Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design

26/1/2012
Microelectronics
Circuit Analysis and Design

Donald A. Neamen
Chapter 2
Diode Circuits
Neamen
Microelectronics, 4e
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-1
In this chapter, we will:

Determine the operation and characteristics of
diode rectifier circuits, which is the first stage of
the process of converting an ac signal into a dc
signal in the electronic power supply.
Apply the characteristics of the Zener diode to a
Zener diode voltage regulator circuit.
Apply the nonlinear characteristics of diodes to
create waveshaping circuits known as clippers
and clampers.
Examine the techniques used to analyze circuits
that contain more than one diode.
Understand the operation and characteristics of
specialized photodiode and light-emitting diode
circuits.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-2
26/1/2012
Block Diagram
for ac to dc Converter
The diode rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator are diode circuits.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-3
Problem-Solving Technique:
Diode Circuits
1. Determine the input voltage condition such
that the diode is conducting (on).
a. Find the output signal for this condition.
2. Determine the input voltage such that the
diode is not conducting (off).
a. Find the output signal for this condition.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-4
26/1/2012
Half-Wave Rectifier
Voltage Transfer
Characteristics
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-5
Signals of Half Wave Rectifier
Input voltage
Output voltage
Diode voltage
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McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-6
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Load Line Analysis

Load line when vS
is at its maximum
forward voltage.
Load line when vS

is at its most
negative value.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-7
Load Line (cont)
As vS varies with time, the load line also changes, which

changes the Q-point (vD and iD) of the diode.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-8
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Half-Wave Rectifier as
Battery Charger
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-9
Full-Wave Rectifier
Voltage transfer characteristics
Input and output waveforms

Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-10
26/1/2012
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
When vS is positive, D1 and D2 are turned on (a). When vS is negative, D3 and

D4 are turned on (b).
In either case, current flows through R in the same direction, resulting in an
output voltage, vO, shown in (c).
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-11
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-12
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Output Voltage of Full-Wave

Rectifier with RC Filter
The ripple on the dc output is
Neamen
Vr
VM
1
where f
2 fRC
2TP
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-13
Output Voltage of Full-Wave

Rectifier with RC Filter
t 1
2Vr
VM
Diode conducts current for only a small portion of the period.

Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-14
26/1/2012
Equivalent Circuit During

Capacitance Charging Cycle
i C CVM t
iC , peak CVM t
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
2Vr
VM
Chapter 2-15
PSpice Schematic of Diode

Bridge Circuit
Steady state output voltage for a

60Hz sine wave input with peak
value of 13.4V.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-16
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Demodulation of AmplitudeModulated Signal

Modulated input signal
Detector circuit
Demodulated output
signal
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McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-17
Voltage Doubler Circuit
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McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-18
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Equivalent Circuits for

Input Cycles
Negative input cycle
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McGraw-Hill
Positive input cycle
Chapter 2-19
Voltage Regulator
IL
VZ
RL
II
VPS VZ
Ri
IZ II IL
The characteristics of the Zener diode determines VL.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-20
10
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Design Example 2.5
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-21
Load Line Analysis
The reverse bias I-V is important for Zener diodes.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-22
11
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Voltage Rectifier with

nonzero Zener resistance
The Zener diode begins to conduct when VPS = VZ.
When VPS VZ:
VL = VZ
IL = VZ/RL,, but VZ constant
I1 = (VPS VZ)/Ri
IZ = I1 - IL
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-23
Voltage Transfer Characteristics of

Limiter Circuit
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McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-24
12
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Single Diode Clipper
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-25
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-26
Additional
Diode
Clipper
Circuits
Neamen
13
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Parallel-Based Diode
Clipper Circuit
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-27
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-28
Series-Based
Diode Clipper
Circuits
Neamen
14
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Parallel-Based Clipper Circuit Using

Zener Diodes
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-29
Diode Clamper Circuit
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-30
15
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Diode Clamper Circuit with Voltage

Source
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-31
Diode and Resistor In Series
Voltage shift between input and output voltages in transfer

characteristics is because the diode only conducts when v1 Vg.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-32
16
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Diode with Input Voltage Source
Output voltage is a constant when the diode is not conducting,

when v1 Vs - Vg.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-33
2 Diode Circuit
Voltage transfer characteristics

Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-34
17
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Problem-Solving Technique:
Multiple Diode Circuits
1. Assume the state of the diode.
a. If assumed on, VD = Vg
b. If assumed off, ID = 0.
2. Analyze the linear circuit with assumed
diode states.
3. Evaluate the resulting state of each diode.
4. If any initial assumptions are proven
incorrect, make new assumption and return
to Step 2.
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-35
Exercise problem
D1 is not on.
D2 is on.
This pins VO to -0.6V
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-36
18
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Diode Logic Circuits:

2-Input OR Gate
V1 (V) V 2 (V) VO (V)
0
4.3
4.3
4.3
Vg = 0.7V
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-37
Diode Logic Circuits:

2-Input AND Gate
V
1 V
2 V
O
( V ) ( V ) ( V )
0
4.3
Vg = 0.7V
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-38
19
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Photodiode Circuit
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-39
Optoisolator
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-40
20
26/1/2012
Design DC Power Supply Circuit
Neamen
McGraw-Hill
Chapter 2-41
21

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design

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Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design

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26/1/2012

Circuit Analysis and Design

In this chapter, we will:

Signals of Half Wave Rectifier

Load Line Analysis

Load line when vS

Load Line (cont)

As vS varies with time, the load line also changes, which

Voltage transfer characteristics

Input and output waveforms

Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

When vS is positive, D1 and D2 are turned on (a). When vS is negative, D3 and

Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

Output Voltage of Full-Wave

The ripple on the dc output is

Output Voltage of Full-Wave

Diode conducts current for only a small portion of the period.

Equivalent Circuit During

PSpice Schematic of Diode

Steady state output voltage for a

Demodulation of AmplitudeModulated Signal

Voltage Doubler Circuit

Equivalent Circuits for

Negative input cycle

Positive input cycle

Design Example 2.5

Load Line Analysis

The reverse bias I-V is important for Zener diodes.

Voltage Rectifier with

The Zener diode begins to conduct when VPS = VZ.

When VPS VZ:

Voltage Transfer Characteristics of

Single Diode Clipper

Parallel-Based Clipper Circuit Using

Diode Clamper Circuit

Diode Clamper Circuit with Voltage

Diode and Resistor In Series

Voltage shift between input and output voltages in transfer

Diode with Input Voltage Source

Output voltage is a constant when the diode is not conducting,

Voltage transfer characteristics

Diode Logic Circuits:

Diode Logic Circuits:

Design DC Power Supply Circuit

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