000 -250,000 -200,000 -150,000 -100,000 -50,000
0,000
0,00
50,000
100,000 150,000
200,000
250,000
0,20
0,40
0,60
h, m
Ex l=0m
Ex l=0,171m
Ex l=1m
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
67
2 (r, z ) = 0
unde:
where:
(5.1)
2 1
2
= 2 +
+ 2
r
r
r
z
(5.2)
68
Numele
programului/
Software name
Metoda folosit
n modelul de
tip rspuns/
Method used in
response model
type
MEF Axialsimetrice/
LUSAS
FEM Axisymmetric
Multistrat/
CALDEROM 2000
Multilayer
Multistrat/
ALIZE
Multilayer
* valori absolute/ absolute values
184,36
470,56
194,00
687,00
193,10
683,60
6. Concluzii
6. Conclusions
69
problems is revealed.
Modle de lanalyse avec des lments finis des structures de chausses souples
Rsum
Lobjectif de ce papier est dvelopper un modle avec des lments finis pour les analyse de ltats des contraintes
et des dformations spcifiques des structures de chausses souples. Donc, utiliser un logiciel bas sur le
Modlisation par lments Finis il a t dvelopp et a analys un modle avec des lments finis 2D
axisymtrique. Pour validation du modle, les rsultats obtenus dans domaine lastique avec le programme LUSAS
ont t compars avec ceux obtenus dans les mmes suppositions et conditions utilisent les programmes
CALDEROM 2000 et ALIZE bases sur la thorie du multicouche lastique. Dans ltude a rsult validation du
modle par lments finis et la possibilit de son usage dans calculs numriques supplmentaires dautres structures
des chausses. Pour lusage du modle la dimensionnement des chausses souples il est aussi exig de son
calibrage.
Bibliografie
References
[1] ODEMARK, N., Underskning av elasticitetegenskaperna hos olika jordarter saint teori fr belkning av
behigningar enligt elasticitetsteorin, Statens Vginstitut, meddelande 77, 1949.
[2] BURMISTER, D.M., The theory of the stress and displacements in layered systems and applications of design
of airport runway, Proceeding of the Highway Research Board, 23, 1943, pp. 126-148.
[3] ZIENKIEWICZ, O.C. i TAYLOR, R.L., The Finite Element Method, 1st ed., Vol. 1: The Basis, McGraw-Hill,
1967
[4] CUNDALL, P.A., BALL - A Programme to Model Granular Media using the Distinct Element Method, Dames
& Moore, Advanced Technology Group, Technical Note No. TN-LN-13, 1978.
[5] ***, Normativ pentru dimensionarea sistemelor rutiere suple i semirigide. (Metoda analitic), ind. PD
177-2001
[6] ***, Lusas Theory Manual, FEA Ltd., Forge House, Kingston Upon Thames, United Kingdom, 1999.
[7] Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees L.C.P.C., Aliz, Logiciel de calcul des contraintes et deformations
dans un milieu multi-couches elastique lineaire applique aux structures de chaussees, Hugues Odon,
novembre 1991.
[8] LCPC, Comportement statique des chausses - Problmes symtrie axiale - Mthode de Burmister - Rapport
n2 du SEMA, Rapport technique, LCPC-SEMA, 1964.
[9] LCPC, Conception et dimensionnement des structures de chausses, Guide Technique, LCPC-SETRA, 1994.
[10] LAZR, .M., i BALCU, M., Studiul comportrii structurilor rutiere utiliznd diverse modele matematice de
calcul, Simpozionul tiinific Investigarea Strii Tehnice i Procedee de Remediere Utilizate la Drumuri,
U.T.C.B., Bucureti 28 iunie 2002
70
Daniela Maria EREMIA- drd.ing. Universitatea Tehnica de Constructii Bucuresti (Technical University of Civil
Engineering Bucharest), Catedra de Termotehnica (Termotehnical Department), e-mail: danaeremia@gmail.com
I. Introducere
I. Introduction
71
Fig.2. Schema instalatiei alctuit din butelia cu CO2 lichid, ventilul de laminare, vaporizatorul
Drawing of the system: liquid CO2 cylinder, lamination valve, vaporizer
73
74
q
, [-],
G r0
n care:q- densitatea de flux termic,
(W/m2);G viteza masica,(kg/m2s);r0
caldura latent de vaporizare, (J/kg).
Valoarea numarului Froude este mica in
cazul microcanalelor, iar functia f2 Frl
din cadrul corelatiei poate fi considerata
egala cu unitatea. Coeficientul de transfer
de caldura la curgerea monofazica se poate
calcula cu relatiile oferite de specialisti (
Peturhov si Popov, Gnielinski) in functie
de valoarea lui Re (regim turbulent de
curgere).
In cazul microcanalelor se obtin valori
scazute pentru Re, ce ne situeaza in
domeniul regimului laminar, iar Nu este dat
de relatia:
Bo =
Nu =
(1.)
where q is the thermal flux density, (W/m2); G
mass flux speed ,(kg/m2s);r0 vaporization
latent heat, (J/kg).
The value of the Froude number is small for
micro-channels, and the function f2 Frl from
the correlation can be considered equal to one.
The heat transfer coefficient for the
monophasic flow can be calculated with the
Peturhov and Popov, and Gnielinski formulae
based on the value of Re (turbulent flow
regime).
For micro-channels, lower values are obtained
for Re, in the laminar flow regime, while Nu is
given by the equation:
l d hidraulic
=C
l
fierberea convectiv
convective boil
0.8
0.9
0.7
(2.)
= 1.136Co (1 x) f 2 (Frl ) l + 667.2Bo (1 x)0.8 Ffl l
Daca Re > 3000 se poate utiliza corelatia
If Re > 3000, the Gnielinski correlation can be
lui Gnielinski, in timp ce pentru Re < 1600
used, while for Re < 1600, the correlations for
se pot utiliza cu succes corelatiile din
the laminar flow can be successfully used. If
domeniul laminar. Daca Re < 300
Re < 300 Kandlikar and Balasubramanian have
Kandlikar si Balasubramanian au aratatat
shown that the nucleate boiling is dominant
ca fierberea nucleat este dominanant n
compared with the convective boiling, and
raport cu cea convectiv, de aceea se va lua
therefore, only this component will be
n calcul doar aceast component.
considered for calculations.
Curbele au fost trasate pentru fluidul
frigorific R744. Diametrul hidraulic al
The curves have been drawn for the frigorific
minicanalelor vaporizatorului testat, a fost
fluid R744. The hydraulic diameter of the minide 0.000158 m, iar densitatea de flux
channels of the tested vaporizer was 0.000158
2
termic a avut valoarea de 1.2 kW/m ,
m, and the thermal flux density was 1.2
Reynolds pentru faza lichid a avut
kW/m2, and the liquid area Reynolds number
valoarea de 663.4.
had the value 663.4.
Pentru urmtoarele date
t0 = 180C, G
= 55.69 kg/m2s, Re = 663.4, dh=0.000158
For the following data t0 = 180C, G = 55.69
2,
m, qp=1.2 kW/m am calculat coeficientul
kg/m2s, Re = 663.4, dh=0.000158 m, qp=1.2
de transfer de caldura in functie de titlul
kW/m2, the heat transfer coefficient was
vaporilor cu corelatia SHAH si corelatia
calculated based on the vapor concentration
CHEN. Rezultatul este c valorile
with the SHAH and CHEN correlations. It
experimentale calculate cu corelatia
resulted that the experimental values calculated
Kandlikar sunt apropiate de rezultatele
with the Kandlikar correlation are close to the
obinute cu celelalte doua corelatii.
results obtained with the other two correlations.
Buletinul tiinific al UTCB nr.4 2008
75
1500
alfa_SHAH
1000
alfa_exp
alfa_CHEN
500
0,
5
0,
6
0,
7
0,
8
0,
9
0,
1
0,
2
0,
3
0,
4
0
0,
01
2000
k
ext aer S int CO2 Al
n care: ext aer = a , (W/m2K);
Cnd temperatura suprafeei de rcire scade
sub punctul de rou al aerului, vaporii de
ap din aer condenseaz parial pe
suprafaa rece, iar la temperaturi negative,
condensatul se transform n zapad i prin
topiri i rengheri repetate zpada devine
ghea.
Umezirea suprafeei conductei conduce
iniial la creterea coeficientului de transfer
termic,
dar
zpada
introduce
o
conductivitate termic foarte sczut. Pe
msur ce zpada nghea, fiind mai
compact, conductivitatea termic a
76
,
(W/m2K)-1
(3.)
a.
b.
d.
c.
77
Q=
k
c paer
ln
h9 h11
S Tarip
h9 hvap
(W)
h11 hvap
q t = q s + ql
qt =
a
cp
(5.)
(h9 hvap )
(W/m2)
(6.)
Q t = Q aer + Q tv
(4.)
(7.)
k a br
hvap h10 S ar
c pa
n care: ka-br este coeficientul global de
transfer termic de la aer la aripioar prin
stratul de brum W/m2K ; h10 entalpia
specific a aerului corespunztoare starii de
saturatie, la temperatura medie a aripioarei
(kJ/kg);hvap entalpia specific a aerului la
temperatura ta (kJ/kg);Sar suprafata
aripioarelor din volumul elementar
considerat m2
k
Q tv = a tv h9 h11 Stv
c pa
Q aer =
Qt =
(8.)
(9.)
k
S aer
S
(h9 h11 ) ka br b + a tv tv
c pa
ka br S ar
(W)
(10.)
(11.)
where L is the equivalent height of the winglet,
79
m=
c
br
+ pa
br a b
1
arip arip
arip =
th(m ri
m ri
m=
2 a
arip arip
ri =
D echiv tub
tubului
Dechiv
(m-1)
(12.)
(14.)
(15.)
tub
(16.)
= diametrul echivalent al
4 S transv / 1tub
= 4 L H
(17.)
2(L + H)
P
r
r
(18.)
= e 11 + 0.35 ln e
ri
ri
- a - coeficient de transfer de cldur
a - convective heat transfer coefficient on the
convectiv pe partea aerului exterior
outer side [W/m2K] calculated with:
[W/m2K] care se calculeaza cu relaia
H tub
(19.)
Nu a = a
a
D echiv tub =
CO 2
h9 h11
S
h9 hvap Tarip
ln
h11 hvap
n care : h9 i h11 sunt entalpiile specifice
ale aerului la intrarea respectiv iesirea de
pe rcitorul de aer (kJ/kg) ;STarip suprafata
total a aripioarelor (m2) ;hvap entalpia
specific a aerului corespunztoare strii de
vaporizare (kJ/kg)kb coeficientul global
de transfer termic de la aer la agentul de
rcire prin stratul de brum, raportat la
suprafata exterioar a aripioarelor, n
ipoteza neglijrii rezistentei termice a
peretelui tevii (W/m2K).
k
Qt = br
c pa
(W)
(21.)
STarip
b
S ag
1
kbr =
(W/m2K).
(22.)
+
k
S
pa
co
2
k
+ a br tv
a ar br k a ar ST arip
aer
br
with S arip
the outer surface of the layer of frost
br
deposited on the vaporizer winglets (m2); Steava
the outer surface of the layer of frost deposited
on the vaporizer tubes (m2).
81
Mbr = ma (x9-x10)
Cunoscnd densitatea medie a brumei
depuse br, se calculeaz cu relatia
urmtoare grosimea medie a stratului de
brum:
M
1
(m)
br = br
br S arip + Steava
(kg)
(25.)
Knowing the average density of the deposited
frost br, the thickness of the deposited frost is
calculated as follows:
(26.)
0,0025
0,002
0,0015
0,001
0,0005
0
160
230
235
310
320
Fig.8. Creterea grosimii stratului de brum n functie de timpul notat pe parcursul masurtorilor
The increase of the frost layer thickness as a function of the time recorded during measurements
82
800,00
600,00
400,00
200,00
0,00
0
0,0015
0,002
0,0025
0,003
1200
1000
800
alfa_CHEN
600
alfa_exp
400
alfa_SHAH
200
0
-18,4 -15,5 -12,3 -8,5 -2,3 11,4 14,6 17,5
Vaporation temperature (C)
V. Concluzii
V. Conclusions
83
Die berechnung des thermischen versezten faktor des co2, bei verdunsten in einem veranderlichen
verdampfer mit microrohre.
Zusammenfassung
Das Werk stellt eine Einfhrung in die Studie von CO2 als Arbeitsflssigkeit fr einen Dmpfer mit Minikanlen in
einem Khlaggregat, aufgrund der Energie- und Wrmeeigenschaften fr gegenwrtige und zuknftige technische
Anwendungen, dar.
Die Anwendung von CO2 als Arbeitsflssigkeit bentigt eine ausfhrliche Studie der Bestandteile der Anlage,
insbesondere der Verdichter und der Regelventile, die eine Steigerung der Leistungsfhigkeit und der
Betriebssicherheit der Anlage ermglichen.
CO2 ist eine zukunftsweisende Khlflssigkeit mit einer aufwendigen Eigenschaft, wodurch die Arbeit bei
Hochdruck mglich ist. Aus diesem Grund ist eine ausfhrliche Studie der Bestandteile der Anlage, insbesondere
der Verdichter und der Regelventile, die eine Steigerung der Leistungsfhigkeit und der Betriebssicherheit der
Anlage ermglichen, notwendig. Die Anwendung von CO2 nach einem superkritischen Arbeitslauf bringt Vorteile
fr die Anlage, weil die Abmessungen (geminderte Strke) des Verdichters geringer sind sehr dnne Leitungen
von nur 1,58 mm und geringe Hhe der Flgel, was ein besserer Wrmeaustausch ermglicht.
Bibliografie:
Reference:
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performante si compacte, Stiina moderna si energia Editia XXIV, anul 2005,
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[3].
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85