MATH 2104

Spring 2010
In-Class Assignment
April 13, 2010

1. Derive a reduction formula for the following integral

∫ x n cosxdx
Let u' =cosx ⟹ u=sinx

Let v=x n ⟹ v' =n x n−1

Integration by parts gives

∫ x n cosxdx=x n sinx−n ∫ x n−1 sinxdx

2. Derive a reduction formula for the following integral

∫ x n sinxdx
Let u' =sinx ⟹ u=−cosx

Let v=x n ⟹ v' =n x n−1

Integration by parts gives

∫ x n sin xdx=−x n cosx+ n∫ x n−1 cosxdx

3. Derive a reduction formula for the following integral

∫ sin n xdx
Let u' =sinx ⟹ u=−cosx

Let v=sin n−1 x ⟹ v ' =( n−1 ) sin n−2 xcosx

⟹∫ sin n xdx=−sin n−1 xcosx + ( n−1 )∫ sinn−2 xcosxcosx dx

Now

cos 2 x=1−sin2 x

⟹ sin n−2 xcosxcosx=sin n−2 x ( 1−sin2 x )=sin n −2 x−sin n x

⟹∫ sinn xdx=−si n n−1 xcosx+ ( n−1 )∫ ( sin n−2 x−sin n x ) dx

n n−1 n−2 n
⟹∫ sin xdx=−sin xcosx + ( n−1 ) {∫ sin xdx−∫ sin xdx }

⟹∫ sinn xdx=−sinn−1 xcosx+ ( n−1 )∫ sinn−2 xdx−( n−1 )∫ sin n xdx

⟹∫ sin n xdx+ ( n−1 )∫ sinn xdx =−sin n−1 xcosx+ ( n−1 ) ∫ sin n−2 xdx

⟹ n∫ sinn xdx=−sinn−1 xcosx+ ( n−1 ) ∫ sinn−2 xdx

n −sin n−1 xcosx n−1 n−2

⟹∫ sin xdx= + ∫ sin xdx
n n

4. Derive a reduction formula for the following integral

∫ cosn xdx
Let u' =cosx ⟹ u=sinx

Let v=cos n−1 x ⟹ v ' =−( n−1 ) cos n−2 xsinx

⟹∫ cosn xdx=cos n−1 xsinx+ ( n−1 ) ∫ cos n−2 xsinxsinx dx

Now

sin2 x=1−cos 2 x

⟹ cosn −2 xsinxsinx=cosn−2 x ( 1−cos 2 x ) =cos n−2 x−cos n x

⟹∫ cosn xdx=cos n−1 x sinx+ ( n−1 )∫ ( cos n−2 x−cos n x ) dx

⟹∫ cosn xdx=cos n−1 xsinx+ ( n−1 ) {∫ cosn−2 xdx −∫ cosn xdx }

⟹∫ cosn xdx=cos n−1 xsinx+ ( n−1 ) ∫ cos n−2 xdx−( n−1 )∫ cosn xdx

⟹∫ cosn xdx + ( n−1 ) ∫ cos n xdx=cosn−1 xsinx + ( n−1 )∫ cos n−2 xdx

⟹ n∫ cosn xdx=cos n−1 xsinx+ ( n−1 )∫ cos n−2 xdx

 n cosn −1 xsinx n−1
⟹∫ cos xdx=
n
+
n
∫ cos n−2 xdx
5. Evaluate
π

∫ x 2 cosxdx
0

Using the reduction formula derived in problem 1 above

∫ x n cosxdx=x n sinx−n ∫ x n−1 sinxdx

Gives
π
π
∫ x 2 cosxdx=[ x2 sinx−2∫ x 2−1 sinxdx ]0
0

π
π
¿ [ x 2 sinx ]0 −2 ∫ x 1 sinxdx
0

Now use the reduction formula derived in problem 2 above

∫ x n sinxdx=−x n cosx +n∫ x n−1 cosxdx

π
π
⟹∫ x1 sinxdx=[ −x1 cosx+1∫ x1−1 cosxdx ]0
0

π
π
¿ [−x cosx ]0 +1 ∫ x 0 cosxdx
1

π
π
¿ [ −xcosx ] 0 +∫ cosxdx
0

π π
¿ [ −xcosx ] 0 + [ sinx ]0

¿ { ⟨−πcosπ ⟩ −⟨−0 cos 0 ⟩ }+ { ⟨ sinπ ⟩− ⟨ sin 0 ⟩ }

¿ { ⟨−π (−1) ⟩ — 0∗1 ⟩ }+ { ⟨ 0 ⟩ −⟨ 0 ⟩ }

¿ { π ⟩ + {0 }

¿π
 π
π π
⟹ [ x sinx ] 0 −2∫ x1 sinxdx=[ x 2 sinx ]0 −2 { π }
2

Now
π
[ x 2 sinx ]0 = ⟨ π 2 sinπ ⟩ −⟨ 02 sin 0 ⟩
¿ ⟨ π 2∗0 ⟩− ⟨ 0 2∗0 ⟩

¿ ⟨ 0 ⟩ −⟨ 0 ⟩

¿0
π π
π π
⟹∫ x2 cosxdx =[ x2 sinx ]0 −2∫ x1 sinxdx=[ x 2 sinx ]0 −2 { π }
0 0

π
⟹∫ x2 cosxdx =0−2 { π }
0

π
⟹∫ x2 cosxdx=−2 π
0

6. Evaluate
π
2

∫ sin 2 xdx
0

Using the reduction formula above we have

2 −sin2−1 xcosx ( 2−1 )

∫ sin xdx= 2
+
2
∫ sin 2−2 xdx
sinxcosx 1
¿− + ∫ sin0 xdx
2 2

sinxcosx 1
¿− + ∫ dx
2 2

sinxcosx 1
¿− + x
2 2
π
2 π
−sinxcosx 1
⟹∫ sin xdx =
0 2
2
+ x
2 [ ]
0
2
 ( π2 )cos ( π2 ) + 1
¿ ⟨ −sin

2 ⟩
(2 π2 ) −⟨ −sin ( 02) cos ( 0 ) + 12 ( 0 ) ⟩
π
¿ ⟨ ⟩⟨
−1∗0 2
2
+
∗1
2
−
−0∗1
2
+0 ⟩
π
¿
2
⟨ ⟩
∗1
2
−⟨0 ⟩

π
∗1
2 π
¿ =
2 4

7. Evaluate
π
2

∫ sin 3 xdx
0

Using the reduction formula above we have

3 −sin3 −1 xcosx ( 3−1 )

∫ sin xdx= 3
+
3
∫ sin3−2 xdx
sin 2 xcosx 2
¿− + ∫ sinxdx
3 3

sin 2 xcosx 2 (
¿− + −cosx )
3 3
π
2 π
−sin2 xcosx 2
⟹∫ sin xdx =
0 3
3
[
− cosx
3 ]
0
2

( π2 ) cos ( π2 ) − 2 cos π − −sin ( 0) cos ( 0) − 2 cos ⁡(0)

¿ ⟨ −sin2

3 3 (2) ⟨ 3 ⟩ 3
2

⟩
−12∗0 2 −02∗1 2
¿ ⟨ 3
− ∗0 −
3 3
− ∗1
3 ⟩⟨ ⟩
¿ ⟨ 0⟩− ⟨ ⟩
−2
3

2
¿
3

8. Evaluate
π
2

∫ sin 4 xdx
0

Using the reduction formula above we have

4 −sin4 −1 xcosx ( 4−1 )

∫ sin xdx= 4
+
4
∫ sin4−2 xdx
sin 3 xcosx 3 2
¿− + ∫ sin xdx
4 4

sin 3 xcosx 3 2
¿− + ∫ sin xdx
4 4
π
2 π
−sin3 xcosx 3
⟹∫ sin xdx=
0 4
4
4 [
+ ∫ sin2 xdx ]
0
2

π
3 π 2
−sin xcosx 3
¿ [ 4 0 40 ] 2
+ ∫ sin 2 xdx

π
2
NOTE: We’ve already determined above.
∫ sin 2 xdx
0

π π
2 ∗1
2 2
∫ sin xdx= 2
0

π π
2
⟹∫ sin4 xdx=
0
−sin3 xcosx
4 [ ]
0
+
π
3 2
2

4 2 ( )
∗1

π
−sin 3 xcosx
Now
4[ ]
0
2
 ⟨ −sin3 ( π2 )cos ( π2 ) − −sin ( 0) cos ( 0)
⟩⟨ 3
¿
4 4 ⟩
−13∗0 −0 3∗1
¿ ⟨ 4
− ⟩⟨
4 ⟩
¿ ⟨ 0 ⟩ −⟨ 0 ⟩

¿0

π π
4
2
⟹∫ sin xdx=0+
0
3 2
4 2
∗1
( )
π
∗1
π 2
2 ∗3
4 2
⟹∫ sin xdx=
0
4

9. Evaluate
π
2

∫ sin 5 xdx
0

Using the reduction formula above we have

5 −sin5 −1 xcosx ( 5−1 ) 5−2

∫ sin xdx= 5
+
5
∫ sin xdx

sin 4 xcosx 4 3
¿− + ∫ sin xdx
5 5
π
2 π
−sin4 xcosx 4
⟹∫ s ∈¿ xdx=
0 5
5
5 [ 2
+ ∫ sin3 xdx ¿
0
]
π π
2 4 π 2
−sin xcosx 4
⟹∫ sin 5 xdx =
0
[ 5 ]
0
2
+ ∫
5 0
sin 3 xdx

π
2
2
Now we know ¿ above that ∫ sin3 xdx=
0 3
 π
2 π
−sin 4 xcosx 4 2
⟹∫ sin xdx =
0
5
5 [ ]
0
2
+ ( )
5 3
π
−sin 4 xcosx
Now
5[ ] 2

⟨ −sin4 ( π2 ) cos( π2 ) − −sin ( 0) cos ( 0)

⟩⟨ 4
¿
5 5 ⟩
−1 4∗0 −04∗1
¿ ⟨ 5
−
5 ⟩⟨ ⟩
¿ ⟨ 0 ⟩ −⟨ 0 ⟩

¿0
π
2
4 2
⟹∫ sin 5 xdx =0+ ( )
0 5 3

2
∗4
3
¿
5

10. Apply the reduction formula above to show for each positive integer n,

π π
2 ∗1
2n 2
∫ sin xdx= 2 ∗3
0
∗5
4 2n−1
…
6 2n

And

π 2
2 ∗4
2n +1 3
∫ sin xdx= 5 ∗6
0
∗8
7 2n
…
9 2n+ 1

Let’s start with

π
2

∫ sin 2 n xdx
0

To derive our expressions we can use the reduction formula derived in problem 3 above

m −sin m−1 xcosx m−1

∫ sin xdx = m
+
m
∫ sinm −2 xdx for m≥ 2
Now substitute 2n for m to get the following expression
2 n−1
xcosx 2 n−1
∫ sin 2 n xdx= −sin 2n
+
2n
∫ sin
2n −2
xdx for 2 n ≥2 ⟹ n≥ 1

π
2 2n−1 π

∫ sin xdx= −sin 2 n xcosx + 2 n−1

2n
[ 2n
∫ sin2 n−2 xdx ] 2

0 0

π
2 n−1 π 2
xcosx 2 n−1
¿ [ −sin
2n ] 2

0
+
2n 0
∫ sin 2n −2 xdx

π
−sin 2 n−1 xcosx 2
Let’s evaluate
[ 2n 0
]first

π π

[ −sin2 n−1 xcosx 2

2n 0
= ]
π

⟨ −sin2 n−1
2n
2
cos
2
− ⟩⟨
−sin 2n−1 0 cos 0
2n ⟩
2 n−1
π π
¿ ⟨ ( )
− sin
2
2n
cos
2
⟩⟨
−
−( sin 0 )
2n
2n −1
cos 0
⟩
−( 1 )2 n−1∗0 −( 0 )2 n−1∗1
¿ ⟨ 2n
− ⟩⟨
2n ⟩
−( 1 )∗0 −( 0 )∗1
¿ ⟨ 2n
− ⟩⟨ ⟩
2n

¿ ⟨ 0 ⟩ −⟨ 0 ⟩

¿0
 π π
2 2 n−1 π 2
xcosx 2 n−1
⟹∫ sin 2 n xdx=
0
[ −sin
2n ]
0
2
+
2n 0
∫ sin2 n−2 xdx
π π
2 2
2n−1
⟹∫ sin2 n xdx=0+ ∫ sin 2 n−2 xdx
0 2n 0
π π
2 2
2 n−1
⟹∫ sin2 n xdx= ∫ sin2 n−2 xdx
0 2n 0

Let’s start with n=1. To simplify some of our expressions, we let

π π
2 2

Ι 1=∫ sin2∗1 xdx=∫ sin2 xdx , Where the subscript 1 on Ι 1 refers ¿ n=1
0 0

We’ve determined in problem 6 above that

π
∗1
2
Ι 1=
2
π π
2 2

Now let Ι 2=∫ sin2∗2 xdx=∫ sin 4 xdx , Where the subscript 2 on Ι 2 refers ¿ n=2
0 0

Using the following result derived above

π π
2 2

∫ sin 2 n xdx= 2 n−1

2n
∫ sin 2 n−2 xdx
0 0

We have
π
2
2∗2−1
Ι 2= ∫ sin2∗2−2 xdx
2∗2 0

3
⟹ Ι 2= Ι 1
4

π
∗1
π 2
⟹ Ι 2=
3 2
4 2 { }
∗1
=
2
4
∗3
For n=3
π
2
2∗3−1
Ι 3=
2∗3 0
∫ sin2∗3−2 xdx
5
⟹ Ι3 = Ι2
6

5 3
⟹ Ι3 = { }
Ι
6 4 1

π
⟹ Ι3 =
5 3 2
6 4 2 {{ }
∗1

π
∗1
2
∗3
2
∗5
4
⟹ Ι3 =
6

We conclude

2n−1
Ι n= Ι n−1
n

2 n−1 2[n−1]−1
⟹ Ιn =
n {
[n−1]
Ι n−2 }
2 n−1 2[n−1]−1 2[n−2]−1 7
⟹ Ιn =
n {
[n−1] {
[n−2]
Ι … Ι3
n−3 8 } { }}
π

{ { }
∗1
2
∗3
2
∗5
2n−1 2 [n−1]−1 2[n−2]−1 7 4
¿
n [n−1] {
[n−2]
Ι …
n−3 8 } {} 6
 π

{ { }
∗1
2
∗3
2
∗5
2n−1 2 [n−1]−1 2[n−2]−1 7 4
¿
n [n−1] [n−2]
Ι …
n−3 8 { } {} 6

n
π 2 n−1
⟹ Ι n = ∗∏
2 n=1 n

π
∗1
2
∗3
2
∗5
4 2 n−1
⟹ Ιn = ….
6 n

Now we look at
π
2

∫ sin 2 n+1 xdx

0

To derive our expressions we can use the reduction formula derived in problem 3 above

m −sin m−1 xcosx m−1

∫ sin xdx = m
+
m
∫ sinm −2 xdx for m≥ 2
Now substitute 2n+1 for m to get the following expression
2n
xcosx 2n
∫ sin 2 n+1 xdx= −sin2 n+1 +
2 n+1
∫ sin
2 n−1
xdx for n ≥ 1

π
2 π
−sin2 n xcosx 2n
∫ sin
0
2 n+1
xdx= [2 n+1
+
2n+1
∫ sin2 n−1 xdx ]
0
2

π
2n π 2
−sin xcosx 2n
¿ [ 2 n+1 0
+ ]∫
2 n+1 0
2
sin2 n−1 xdx

π
2n π 2
−sin xcosx 2n
¿ [ 2 n+1 0
+
2 ]
n+1 0
2
∫ sin2 n−1 xdx
 π
2
2n
¿ 0+ ∫ sin2 n−1 xdx
2 n+1 0
π π
2 2
2n
⟹∫ sin 2 n+1 xdx= ∫ sin2 n−1 xdx
0 2 n+1 0

For n=1, let

π π
2 2

J 1=∫ sin 2∗1+1 xdx =∫ sin3 xdx , Where the subscript 1 on J 1 refers ¿ n=1
0 0

From problem 7 above we know that

π
2
2
J 1=∫ sin 3 x dx=
0 3

Now
π π
2 2
2∗2
J 2=∫ sin 5 x dx= ∫ sin 2∗2−1 xdx
0 2∗2+1 0
π
2
4
⟹ J 2= ∫ sin3 xdx
5 0

4
⟹ J 2= J 1
5

4 2
⟹ J 2= {}
5 3

2
∗4
3
⟹ J 2=
5

And
π π
2 2
2∗3
J 3=∫ sin 7 x dx= ∫ sin2∗3−1 xdx
0 2∗3+1 0
 π
2
6
⟹ J 3=
70
∫ sin 5 x dx
6
⟹ J 3= J 2
7

2
⟹ J 3=
6 3
7 5
∗4
{ }
2
∗4
3
∗6
5
⟹ J 3=
7

We conclude that

2n
J n= J
n+1 n−1

2 n 2[n−1]
⟹ J n= { J
n+1 [n−1]+ 1 n−2 }
2 n 2[n−1] 2[n−2]
⟹ J n= { { J
n+1 [n−1]+ 1 [n−2]+1 n−3 }}
2 n 2[n−1] 2[n−2]
⟹ J n=
{ {
n+1 [n−1]+ 1 [n−2]+1
8
J n−3 … J 3
9 { }}}

{ { { }}
8
∗2
9
∗4
3
∗6
2 n 2 [n−1] 2[n−2] 5
⟹ J n= J …
n+1 [n−1]+1 [ n−2]+1 n−3 7

n
2n
⟹ J n=∏
n=1 2 n+1
 2
∗4
3
∗6
5
∗8
7 2n
⟹ J n= …
9 2n+ 1