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lhese lips an.l try lo apFlyltreh in your own qork

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Ncle Tr.e essays herewerewanen under rine conslE nrs:white rhey represertCood
wcrk lhyhale
beei amendd forthe pulposes ofihis Au etn

Issue

i,

2003

FURTHER RESOURCES

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b .!o 5u "
C.m!

ele the worksheels rhal come w th y.ur naqaz fes or a weeky bas
.r//,rE or New.!r66k Check lhe en,*e," Jn rr,e:r,iu Crrono *uoor"

4 id.hd.ebdq

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po.a

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ycu can choose

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rid" .\ooor sO..-o,

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CAEOITS

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Ad\ice l!.Jh.r .\ercij.s , ediing ond dyolr by KhooSE

,4dvic for exohp e 3 ih Unii rhree by Jutioh Lih
Erer.lse 4.e by Nrhold oner suesesrioh fo. secri"_!

12

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UNIT ONE: ANNOTATED EXTMCTS

2aaa

CONTENTS
Pag-"

1.1 Do

you agree that the mass media faits to keep us properly

informed?

'o " "a.c',rl . c,d1o.d..1

* i

.lLrre- ZOol

etocl rost essays

!Nll
ONE: ANNOTATED
,-o.oLao6d1d

ExTRACtS

.o,.60

1e ro..-do.
'dbe! oi '

o od

.,o..o

',.d
"21 astcentuq,
(o

6) -"-oltimes, ilwas Ihe worst oi lmes,

astcertury (a 6)
13lgnoranceisbrss Doyolaqrce? lOB)
I 2b

rDNeler before n the history otlhe mass neda has

'/ - d 'o aro, bd.r os-a1 .o,eo al., 1 ia,t-.ng

'
I ..eo.e1ro,6e.,d
a o .e -re, ;r a-a
\ of o,6r:o! ) t4^.-o og as | .a -do.o
\.th6 clF\e.f6,
tne
o.e o Mo . V-dro. Wt d g.owir q -.n,J1
^o.or roeed
proponor
ad.c.led
'
,'d L6.re o.oote..rp n.o..rbe
oesire fo-.nrormdror
b . -oo- o. ro, .o l-" wo. o.an o,t/ qro^ p\-.
. od Hore.F "rFp ar-6r..daato,e.fe.e,o.d
'De.c W

ceef cnl. sms d recred at ihe ma5s medLa rhil :rc

becoml.g nfeasingty dfcuttlo igno.e. Rlnours reeking

o.Ld,e o-iru.a "'1" .e''d..p

-o' o dranoi. aners a.eDr.t/.1 F,pot.he
doa o o9r6e LFa.lt6
ros. Ted o -a( ra,cd to lu Lt .s
0.. obF .6 o, 160 n9 .

orgaf jsed introduct on that

1.

advancements n the

need/demand lor the

mss med a to popeny

.1

th problemsLcjng the

ord re

as5en rhe

ractha

beng relegared

h s does

--

rodar . s -"o oea "r'o-dJ

Entertanme.r < rhp

arohd mass medra.ornpanes lhese davs

" oLro"o-ig -eed,or rorp ad/elrcro.F.6rre

bu?zword

...

jo

More pain than qa

22

ls lhG a

whatways has yourmuntry slifrd as a resul o' Eptd e.onom c deletcpmenl? (a

ri.o\a o,
,)rFo^ d o
..)

rcaso.ab. commenl on lhe role ih. o.is.nat ..mnLje,

,F

" "-.",og

." o. o-

.b o:.or

]l

le

(Ot2t .---.---....-.- 2.
6 Greaiworks of Ilel!re do fol make good nrs Oisclss. (O j2t Errract ___-, 26
27Wry s itihatno.ountry has everh6d ! p.fed nrhln rqhls iecord? iO3J _-...25

25 GratworksorlteGtlredoiotmak.goodtims.Di;rss
2

ON
2A

30
3',

GRAMfuIARANO EXPRESSlON
entr.ainhn1 news ror th6

_. .. oia -

medi s interested o.

rdr f.o.a
s thF.e:son wh/ rhe soash a.rass mosi
ipr,p.peE s regardr.q t.e tareslqossp around

r-.o,o.j ,o-,e
!pcs ed tors hr\ e resoned" 1o an" rs ni e.Lr:mo, tar
'"d'
1"
\ : \Elvo . - - onre .d aut.a , ,9 o. rio- ra..r eus !e!menls recenty h @d rhe
undisouied oossr.
,1
*.
con.."r..re
o""-.e
ir-o,.
"
erienain lssubsL.ber.

ot lrre

essay we aht by exp ainino

rr<_

ro/".,e.

''

2I

1 ,,"r......

"d r- n r. nedd ro sl.curb ro,ropud. a"a"r d to,

" t gDrro,ear e.ibr.,a nrorTr.iorJtil.6.pa,.e

:.rj"^
riI

o.lhis ass.ssn.it

UNIT TWOr STUDENTS' ESSAYS

u\l- -qREt:,40Dt tca o\ QJcT

Eramplel ..
: a p".

not happen a I the rime.

rhe ba[sear

C.mmenr

COi,IPRHENSION

do^1r
r'
1o

t was rhe best

! ,ra-. o 5(,a6. r. i.o-)

IF p^..:o. .--...
tn!
"rrd D"oo.id.o
-..--.
46o.

37

3!
39

d..oo oro,o
r - odd da".o
j3 o:-Co
,1

l0 Exercrses: Comnon erors

r"\rorfo
cou.l es)wh dr qves

rir

S .o.

rn

gramn.r a.a exorcssron

44

ttt'aairn'.

ia

qP:Bnilit!,

nir! rirr_r.nr !-ij'i3litiiir rrff

rr!! i rodr ]ltrl,\orrr, Lrlvraii.t

',dd

E, . .. ia re.cr !r The S!. j ror s-r ..

r.r.flrer n eri3. .on.o.ted fase e!e,!tness a...unls
o
q.io
o
.., ;oo . "
-o.,"
J "

F-e,haps

l.

5r

an.! riE

mer_ce,

jlFor e!e.! Ja!s.. Slair rhere are

j..". .oo"-.

rInpo.'

ar teest n

ne.rh.r

Ntegril! otlhe mass nrede Ler Sossjp be on! to rhe

"b

i. re.og.

b-

se trrar their sole purpose of existence is to

inlorm nlt make none! Ontv then can we as !'erers

r..Jers be Dropery educ.ten a.d kept !p,to-date

her

no.t

and lakes p..ns

.autt-dt .tgunent the t..:k

al a can.:Ltsia. at lnking
.tgrn.nI ne.nt th.t lhe
prl.graph /osrs i..u.r ar

and

Tne \r!ai-rer (which.!tns.

..9

olAmer.. Cnlne

OAslnng concius.n hal

the

wrler s

lir s

o d.

' I o r"q"r'"
.ad

cons.q!enly ,eru

Fisese exanr! es are

ditterenl ssus
ann

:s

rar

Th s

stl

Lrs-

b.s ness
counG

a farjety ol suppoftng

- .a- Fd, ,

dn. bcr'lht shd/es . tnc parent comFan!, Time !!ar.er.

osl ther m.ne! cr lhe si.c( marketrhen t bec.me cea.
eeotng t..ar at

-b
po.r,lre Amerca. rellsFapers
lvhch p!b shed hard
Ia.ls abo!l raq h.|rg weapons oj mass desrrlcion

trriie. shows h6r

eviderce. .. y lo find oul fow lhal th.! were a.rua

an a v/ild.gaase chase.

1!

ro

te.]

a bd to 9ah respect and admn3ton i.am othe.

news sources and pole.ti.ly gain ng rew subscrbers.t

the same time m.ry emp o\rees oi mass med hale
siooped lo ne\! ows .;olrna Cm erh cs Lies concoctjons
and pagarsm abo!nd.Ths atest scandalto
he fiass
Inedia industry s that concerning The NewYo T mes",
wdely.egarded as the standard to which a seri,.especing
newspaper should asp re io emu ate. Slttrecover ng iroh

lda.-

o idro-eo..

o.o.

di...c.

o ecr

..ade !p stories:nd q!.ta!o.s thal slen made ihe ircnl

p.ge Th. Ner

York

l oes

c.mn.nd

.ttansrege natjtst h tet

.hun up.ala.a sm and slppofl lor rhe rva. n traq are

r ow efl hrrgtug lhelr heads i, shade as llre so .al ed
'evdence s evdenlly m ss.g ihe readerslho!ghllhar
lhey rere ae n! nformed abolt qrourd-,breakirg

rin

possjbiy roo srron s lhe

sol purpose of the mass

..d

..

'lemonst.a(es

: 6 o. ,6,,6, p p, prpF..
p9-,e..
.1
o.--od

't

a.oo
_.. peop.1.o

ri ions stilr!rn to the hass media to be i.iorned aboul

.!renl .ffa rs shows thar there s sti immense tairh n lhe

bi\,

lo online newspape.s)was a shrewd bls ness decison, i

lcu beliele ,rhat ,\'lE and the vartous c.ld compan es
vlere propagar i-rr rn tire e.n, rhe rholsa.ds who be eved

llr. po(enla .rlrcisinso,.

jarnalsls f/hafa.the sake atinfantinq ||ent aqainst bau3

a.d Lan.led up wo..e.lf Thes6 a.ethe p6apt. t/ha.ta.e !.
cp pase a briau sly fl a || e d g av e.n ne nts a n d c..p.ft lj b,s

fhis,

a pc.ls ci lrew has ! len !!ay lo ttre app.renl y

!Leenl feed to flll l ts ow. alenca F:For examp es, lhe

w1h the atesr t.formatro. recard ng the

10 ack oi Eporters and rolrna sls who ntetoielved

ord na.r' rrt s and even oppose.s oirhe war,lhus
prolid ng a bala.ced liew Olte mlst also rut tc.q-"t lre

exists in every hunjan,

lhrl cover

rm:rL.r r i:red .n embeCd.g echemerre/eb/

''I--o^ 1e q .q .a:
. ( d..ato^do
!p lo-daie

p.r h!m.is..d p/godlce

ha|9evet daes nat cakd.ne the undeniable trend.l

.rrsP..ei.rt. es and s!pposed y nrorrr!t!e lee/s on
trogn,rres bec.mrn! .c.easi.!l,r o.c s de.i Edcl nass

.rear.orloraroih.s lsoi..!e.d.,..ounlonu.aleiy,

H.re!r I must ror be saclhat lhe mass meCi. has

fardd brnery. There have been times whef the mass med a
ias f! ii:eC ls object!e roby. tn the recent Anrerca-ed
!v.r alarnst raq the Pentagon (the [4inisiry oi Defence ].

5e kepl

:rorj,{nlr'o,rjtr.,1f-rT,tta5

A.olher reasof ytli! lhe nass mei a has idileil ts

rorndin! prrcpes rs he facr lh.t prjrii.e a.d bi.sfess
er sls n(hef.rsoom rAlier! ihe.ewsroom:s made
:

examp0s.lhe nler no4

n.lr.l.s a Brl sh *anrD,F

r,

recei\red another blolr when

02562
naae lse oi bul a n.ot c..C!ct Sho.k.nc stupo.$ere
lhe [ro ma n expressro.s whe. peopie earnl ofrhe
sc.ndas Such actions hale bee. knowf to exsr among
rogue jour.alisls bltlor'The NewYork T ms to havc
.omm lted the card.a slns rv.s unbe elabe ETo qel the

.ho,ca oi eipressrons, bur

a/so

i,

lhe

ral

s/rd

Doe rnleres/irg is

e.stj,

rhe us-"

.dphr.ses. l^.re:.nry

ntut Cnaq:lC2

nlr
9Fqttdrt

t:nE t,

za)r A\lrEqrtt:tDu,1ttil.,$

O.e savr the decmaiior otan enl re genetion ol

yoliq me. in Europe Unbetievably a (emoelhan
lwe.ty years later Wortd War Two heElded (he
d.ooo g o dloT ooaos o. -o.l ra dno Ndqr., .

fot on ! cta med rhe ves o hose

present bllwh clr \!oLr d ma.n the borlies afd solls oi
J.pafese chidren yet to come. The n5tu.e oflrar lseti

'unbel!ably io conveyz
snse oi d sapponlment.
app@p.iate aflr lhe sr.ing

a rno/e llhiLh

clra.ged n tlre hven!eLh cFnrury Sevpf m ton

LiL ans d ed fWordWrrTwo Thc..n.Fn.r,n
ho.ourabe war had died at the rLrin of the c;niury and
,P_p. "o{ t. b- iot.. o.
ra -h. tuentielh.eitury das bdrhed il otood;nd
it was then thatwe reatired thal wewere not thatfar
differenttrom beasts after at,
haLl

'0.6--

r, olrgd

ach elenents in the pre.dinq

The concud ng sentence 10 the

paEgph not only r fforces
this opinjoi, it inventive y (i
somewhat SreFh ca ty )tnks lhe
paragraph io ihe ierms ofth

Io.
idd.. P6raioi
d a e 0-6 '...o.redo,
^Fl
De r,".o or -, c' oC,..d ric.

llnlort!nately. many deve oping counlries were

rendered lncapabte offotowing sUr. ctobaisalon w?s

rnore powedu

or th

wortd naL.ns

', . ,.,.or,,".-e.e.,at.o. "",r.,".i

";

il"

rlvas an age of proaress. Neler had hunr:n

civlizatio. changed as r.pid y as t.l d 4r rhe lweftrerh

O . sde ran! rq bur e.18,

re..an nlrcdu. of Nolr.e

and ecoqomy we ha!e sep. ac.ohoxshm.Lc

w1r rho reau rempnj; drhe

"oe

cohmnts: ltwas a. ageot

-.11.. bo. -F

e. - o a..-11. ..-oor

how rhe

rd

,o,6,
o ,e!'! f.erd
^"o!o
.nd dea/ dearh ,e fod.d
mrr
o - F r"s. r\a. 3r1 .d or. ,,.6
oarrlrded

sr

O A we lcrafted netaphor if
approprlab y placed can setoe
to consolidate seveE exahptes
and marsha them to supporl
your arcldenr. li you do
choose to atlefipt tlris padicutar
st, isllc inforaton, rnember
nol lo hix metaphors For

exampledo not wrire, The

rabic or socieiy, rpped apaft
now had lo b 9/r.6rback

o!rworslenernJ

."..o.Fd"

"Fl.

ar .r

manJces

10

dei

queston by b3 ancirg her

n.A wa!s

ro

'-e o

progress. Yel rwes:so

an

o.\"/o.o. p. c.

crM

@ Nore how the wrtr slates an

exampl and then expta ns how
il ilust.ales injustce. Erampes
should b
n Ihis rashion
not merey isled as ifthe pont
lhey make s se l ev denl.

!!e!

,4/r

oero
r.re

dd

so ".oC-.,

easerac.ess D

way

BcUer commrnrc:tLo"
screnta rntorm:ton e sured

r.o/e n,enlons here onstr!.lec

< lemphng,
10

rn.n elsar ol

frerey rs

para!ph. the writer h:s laken

pairs ro show lrow.elotul onatu

ech dlscovery and nvnljcn

(as

".a
lh:i

a.h e amlte sloLpen

lh a .amtrren sh rlr hrqh qh

Aply.hosi d.rds.an

n the fd.anFFlrr

rrol!/00.1tot 416r.o -4.onooo c..o o tb

j tt!!re
. o," o.n.:
:-tl '"
y hepr(e orproqre5\ ts.on.,me5
ror ."(."oI",o

S.d

rhs nalure

'"'"1""."1''"..p'"n'^"O.fl-r[ o lar \.p er d , o,a. , , o^n

n ye' anorher

:ssessmenr ni
c!iizal o. An tnsiahl lke th s.
lld.veope! as a rhme or the
ess:J wl.orlrbure.Fr Lo
s mefll

aro Ema ned lnquestoned ror 1. rsl hlo trundred

r,'ocl

e"

Mter succncly makes

p aoue an

Le ro)

dre-oed

@ The

lhe postulElion llral n spile ot al

ma.kind s ach eveme.ts. hs

essenta n:lurewil always

,L

r,..\4. ,.i ...._1 f,d

oE . rF.
efrire scienlf. commlf t, ahe; rl
.e,a'blr

tut

snook the

o., oPF. 6. p oq,.

Foras prcd!.rion lnc ni..iores@bro!qhr

h. rhpr

es resuled n a vicous cvcL or

po!erly. @The renewed interesl n e.vib;menta
consetualo. did not he D ether covernm.,anis ih
deleoping nations m6y ban destructon ofraintoresis

-",1r forov6 both an$!erthe same qleston Howe!e.. as

adopr rarher d ire;;r app,*".r,* t * ,,p"a_ii"
:^"S::'"t::T:'l".:::i::.":,
memberrhar ii,s up r. yo! 'hcy
ro;ecrde wh:r .,h".";aj;;,"p';;i.;",,i;;i

3ll:,:::r:9!:

are

ro,
Leo b..,,erl,
o',-adrr -.1.."
." i.o.d"-.l.or
6. r\. e ,. 6 ooo.
90, poo.p.. F.pro.o.a.o!

rlre.al!ra resou(es

1.2a'I was,th.e besi of times ir wzs ih6 worsr of timos.,,

Comnenl on this
sssessment ofthe last certury

' oo r_o oo'qf d o ir

d"nEo..o.elo al"\
.- o. r<
.p6.o
aaw)otU. .er 'e,L .r"".o.o":

.-

tolos" - co.or-s + . S1..o, ".f pa o a \

^
' dr o-5rro wortonJ." ad.fen..o.do.oo.o.!
tl
(04n.d u a Ton | 10lr ro", ,ooo l.e -po.
..
o,
"
eqJ: I ror each ande!eryoie

r:,p t, )iar- luitulj.rEoLTTNJC'rS

r.ro rne very hearts ofcrl5 cdrs no collaler:

was ihe iiBt ofpproximaleyfiny colnt 6s ro

eventually gEnl wonen the riglrt to vote. Ccnrherc a
.on raceptio. pi 5 a so aave danr, wonen I n {he
,\jrex poad o
,F, o
.nd bodies, efabling lhem 10 decirle when and tito

Unlled Natois n an anempl ro gEnt every s na e

person a deceni standerd oi v na OThe verv fabrtc
of
society had been rpped asLrnder and was swf back
iogelher lo accommodate those who had once beei
maEina ized or despsed ndeed, iowards rhe end of
lhe hventieUr cent!ry, the Nelhrtands accorded

tft,\

\ears th.n alirhe ware e,erbetore rouahj The

. a., o c dnq6 . I e . ,-."a"-e

dc -.oq, o e-o\"rZeo;no

rc

cia's lt 2 !t)j

murl to.

convey your

eleih

.hl!de

rowards

/ou dDscrbe Tlre

1r;e

wrl..

)n:n

crnv,1a.9?

..jrl.ss ner..ril.ls, s!.h.s ri. e.m ty b.rlJee.

,,ar:lar a..ln. a s: a lh-ea oda!. enc c! !!.:s
nr:r.! r.!!.EF rb .: rs neu! ireed reooe..!!rrr e-.r
.lnerr....iJ. ollhe r rew. .deFc..ie.lst!res
.d!..1 r I :s !cen . r.Ftorn .en!!ry
-!5!

xM i:n,i

r,til'n ka!) 2(D r,tt.\.nj.!ELjlfrr|t\ra:\

o! ca :n.l rhcrlrrl'r n

.er:L:l ,rter as 2n nd re.i.esponse to rhe rhre.l

!'r.r Tre'!!nd rq or$e lnrled Narions (UN)
iN .( r! lie l!.r. V/.rd fiars {as a trecedent r n]a[
!
:r.. !.i !. !.La iron lowards [ord pe3ce a.d
.tar t/ a:itlndolbiedi!. (he UN ts sr I far fronr oede.t
.rd f..n.r ls..rcepicf has h.r. ! bee. ire;.f
..1;,.1 iiiF h. C.i \ .ra.d nrcre recerty rhe L dae
Ea5r Ooer.l cns iri. te Jlsrrce an! raq Freedon nol lo
f;r.flion re.r of3 lens ons . the [1dd e Easr as wc !s I

.x.. enler.nple.f

h.!1 r.rr

maY b.laice youress3! Fro.r

a bro:der perspecr !e 11rs
P!.aeraph Lhr ngs a b.3rced
prspe.lr. as rt aea s wfth

huii.nrys

noL\ esl

ofnneitons

respond na r. the rhre.l of

been d s.ussed

*arlhal h.s

tfe PG.d.g pamlraoh Tlr:

counlerweighl to lhe beak
plctur. pre!ously pa nlea

s t..r

me

the!lr.!eCrlen!src.rake

aps ore of the best lh nqs

we.an

toa:(

iotuard to

','M.r r!._ to the economc sce.e rhe astce.{1ry!!is

.r;r:.1!nzed b! mass nd!slra zaron rheexpan:o.oi
:n. f .,8 ma er.ld ar overa gr.vlation lclrards.
! ob:,s.r Llora -lenry Ford s relo !liona./ narslra
nolr es tr.rsfomed Anrencas ia.C evenlla

n.r

ferE t. stay ll cperen !p ren.rkabte

!:s Lt ff ,/!.onea F.ss b lestorlabolrexpotat!r

;.d .,i-.1. si..fl.o SrNowhre else is rhe s.y h!
tL , rd or. r4o s op\ Lo dr4r) Loi- rq ,erF/rat ,,
t.c cash drivan world of indrsiry and internatjo.a
lr:de: ihe significant changes in the asl co.tury
hive granled !s vast potentia lo meet need, and

rn ? 1r! .

,o"

rr LeLlre r n. I ..m nonp a.e ind m.! no

rs orq..lfrFp!,,F.s h:r.brred:n

It. .!.r e,f e ,!n .

a r a.

dLJ. ci

lc(

c so

h.r

.oi

be

r:r ;qr.r! m.s lo,

TfoLorr

ie

L.n .Frpr

"{.,^."0""
rh-i o!f.@decFsso6

!n rre q.od
hr. e done ..,1
efsdre th.l !!e do no:.omm I ltr same mistakes Tne.
Perli.s. \e c.n ookba.k.nd.. lre rvrerteth

.e.1ury a rme.ihop..

!2S72

human ly shou d

pace . the

s.!nd ng nalve

UN

hs ena ys s

itThs par.!GFh b!

lds up.n
perepe.lve
esl3b sh,.d i lrre.re! ous.nP
rhe balanced

I 2b "lt was the besl oitimes, il vas ihe worst oftimes. Commonlonthis
assesshenl of the tast cenrury.
OMaf y .fl !.nrra: w. rers and th nke6. sone orea(er

tha. olhers veddlrnqtre astce.t!tu or;acF

.o
op6 .q ro.c.

."

srei

ende:

rh

tr

hodr

o r

:h: wrter lLrns

i.lure

of

lrre

_o.b. 5alrcn ann

econ.m. b-oiFll iil Hr iiqi

am!.!s an app..prale !a r of
,hymin! wods ( .ecd ana
lied )1. drv lrome his p.

11

cflhe quole He qces.l lo use

ths nrorse of ifomrar.i
efioclvey craftng I rt. r
rclvanl obsetoaron thar

rrue ror vr.fua 1r

attribuled lo

he lrer

ce tlr\,

...11 alo oreor

eien 1; of h;ai

..

bd

rerp..,q.o

. ..,"d J a.. . ,.a /D- ro I e .r r_11

!1" Vo( ".or d o .d pe
b Gr.dh n .L r eNd nq re t!n., oj \rrFqjF.n

:" : ","

ras

iie:.ur.rl

slggesls Ihll the..h evmnc

ol the lastcnt!rycan b.

,id.L 6.
alolio::d!.e
f
i.c..L{ hoLl!rcC re.son oo. riore
oeooe weie
r; "d . rlrF Frsr.ro Se.o.Ll l,\ord \!ab rhan :l
.re.Ednq tr.E . history ! Re!!r!Lo.saqs.sr

3. .hi .,..

rrle

..-'"'"''o-dg1ao.J.'.

B6tJ| r ,,
,rrli/.lrse aii.r rboll

O n this essa, lh!

accural y idenled

.," !.; e."

'1"
r \a< a.enllq oi tr.!.dLre.^ n. d;L L, Fn ,.n

the

r!.rl s)ec.nomt brfllnllwtr I skyrockerng

f .au.: r:i! eles and arge s.a e .restmen(. Th s !r:s
ro: I ihr.rt its iia4ge6. horleler as we saw roo. ear y
'rl-. Greea Dep.esslon oitne 1!3Cs Lale.on l1r. Co.l
r'ln, p tled the iiee market aga nst lhe commlf sl srate
.. ... .! a.
'''' '9" o'
nra ket

r-,ni,i,.l]i_11ao

broc.sfeil i'lhe last.entury may have devastetcri c!r

r1.r. inrl.l lie sam.l

..",...

"

fi. el

!.nsi

?r0

oca peop e a.az ban.ec osq nq . ls lhe rd,roresl

d!e lo lle decrn.(on ot .rgc anrounls of rhe
.cosystem. Yei nruch otrhe rdama!e was c.!sed Lry

al

t r lEinl- e sjsas1.Fr n.t,dnjrFon

l" ."o" e.eo n

L:r!lcrr a!f.ie Nofetheless the UN has ndeed

'ain.r--d lh. !1.b. conrnr!nity or a path t. Jtop a a)
de nr:rni..r be rrere yel or elen ctose blt be e!.
:re h..ned | (Fe rghl dtrection OThe wars ard

1d

ji:2 q? 4irLtitli rritr i,

L4

...

al

O&O

lts wr(ers

hay.pteario

and

dslrn.t

De

exanip es suppc.tng lhe

cbseivaton lhat I has beer a

wa.torn century N.!ver rh.

wileriras goi on. st. iunher
lak ng painslo shoL! lrorore
confl ctmay spain elen
aggressicf. n so!lon ihe
x.mp es lusnab lhe poir
salsfacl.riy. Bul used nlhs

r.F

mnner rhy

dehofslr.l.

111ra Ctanll JC2

oi people s so!

.dvancements

s
I

etArnxin: kjE

J,

ntlr

)Aot jjtNo'tlft:tDEx11F"aa.l:
Iteed, Ioday

econony, we

0Slmtarty, technologca
the ast cenl!ry made many s mpie

er

' re.

tjtp

the s

t, 2aB-\1${orr1qEor"fi,rAO_j

oia aobat

gniicance oithe

l;t

century

whelher t is for beflerorworse ony

bpcn a, ".e o. bo

. aJl

rq

o,;.

L trFs or H rosh ma E.d Naaa5at

Thr.roh.Lrr jhp
iwe.tieth cenrue soen.e dscove,ed
no;e $avs ro

mprove rood

F Pad ofthe cha enge otthts essay queslon tay n the dscussion ofexireme
assessmeits ("best aid wo6l ) Berow are some oiher previous A eve questions
thai i.!ove a s miar chalenqe Howwould you deatwjth ea.h quesron?
A feoitotal !r ry-dreamornohtmare?

b)

{2O1]O)

dea ism briigs dis lus onmentireatisrn brngs resu rs , Discuss (2000)
Fumai be nss have lilimiled desires, bLrl i;iled resources. rs iposiOlero
reconcile the ido? (1998)

c)

d 'F . 'rd
opoeo..er
8. "'F' Fr - ro'r.etag."arec
.oF- t r -,-a
e) 'rJercy kiling ls not mercr!: t is murder'

to.6,-eea\t .ot-p
rr. d5.e>.-6r.r..,-e too-

prod!cron beq

nn nq wr,h

Tad@ .lte -d\ o -.-.o

- as we soon rornJour

c..na

to

u*ooo1qrs o^...rd,,,,o.

"?

d Ai-ttrq\+ ir

{ {l rlr!

i 2a

Thp

worst noments of the Menlioth

DrougnL abour drastrc

slructure ol essay

obsetua00ns of the b6sr and

sc!ss.(l993)

ou.darlv l;Fs

onqi.arf9 rro.n paii( car economic

Lov{.i\r ar\

etect;e

Te d d it,olon ., c
f F oor{a roreeo. s96,
jd _c.sra ,q ooe.
' ' a-d d i.ood aos , or c .r,e rt.e r q e..orr
o_on ro
ro\ orth scienrists steired dEbbtiiq wlh:ni;:r.n;
.q Dot ,. f. ,o10 . .el
.,oneo
sfFep and ; no.. qu.gm 16 regarclr.a rhe
ethrcs or
' rdr .alrqdrd
;,;;'"',tt,,,
t'1- <Fd I " ao .s";-".""';':
o "aur o:q,. "-.r9
",'.e7-r
u!
'F-r

a,,res\Yer

ttlat t:jt

"no
oesru.IJe de!eopments. The ear , 1900c <:,
1r.", C .. e o p ,, -o o . , o . .,""\
".r or
r" .'o1ord u". aor aor- r" . o.., o. i,q,.
L,l

02s6A

a)

JCt

as we sr.nd o.1he verae

n $e

;":rJfl [:*"

lasks sjmpLerio, everyday liviis Conventence ndeed,

but at the price oi.omperence. The ast cftury's
dependence on technology nade many peoptel!si that
- dependent and !nable lo lhiik ior thmse ves.
Co.c !svey we and that lhe lasl cenlury was fdeed
boih ihe besloitimes aid the worstoitimes

Cnara

.fd r;chnoo.r.:r

.r"cool^_ r"

'."'."i.asor.oi6 d F.r rd.

-cr ", " -:,on"r
Fo cres More irnpodaf[/ ae en]o, areaier
rreedom
a !re
Lr'r!ns.rb..oJo butrorwitholta DrLc
-r9rF

bovernrnenls in the lastcFnturv empovea

ourea!rk skucllres.nd

mm.l,."

had cotossal oubii.

sDendfs. ead f9 io nar onatdeior,

or o c F6 b64 uoo.a. so d be,

r!n;fn r.

E
"1.;d ",e ,."
irlF, do.d
oi;.";,
""" ", ." t_ ,
" " .. "....
""
Ine $tenleih cenr!ry peope earied
so mLr.h -""",
rnar lney rorgoLhow ro 5pend rljrse
! Marera
ra-d2,drd,,rgaa. a.e r o. /;d
L,e,d.t -"nl/r
our ar

sFa

roo.r- oar or o.ooi d. . cgi-F,

to

human experence aroufd

(hemes ofOgovernment

|re

ecofohrr and Ore.hnotoo

conrr butnq,o rhe prcqmDis
effectileness are phreses (n
bo d) that are used ro

rhe

_,"- :rbr". l"

oro,a_
brolgl I aoo.,

rr cost. r o r

Compare lhal apprcach

paragEph. Flere, the wrier

structurs lhe bBsl afd worst ot

iidicale:

jl-lr t:tht !(.

91'

;Etlitu

nu Ll, ,tja, iliorrrii

r: r ).a-1 -jt\!\1\'t:t.t!:tt r:JrlrlLf;

rha.ce ic

blissf: .ess

s con.e.n,s rer. m:y be

*.! d hara ! neel
riy.-es el! BNt perh.ps it is s! table to nov/ l!r.lo ri.
4lderc.rterloi g.orance in the eleryman s Lfe
koiledge comes io !s I many iorms, be 11 bas c leracy,
dis.overnlta sclentic lrulh c. a religlols o.e. or a zln!
thal ihera s so m!ch to know that cne does not !et know.
lre irunan being is a creature lh rsiy ior knowedge qEve
.tethe hr)l tanthe fahid.len iee of knawledge af gaod
a.d etl and n.nt then an.narkrrdt hlsio,l has bee, r
..t.t endina arest lat k..wle.Jqe, .J allkin.js.
k,aep hls

ic!. .oit.lneir c.mes

easiLy and he

-.

ir

kio*eaoe fraf rcl ead lo

irk beNn h.r

pr.i.!s

B o-oooi

sso mpoian! to one s slri!a makes ( iper.t!e

l. rea ze :hal tre ca..ot h de !nder these fetr rords a rd

sl.ang ch dren oilhe lh.d word natons..n

b. e.ab ea lo mprove lhe r les wtlr llera.y .nd a.
.r!afeness lh.t lhere a.e ihlngs they can do fcrer.mpeto
preve.t certa

o. n
lrrose

Nd

seases why sho! d they be

lc$ed

ro !.

f!tle deaths? The.e.re

ar!!eiora retlritoihe smperile wtholrthe

blissnr igforance oilhe r

ri.

.omplcatons cf modeiniy and Drcoress b!r ihe resl ssle

s not rr'lrelher or not.re should be happierwith orvr tholi
a.ompurer crte evsLon se1, b!t llhetler n aliain !g tirose
.cmf.rts (lhrolgh knowedge and n!e.tion), ne ose
somEtn

f:

thar

l.s

there beior

.arei!

i d B. e
roll!sl nol kio$ing t s aty

E Aqa.. th w. ter makes

lse.f a !o.d ersnrpe lo

lrcwn!p playng,tlr

-^

! 3 leaFod.

d o

D-

'-

, .e ee
qio.iF.o..

-.1 ./-

q .lo

eys otthose who

l.

gbb,- D .o1.

iHe ioo can.ol be ving n the \olatblss oi ignorance of

his be ng diflerenl. can he? There are tmes when it is worth
pondering, hovr' lgnorant m!s1one be beiors
pa n and

Fd

o o.:.oo

. .od6J .r., g h. ,..e.

eo. : arhere s or.rol

e ir

nersof coud be so ignora.ias to fot be aware oflhe

lhis word lffl cts on !s. Pe aps I s 6n
esse.t a Fart of llnan cxrstence be.9 abe to ieeln ore

.lorls

cy..a .an

hard y des re a.y happ ness trom

s hard to lnd lh.t area r-behraen
wiere one can be happ! aboul knoy/ ng lei conien(ed n
not knovr n! al, blt t s mpodanl to take lh.t l6t step oul
to be

' Ial.,

"

'n o d
.o e90.
I ssiu can he not se lhe symparhe(.

so:s

r! n! elher. Perhaps I

some loys He has the

bul hes happy, ob vious to the

lrTh s ls one of lhe maf! contexts n whrch people are

Fcren lo ihi.h that igrora.ce ca. be blsstu, blr petnaps

larols pa.s

af../N.isn

{d!bio!sty btssf! )stale

leaFo

'"

the

issle

n re atile lerms, whether

on-- lc iead a h.aper tfe

"1 0 e _

or.or bei.g g.or..t

(tThe srrer 5e!ins

rllr

blt

pe q-odrF

ady sl.nd nq ortsde on. of the llards ar lhe

hospna may look tn o. o.e of ls patents, a 30

y tread ng the oalh beiwen

na lete
lhe s mpelcJ, of a fool s nor
d.sirabe and irence al most on y sLperlica y b ssiu, bll
rh. one eho s eade. dowll vr lh lhe woi!ht of k.owledge

s mcrc aboul

rhat know edge

being mpartd

n.nla

,nenla ty oi

ne.Ce.ever 1. be mo.e :han ,!norant

lf the

pa n, and tnar attthe know edgs

lo the yo!.gcr !eneralon ihrough schoos these days s

another loppin! clsuiferng to oura ready not too happy

lA

terac\r

fi

-.

llncran.e;s b s3. !!o!rc rhal mp!

.ni! !rngs

Alrholgh the e.d ess purs! t of knov/ledge the nab ty to

3e I! ! sat:sled !! lh the (.o{ledge llrat o.e has .af.ot 5e
,lescr led as b ss nether can gfo.ance That h!m.f
.!ii23ton lras evolved lo tjr s p. ntwrere edlcation and

.b

J op-

tij H.!ever, ilrs s ncl a. e.s! essat l. r ndersrand. One d i'i.!liy m ghi ire her
E.g!a!te llhict Dakes use ofvery conFtex sntence strucr!res. He.ce ),.Jf ght
ls oflhe ess.! wh cf ere no( mmediatey ccmprehe.sibte

.r ! s pe/haps . this I r n! F.e to k.ow more to be less

r!.orart ih.l som.one londered on the ill ily of t,

Jr'.

d. o d ..Pe.,.o

o-

pro..ss :soaerin.is irr:

Otlere :lrewrler m.k.s

..

))aj jj,J,.o'it1t:)::.r.,,tj.tjj\j(:i:

"rgnora.ce is b iss. Do yo! agree?

1 3

0rln tlre scenaro pa nled ber,o.e perh.ps the siateme.t

would hold Irle nol knowi.g the iie he ls m ss n! o!1 .n
ollsld.lh. wa rs olris vra.d m.y aiford the ma. Jre

l):at ),

abstracl

..n..pts

g.crance

(s!ctr as

) /or dal,:ed

s.eiaio

the w ter qEbs

lhe 6llertion of her reaaer
Nowever, she ioves oi 1o

her.rglnrefls (. )Ih s
essenlallo avod mln!

liuct

t4laz

c|EtlLhr kjn ),2r1tt jttnt],

lrll

be i]] lhose who argle ihal t s p.e.sey su.h

lnovredge thal we want io aloid. tial know cd!e and
..nspin.y olth s so.l s wrrai leads to wars a.d nor.
sur,-ern! O 10 wh clr lwollc have 10 say thatw.rs an.t
.orflicls occur whelher o. rol tnere s this k.o{reaS. and
iv
n the r.alrord reqlnes !s to recognize thal
k.owleCle is mporlart, O lf not more bjssf! rhan
gnorence. whch dos -azd Io pa n and slfier
ihe

rlir

tDE;tf.nnats
skucturng of reblna

s lk

0.cknovrledg lh.l lrrre

i!

ng.

djd

blss, js a natler ofpersonalcho ce Perhaps rhe reaslr

vrhytaded aduts ook upon lhe I innocent.hild.en cr oihers
. o!r socieiy, wh! seem happ er tha. them, wth envy and
nruller'lgnor.nce sbiss is bccause rhey have ioGotien
n gar. ng knowledge, that lhey too ca. be brssf! tn other
wals A And n say.g those words, ke the rady oltsde
lhe rvard. ls rhere .ol a tinge oi symparhy ard atso
tlrankflhess thal yo! are removed trom thal sr6le oibissf!
gnorance? Perhaps lhat is lhe clearest demo.slrat o. rhat
most do .ot ir! y agree thal ignorance is btss

wrier reilerales he.lhes s

looethff al heraGumenls
belo@ add ng lina iood for

atemplto

nk back

llrst scenaro -Th

hr
s one
1o

k nd ciphllosophica dscussion yo! musl be very c ear in your

!nderslanding and erpression oi abstract .on.epis to attempt such q!estions Carei!t
'orlaN zaiion and a well-dc'ined {hes s staiement are essenta to make sense ot yo!r
essa\, n genera , t.J/ln! an open qlesliof s nol recommended. Below are some
exanpres ofopen olestio.s ircnr lrcvtous A ele q!.slions.

reqlirn9 some

teiiy

rl
.i
il

) lt)al ;!\t\.c4j1tJt

tstt

kno$ edge br.as cyni.ism

]1- do o.
b ir. o'c
"
.o.
o.e io be weara/ oftrlmdr rea of5tr ps .nd . manr'
cases not knowt.g aboll lhe comi caliofs seem lo
5!!jqe5 Tore b ss . BI:gr | , rhajnor or r:
rr

.!s a

e .erencF

t)a(f.ttj1a.i!

a The r: ier.., e{panJs

heraroas lo in. !d-o.iher

rs

for-s

of

iro,n lrr.

aL dao.o. pd
a o. t.nlr;s pad or re
oT I fg aj rn nle. r lrum.n hF .q

kn.r eioe a.rd

pJr!! 3caCetr .

dev opnent

wonh lnotr n9 abcui

oi.rqumeit

ihatlhesl:lne lma! ti!

vald heE

rilary everpossbe?

(2002)

tire appea,.n(] tlre dangers oi

at.npt n! t.

Dc arcunrefts e!er settle

.nything? (19S9)

ocnsjderthe

ofpLaniiig

!a!e in

re

.c oo so io. br 6 ,o,.
' 2 b..*16 ad. ., o,
o3r.rd!ro-.d

pred ci the

bulronls.!t

''.- ro-. ios.oo.o

o,,'1'o

^o.
! r_ -(o. o .116ooi
?' \''
''l .
d6t,o
..
oo

r-. \,-rdb_.
r'rdr .6.b.
l.owedge wh.rr^'ea!.5 jh. !Jssoe

i!rL'e {2001)

"

"9-

"

,"ob;
:

b sr.r r.

.d.0.6..o..f
4..,

r6 qa.gd
'!
. 'stob.9\"a

\o
,-"^,-:d_"-"-::.:"."
-

".

0.1.
b_
q .e.. d.o o

r,1 opo i,^o.ri

06.

",

61po.....

, """;".,e

-5.
n,-dud

.l

'!orcdde rre

i, dolb worr.go.crr.eioseetolr

(1996)

cc.side, ihe impcrtance oisteep (1s93)

fte pace !f.oolr in everyd.y ie (199?l

qo, e
ln-r
,o bq. .

. q.. :a roe
\o oi dF.norc o ."e or" po
".o;rl
edch oiher Dptoma.r 5 arwa/s hrclded Ln hrt or edo. o Do

oopnquestiorsd-o o 'e,rroe.(t ,o o q es,o oo,.^e.,oien

D scuss

a,r,nrrililf

oo.. o ..
.ot
. o-

though( Remember, your

.on.lusio. shoud nol be r

mere summary l shoud
te up your na n po nts and

Teh ShiNing

b)
c)

jar

(o

tcia l!norance, tire only siaie rvh ch might possibty afiord

tota b ss {no one can knlvr ior surel becalse ir!.na
b-anls neei to know 3.d li is a need thai wiibecom
apparcni I our rnteracton wth others. whetherwe le t or
noi Yet, allholoh lgnorance s not btrss happiness ts ioln.l
I olher ways, a.d whether knowedge leads to.yncism or
a. Nnde.stand nq oi ourwo d ihat ca. aiford momenis oi

E)

oi gforance a Thal

od'.b

backloyourar!!menta.d

ari.,,j

-_." .c

"-";""
.or6d
dro

t1

nlei genterF,a.son.f her

arer pckfg u.
p. itca and intemaiion:
.ontenl

concepls oi jgnnrance

on

aic

ltar ctonu!c2 QaBa.n

lnt),zaat 4ssltj
UNIT TWO: ESSAYS

r.d!ced io nolh ngness whn attacked by a modern computer. n iacl a coser

consideration oithe semantics jnvolved here eads to an insight, a conLpuierwas
oiglna y desgned to complie, and this rema ns iis Sreaiesi srrenglh !p !nli .ow The

2.1

.or.plter has a so to some peopl, becorne a lling brealhlng ihlng an ndispensabe

.orpan on p3.1y due to ils personalisalon by !l crosoft wh ch efables user-compuler
re:Uonsh.s to become more nteracive One.an rveak ihe deskrop change the scree.
$allpapei .ra basica ! decorate the compLrler screen as lhough oie were design ng tie
jnieror ol! frcuse ln ihesehays rhe.omputer s brrqing a huge
9an tcorrtives

nHorever pe.haps the

rnost sdoLrs prob em associated

wth complters is

Dreakdown or a!r social cornmunicat on. Electronlc malafd chaiproqrammes are so

conlenient that they are very olch preferred over the lditionar sna l mail' that is,
lrandwriilen eters and the nol-so-traditionalleephone call TrLie itmlghibemore
c.nvenienl Yet srch comrnun catof s alrnost dvoirl oi personallolch - in everyday
Ia.e-to-face conrmunication, on can see the other person's facalexpressions and can
sense the v b8s generated by th otheas body anguage ln sna riai, there is ai eas( the
pcrsonale ement of handwriing:in teephon conversaliofs there sllrvoce. Whai
abolt e crron c mail afd chatlnes? The besl ailenrpt at showing emotions is to Lrse
Ieeb e co'nb n at ons of typog raphjca symbo s to form 'emot con s , or 'emoule icons
Th-.se and other aspects oionlin communicalion he p to craie a lalse froni, For
eNamp e o. may type <hahahahal : )> althoLrgh one may notfee in the least bii lke
ra!gh ng When personal .ommlnicalon degrades in th s manner, when barcades are
plt !p betveen peope and everybodywears doLrblelayered rnasks, the situation s ipe
for mis!nderstandlngs, which ran only lead to rnor slrife. Thls may, in fa.l, be the
qreatesl bane ollhe Dersonal compuler

Foweler, one disadvantage does not elimin:t nrut ple advanlages. 1ls not
dilicuit lo notice tlrat th computer hss pe&aded and lntruded inio our daily llves to a very
:rge extefi I s much mor difcu t lo say lhal it has b.oLrght more pa n than ga n to
mank nd as ts beneflts are so diverse and iis dlsadvantages comparaiively niniles mal
A bas c sense or se i-d scloline can colrnir any or alloi the m:jor negalve efiecis ol
compltars However. ih mode.n complter is sUll a rccni invenlion, only aboLrt ten yeaE
oo so as to uhat the i!lLf hoids in store iorlhe complie. and ts reaiionship with
mank nd we w iust hlve tc wail and se
Sean L p 102332)

directy Do you lh nk the conchsion de: s

lltimate paragraph we ? Or dos it sdeslep tfe lssue? YoLr
co! d lry \rrltrng a concl!son ihat bolh answers the objeclons lhat have been ralsed and
.inrn\s the wrters posilion llrat compulers b.ing mo.e ga n than pain
objeclions but does so oblqrely.ather than
w th

tte

c alms oi th e pen

t-

Belowaresomeolherprevo!sA-eve q!esl ons llral nlove discuss ng the

comp!lers. How wo!ld yo! dea wih eaclr queslo.?

a)

compLrter games have great appealbui iitl e value." lsthisraircomnenl?(1995)

ly. compuiels wllla ow peope to work from home ls ihis desirab e? {1992)
Hoyr can modern technoloqybe !sed loaid earnlng in s.hools? (1988)

bl Eleni!a

.)

eJJects

ot

lUore paln lhan ga n' , ls this a reason.ble comnrnt on the role the personal
computerhas played in ourlives so rar?

Li

This essay has a good inhoducUon w th the wrters sland an the ssle ceary slaiea
Exanrine the way the wr ter draws lhe reader nto lhe .ssay wilh an insightl!l lse cl
ii.- L. o^ co96
rtr These paragraphs cois der lhe benents oi.ompulers dernonskati.g w th a wealrh oi
erampes why our ves have clranged for the beile.with them

These paragraphs cois der tire other sde oitite a.g!men(, how computers da.ot
Pay specialatteniion to tlre writers rernarks after he presents ihese
argum.ts Do yoLr think he ls efiective n oifer ng a balanced vewwtrtte advanci.g lr s

aways brng qa

Th earlsl precLrsor io our modern compulrwas a machne devetoped by

Cha es Babbage more than a ceniury ago Here forthefirsttime wassomethng

ariijcial and absollriy nof,h!rnan n nature that colrd man puLate iig!.es and sums,
showing thal lt possessed some semb ance oi human lollc atbe t ot the most i! ndamen ta
lind The personalconrputer we us taday is otcoulse, mit ons oftinres nrore
sophisilcated than ihe adding machines ofold and has shaped modern tife to a greater
exienllhan w are o!rseves aware. On the whole arn inclned to think that o!r tives are
betlerwlth the lnlroducton oflhe persona computer than withoul ri n iact, the benefils
lhal accrue to !s ouhvegh the polenta d sadvanlages ofthe machin
ATake Ihe lntemel iorexampe Wih I, one has access to r.ore tnfo.maiion ihan
would be provided by a lwenty vo !roe sei oi encycopaedias, not to mention th new
g obaldeveopments ihat occuffed
lusr m nutes ago And thar ts noi al: rhere is a
constant pielhora oitre games with \rh ch one can amuse oneseti, bils can be pad at lhe
clck ofa mouse and online a!.iians car be hed ln a singte word: convr nce.
FrYetwth allgood thiias pro.rised by ihe lnternt ther neverthLess exists a
constant skeam oi deirltus in the io.m of ndeceni photog raphs (which ar now sta.dard
viewing for a arue nu rn ber oi chi dren be ow th age of twelve, thanks 10 the conventence
oi the hlrnel), do-llyaurself suic de tips and techniq Lres ihe alesi guides on how to
nvade anolhers prvacy and so on Complaints by parenls that lhe r chitdren speid too
much ume chatung wilh theirirends on ine a.e a so prla ent. Blrlhose who condemn
computers becaus oJlhis are mlssing the poini. Dislracrons snd bad fillences hare
aways exsled even betore the advenlof the computer, and ir has atways been the
responsib ity of bolh the parent and ch d lo keep rhe chjtd away trorn such praclces riris
has been an age-old prccept so why blame the c.mplter? Qleady, iithere ts one part.l
the personajcompller llral smoreofaboonthanabane. i is the lnternet
aThen again there s a lot more io the persona complrer than lre tnterne{.
Documenls can b ch!rfed out in.eat fonts elirn nating the problem ol!nreadabl
handw lng. tulasters olthe art of programm n9 can sei the compurerto periorming a
compLex ser es oicalcLr arons, so much so ihat some olthe most d fficull mathemat..
ca culaUons so m!ch so thal some ofthe most diifcLrll mathematical orob ems have been
1'1

l5

'
Jlbd

Cnant JC2

EcBrttitlt IKt t, 2a --45Jltt

ly

.1C)

qe otnain: lt:;!t

3, }At)J,

,EJ5}.8

t!

Thc essay lmpress !e y dea s w ih a iange oi concens. lr disp ays a fadr ar t! \! tn

oca lssues a pre requ s Ie for any q!estion that nvolves a d sclrss on oi your.oDnlry

OA gene.ation ol s!ch weak-wiLed a.d i.iexib s peop e w on y spe I disasrer io.

Singapore The r chldrcf wtlsufler as ihey srlbbornly reiuse to t.ke !p jcbs wh n lhe
..urlrys ecoionry wllslffer as th u.ernpioyment prob n wrllprole a iolgh n!t to
crack This s a temb e consequence of rapid economic deve opment prod!cng a
leneial on ofpop e who do nol know hadship 3nd thus a. unable to adapt 1o ltwhen r
strkes. There s no easy so ution to this problem a nd the nrost worry ng thing sthatthese
people we hale been crticisng aretLrst the first batches oitheir generation Thercarea
rol ols rnllar rir nded people who willenterthe economy soon and ir s a huge worry as ro
how lhe! w be able io support the ageing poputalon tfbad economic cond tions perstsl
or strike e\ren more terr bly

Second y, be eve that S ngapore is worse ofdue 10 the education porrc es thai
e has rnp emented n response to tlr e rapid econom c deve opment. O! r ed! caiton
po cv is stream lfed (owards creating a nucleus oiab and prodlrctive workers io irn the
srngapore economy and maintain our prosperiy. The r:pidit), oJ oLrr economtc
developme.t maks lhis essentia and lhus lo us every sl!dents represe.ts lila resource
poiential. He or she musl be no! dd to ft lhe colntrys needs
sh

U.iThe essay s asa lery cte:rabo!i the varols arsasthai corne !nderdtsc!ss!n ana
rises topic sentences efiect veLy.

t!

Lasily, th s essay s interesting for the atlenion itdelores ro devetoping each poinr As
a ru e oflhLrmb you have bee. taught thal each paragraoh should conta n a disl ncl
argu.nentalve po nt Tlr s essay dos.or keep to that slggesuon rgid y bli stit renr: ns
very organzed and ioc!sed. ln lact.lhis essay breaks up whatwoltd oihe^! se be very
ong and unwiedy paragraphs inro ih ree-par1 struci0 res, inkoducinq a ma n idea.
d" eop r9 "
..opo o-o F,r
0- cs e
!r'o
"n
"
3 to 5 are an exanple ol how th s is dore:

'' lJ re .p

.no-

OOr. "rd
o , d6a
'al.<",.r " o-p I ..ppo
o Ef!lq9C.1l9f!!!9q!
n of'weak-wi[ed and
!

s ihese Slngapoans,'cut ftom the same coth , which are a bg probtm ro th

Yes. they are good and produciive worhrs, prcncenl n Eng tsh, wirtr backgro!nd
kiowledge ofmalhrnatcs science and the hlr.an ites aid specia sation in eco.omtca y
rsefulareas like eng nerin! or phys catscenc wh st hardworktng ard obed entove.a l
However,Ihey lack the dynamsm and creativiy needed n a fasr chanoina econonry
today. Tlrey aretoo usedlorefening toihjrbooks and fottowngnxed fomats These
peop e wi bccome naUona leaders some day and lt does notbode wet for rtre naron ri
ler leaders are nrere by Ihe-book" characters
Th:s policy ol p!.s! .g a vsry specilc modet oJ the ideal S ngaporean has alje.atcd
lhe !ery top and bottor. oftlre lnle leciua speclr!m Whitst gnorng th boiiorn s
Lamentable ii is uniortunately a phenomenon wondwde The very lop tholgh slffer
ihis rgid sysiem as they zre bored and f.!siraied and they lvjite iher ea\re or never reach
-ih
the r potentia
s is a terble consequen.e for a coLhtry based on human ta enl Wh e
we have qone ior a sound and teasibte edLicato. poiicy to ma ntai. econor.ic prospe.ty I
seems that the tab es have iurned aqainst !s.

y. being an ans loler myseti wanr ro dwe on rhe facl that our.aDrd
econom c development has come wilh a targeLy g.ored ijris a.d cu tlra scefe Th .gs
may hale picked !p.eceniy especia y with the open ng oithe Esplanade Theatres on

o1

of rhe va ues oi ils

nflex bre peoote

Singapore is lsed freqlenty as a perlcr moderotrapid econorn c development

!ra$r of"sn"t .t"ep,..." ,",o

blo ori.o ,-ro a o ooo

have to stldy many slbjects and in nearty a I cases, they have tiiite say n wh ch ihese
subjectsare Despitthewderangeof O'anC A Leve slbjec1s, we choose on y lre
ones Ihat are economlcally Lrseful lo offer Io silde.rs. Tlre end p.odlcis of aL this are very
slressed stLrdenls, a ncdence cfmyopia in yoLrng ch tdren and wo.st of a . stereorlp ca
dentica Singaporeans.

or.

O nlroducs maln idea, that S ngapore s ia. wolse off now ln ierms
o4ooa .o-oa ing S" Sooo'oa. o^roJkodoo.pc'so r,ep.

a'd065ro.F ieo. o -e\.,

As such. we have deveoped slreaming programmes Iwo or th.ee comp! sory

.al onal examjnations ana an exlremely heavy work oad on sildents. often, students

-ahi.d

Chrq

2.2 ln whai ways has your country suffered as a resu t of rapid economtc

higher paying and more olamourous iob This was wh e his chiLdren were torced to eal
insbnt nood es daily This man is noi alone forwe freqLrently read tn the newspapers or
prckylobless worke6 refusing 10 dolobs ihat are benealh their dign
tndeed, the
unwrtten base ne for ai acceptablelob seems to b diving iaxs

nalon

t{v

1 ij .p4r6 r j_J (-rn 16. , ,i , ..

."
lhat ln rcn1years, econorn c crses have'rosrved ro make ihe picl;r; far ess rosy. it s
oL.o d-lroor t..o..o.r-6 j,.doo b o.,odo.
6- d.fl6.6r.,.o .l. - 01-.. d. o" .-

indeoe.den.e

lq6s

[4uch has been made oilhe benefits rhat th]s economic success h:s brolgh[o
.oeoop i F,nrn.Lop.9t"..,a.d.ro o,...n9 .
or06-ropre{

"r" "^;.".,"

amidst oLri euplroia we shoutd cons der lhe sobe fg ihdlght olihe drawbacks rhal thts
_ooidd

o,o1 dp.etopt6 h" orlr

o, Lf6.ed o^bd.l< a'oolen,or i-

qo- ,. o..-o..og..I

. oer

"
eocroIi>opor,dnorbr,or

OFrstly, fee ihat Singapore

is far worse ofl now in tems olthe !a]tes of]rs

especislly ti e young. This has e merged to be a prcbl n now as singapore h ts
the rnostt!rb! enl perod she has experence for some
The younger ge;erarions
have gmwn up n a word where ih ngs lrale only gotren betrer and beft;ra;d lrhe
stbaclslrave been iew and shori led As such, their response ta adversily l-aales: Lot
to be desjred They appear a ess hardy:nd more weak{, ed tol ihan S ng;porcans wrro
peop

|ne

re-bo e' ro
t. -- d .t- a

hfnds dnv rn.rder r.

m:rF: rv,..

1'.

:,
or ..r9-

"

arnn
nn" *"n
we tilustrated recenty Iherewas a m.n feilLfed
""-O
",tr,.n
.or -,
oor"
""^,o"?"
iob
".o.
, 6al i 9
b-. !n6d do.. r o i6 o.. d I roo
dd,
er. 9 " .d . d; o .. j . op_ o.
'
"

t|ut

ti

tJta2

qPart!!.r trtr ),tiaai-,rjj4lr

Jinr ari.'llJa:

2.3Is dre Un ted Nations stilla relevant orqdnisation?

l]] Tlr s essay showcases the !!r tefs ab tity to lse facts abo!t the Unilect Natrons and
.ufflnl alia rs efieclve y fhe examp es cl'rosen show inat the wrter js \!eitread a.d
in:.inred ab.!t lhese rnaftis A danger i. attnmpt nll tris son of essa! is hiir iq the
.ntre ar!!menl.n a sl.g e case stLrdy (n lh s..se iheS-.condGuLiWarw?sb!iar:he
nost

rop!.r cani d:te)

ilr,he !" iler

The wr t.r does !se tnal -axarnt e,

staies.lear !ujde nds wtlh lrh.n

!rl

noi erctr s !e y nor

rfler lfe d sbafd

.a\'

.f lhe Leag!e oi llal

ons. the United Nal ons (UN)was sel !p

r. be th ! riba governing body thal!!ould enacl anC enforce inrernato.r aws a.d
egreeme.lsfoni! ated on the basis oiconsens!s These awsserved as theguidetines
lhat ! I ts menber siales wo! d aspire to and were eipecled lo abide
. add tion a
d!. ro..1ihe Un ted Nations was to addiess prolr e6s oi an intrnal cnaLnarLre in an
eff.entrn..nor and als. roorqnnised co operalile -Atfirrls bf een member slates n
dea .g lnr th.se problems I s ttls ltlin! to ei.Dr ne lhather the UN has ben iltfi ng
i:s roes thus f!r. or whelher these r.jes are ele..e evanl in the po jtica cimate.f the
lvor d tod:y,.lThis assessment of relevance wl l be along thc llnes of rhree main
crlteri.: lnether the United Naions lras been:bte to efectyet! enaci re evanl FoLces,
,theiher I cif.nf.r.e lhese plJlic es ard f:ttrn! (h3t wherhr there s sril a s!fiicert eve
oi r.sp..1 forihese policas or r'r'helherthese meas!res slroltd be reforned.
ng

by

ai

nl.rnatonalrriganis.ton lc be re ela.t lls p.lc.s hale to be rl r.c|y

aptrrcair. to nternal cna prob ems as !!e as reict tne ! eva ol ihe malortty of the
'rtcrnationa c.Jnm!n Iy. Tc lh s end, the UN lras de!.are )r tLr iiLted ts tr!man t.rtan
For

roes

The re{r!ee prob em !s one ofthe mosl impoftant transnaliona probe.ns of today.
de 3nd s.ttreclly addressed byihe UN rhro!!h
the esteb shme.t oi refllee camps wondwide Canrps in the olisk rts of Rwanda and
Z nrbabre a one ! !e bas:c provision and med .a treahenr lo at least 500 0C0 reiuge.s
..!gh1ii rhe crossflre orsuer B warfare Sinr ary reflllee.amos on tfe oliskiirs of
A birn a !r.re repd y sei up wth the o.set ofwar:|d they grve provsion ior iholsa.ds.t
r4iulr-.e. afd atraiged for asy
n Brla n Fran.e A!straia end the Neihertands

th.no'6lhan a m L on reiuges wordw

!n

a Io fam ne strcken paces of srb-Sarr:rrn Afr.. has beei

slccessJ! y.cord naled blr tlre UN ln the last ye3. aione lhe UN has coor. n:ted ltre
lra.sier oi.il1_v ri on US Cojars wo h oifood atri Howeler, vrLlh at teasr nfty percent oi
llr. rodd s plpLr aliol liv r! be.w ure poverty le!c. these effcrrs wh e adnrirabe co! d
!e redo!b ed l. greater:ievare ths prcbrem,lho!!lh rhe L.lN is.lrlto!s y not expecred lo
ae a ness;f ..ri to(a y eradlc.te rord lr!i!e.
A s!. io.d

r!

s lr!
Ths arls provae lhe fe .rd s.! .r3 colnlr! and vta tv.nd cololrto
'ne
The arts aso pfom.te ihin(ng oltollhe box a !sef! ccnceptnr lod:ys
As sLr.i il..-ams 2mexlab c ltrir: as we have.hased eco.omic m esicfe.tier

ieellh:l!v

l'r

ou

'o9o o --o
. ;
"
prosperty

'o l

Co

"
an r'la'y

a lLrn' excepl
ess!.i ii some forn'or.ther bll ready a .an.ol
lnrei erem ratio. iorms I seems lnslll ng that lhev are caf be ca ed I e' sts
lhe! olai iot for e.r ch.re.t nor }:th fee i.g or pass on b!l Ior their cxam .aton pass

ch dren lak. p anc

f.r

p av

trrs r

we have become r cri

o anos ard lak Lessons b!t tlr s m.sr certa n y is nol an

lrpi;a oi(hepro.llclsolouror,.educalonpolcy Yes

r!!

e'o!!h t'

LaslLy L feelm.st sod y tlrat llre rapld econon. deleopme.t has cd lo a

br?akdolrn r socalre atronsh ps Wh -a we a.e nol as bad as Japa. wlrere peop e !e
oit nstanl lo.ds and sleep n I ny.r b. e lrotes we nav get there someday E!e"c!
the sit!aro. e!!es a ol to be des red l,'lany parents do nol1r.!e d nnerwitt iheir
.hildren rc!! arly an.l many work fg.d! ts do not vist their age ng parents ireq!e.t)'
il
Iina I (eftib e thal we ned lo hale an E.l wih Yolr Farniy Day lo get peop 10
S!ch lh fgs lsed io be oan of o!r c! ture and nollLrrning up for dinner daiLvvas an'o
!.he.ra 01.!sni. Now, as we work onller hoLrs. n seenrs as thoulh we hav satiice'
o!r lam y l es fo. o!r pr.spefl!

Th s breakdolln does nol e.d wtr lam ly d n.ers lvlany S igapoans io iol evei
k.,rw rhel. nci!hbo!rs or lnaie an 6iio.l lo even do so Gone is llre comm!nity sp ril lhal

!.e.1t. erlsi n ttre ! :ges The end res! l ls a selfsh and self centered nal.n 1oo
ca!ghr!pwLih.frch ia cneselflc elen stop and consder lrhal we hod dear and lry to
lresalre I Srro! r re be surprsed thrt Readers D gesl rolnc Singapore 1o be a nros:

lwent)r odd deleoped coLr'trles polled? Lrvo! d not be

ttr
b.havoLrr s perlecuy ifd catile ofthat Addlng io this s.eother prablem t\"'r
if
to
eave
nlacoreans
16r
loo
easv
for
S
y
wo!
d.nly
be
no Iam of lrends !s r.ols t
h igs g; baCly lrere t o!r best end brllr\esl can be eni ced lo le3!e so easll! lhe r
Si.lapore s srstai.eC Drospeity ooks lo !e i. d:nger

Lrnirretd

v.ation am!ngst lhe

.rr soci;

oJr rap d economc deleopmentiras brolqnt ols ofbenentcll

oli as people hale grown tp weakwllled and ncreaslng v selr
nte;esled Aso the edirc?tn poLcles we have mplemenied have edto:i.itsJesen
nere as we 3s laclory-nraoe Slr!apcreans Lt is thse drawlracks whch mav o'e dav
r.i ca lv !ndo a that has been achieved throLrgh rap d econom c devel.pmert

l. ccr.!son

Sli!!pore

Ho taren

;s aiso worse

Y!

(02A1,1)

S.!.pcre nionesa..d Vei.ai

\o :

and !not.rce ci an. $e hale beg!n io desccrate

ts rr 9. y d!b,ors hLrmanilar an ro e as lire althor tatile body on lr!m.i righrs

s prhaps nol so successiLrlor relelanl Many of iire !n lersa rghts espoused rn
the Un iel Nalions De.laralon ofthe !ufitan R ghts 3re notrecoqn sed al a lby manv ol

l.eLrN

Ij

e.!icnn.e.l

sn-a

:'

At!-n

thets.!,bllrom.rry.n.nes li.lleelhole. Nlozarl or PLcasso.emai' aien llrsarlsrc

desedsmaaeccrietebytlreiacllhetlhlsperodojrapde.o.omrcgro\\4nhasbeen
.cconip.ijed by a dec n? n lrad tona ads and c!L\!re ke Chirese Qpera and L1a a!

{.rn

ela !ates the Lli ted Nalofs

Tl: js c4c a as t sho\rs irn lnderstand ng oi the k.y lerms in tie question As yo! r:nr
lfeess.r lr..r lle criler. nrrlrd!cei i. mifd and .ois der wirellter the .ssav has
a so

i'rr,,iliir rr.'! j l0|J

o J\l-l"r.o,

n.l reco!. se. rersoNs basl. and ..lenabe r!hl

IB

1{'t

Ctal1lC2 EtpBltbrr

r(r

r,

rr0r

JturCb'V:lC) ,caqrllnL

_qr.!_r.aJ

2.4 How far should the actions ot teade.s be derermined by p!btic optnion?

..-.;
lll t,lt

to cuzerry with

co.vlcled

d^,o; -iss.e onj re;,- l

6,lopn<6nt,cces

kator

Is

n the

jft r,l0dr lr:Jr-,{lj

these slales hav ng aws that revoke ctizenry lithe ctrzen is a

As a refeciile body ofwo d oplnion the UN s rrelant in th s aspect

enforcerrenl ol ils securlty poicies thai tl're UN s

h gh

slspect Thouqi'

seclrty resol!lons thal prevent co!nlries fiom 3!n.hlig pre emptive stikes are large!
rnet wth word approval lheLlNllsidoesnothavethetillarypowertoenforcelhese

s per"!,apn thevxlerr.akesatransiro.tocoosiderrheothersideofrhe

cle:rly defironslrated when lhe united Siates oiAmerca, agalnst a lnlernauor!

aw aid competely bypessng lh. Secunly Counc olth UN, !nilatera ly aLrnched pre
emptvestrikeson.aqandsufieredvi(laLynoinlernationaL UN led p!nishment UN
packeepers have also been accused rrf being conrpetey lneffective, wlth iheir
aughabe policyoinotbeng able 10fre !nessfrd egainsi. UN peacekeepers stting o.
the Colan Heights ior the pasi tlr dy yars have lren egally bolnd under rre elani
r.effectjve UN po cy to do vinla y notlring to prolect UN reilrgee camps in Jen n and n
the Gaza strp Tlr e S ec! r ty Co! ncil mea iwhlle s an arbllrary and looih ess tiger wilir ls
live permanent membr siales acl ng compeie y olt of Ihe r own vested nleresl (Chiia.
Tlr s was

Gr.al

eade.s are ihose whostrive forihe betlermentofnranknd. Mairin Luther

o.oi Ia-e ,n I.. d-r".ber LLr

- o <rnd
f"-p o. To p"op n
r'-dd. ro. oilrr Lt 6a.tr o ooqI or16, a. - t-.onuo" o
.essogd

ol" o o

-"de

governmenldecsions aid the v ews of

o .6.o d ,.,6or,

lr

s peers One slch impodant too s pub|c

no ao r qo. e nnd

t,6,6o, .,drn.o- ," or"":o_roLe

forexamped.vetoedl52proposilonsnaperodoflhreeyears).Atlemptslogetva.ied

lo go by pubtc opjr on to a fa r er(ent However, therc remain many

.onterts wne.e prb c opin on cannol hke prjorty ndeterminngateadersaciians

wor d opin on on securty issLrs are a farce wilh the decisions of the Non-pemanenl
memberc being ovei(urned i a ny of the fle perm Enenl members are in ooposit o. to t

Fllsty as mentoned earlter, op ntons are reflctive

_
T[is s especia y so wrh rcfe.ence to ihe pub

To be fair \here is slila ceila n amount oi internauona respecilor ihe LIN

mandates, wth ihe uS, desoile its lery strong blas towards un alera ac(on holdlng ofl
atlacks on raq for several monllrs, hop ng lo let a UN mandale before eniering iaq

slccessfllrie

has

otthe gener: stare oisociery

c,s conipLa nrs, grLr;!es o
recom.nendalons Slch optnons tend to reveatareas oi morovement anO so tell. eadcr
nh.i needs to be done. Th s being ttre case t becomes inroeraive thet a tea.ler..rs
bd . I oi ,.e oor
o s.i ,c. ro .p.ov6 ,1e qlatc or -he .o ,nrt rr
srngapore, forexanp e, membe.s ot parliameni an.t consftlency eaderc serye as;

Fa* ,4 o.o.. dao,heoo/er+e,( ." ..r.o"".re, p.opos.ai6on..

' .d.(rdb. !,. eet,ng\-"o{"^.n_.o,16o.D.,
6aop, erdir r-r o o
- d-o- ^ o .dob- "do1p,bt,coo-,o, .6).d II.Fs6
a..6o.doero-drrr.tr,e
:r o.o. "ad-, foutd 06 o4... .4a or p.o, opr o
b no.

Secondry, p!bric opinior s a iorm or cir cjsm oi rhe ru ng governr,renl and so gtves
eaders z nreans otgalgifg the rsuccess and know ng it rhey ar;go ng in the rglrr "
direcl on For nsla nc. ihe pterhora ot tssues raised rn the Forum pag; or ,Th;S Lails
T mes oflen conlatf a iemaiive views on how the government co!
d have done a betler

.ti6.o6o..
b iLF F d
- .r"o, oier ..,.td,ro.r
drr_F 6pI
6r,^ 1o^n B p rrqdra .'o o o 6 6rddr lan eno. mr^c o
'oL6 l
.:-"
111ao..tipp ,6
or,9.rfs. .4. ..epoooo06.r.
"_l
' "']Co
!6.d6
^ " r/ o\o'01.dror
d
)o o.1i6.Fd,u.)..
o ,-ot: o rme,-re.r.o

.,
'rn

t" .,o.:

t.",

oo

.o."

IF"\rcg"dd.he.bo/o ir muri be rL. ppleo lh.. a d"ciq on. ot d ,eaoer

ol bp b!\"d sotelt on plbtrc oo:nion. .o o,",1,q -po..".rd-p"<oi
o."-o d.;

'o-.6'j 5 6
di6

o. o o.6o006,da
oo,.6-tor
:o .

lo

o"

..o.

"."

a"

01 06,6,- ,. ...

..
,tr.o.E bdae. .1o r..
aF,.o.6
06 io. orrhe

06, d. o od.6. "

.poo.o

, .
o, ,"
".
.o.a.!.,6.oi

Though the UN rema .s reievanl n addressing hLrman iaaan ssles ts s8c!ily r! e

could perhaps be reloclsed and made more relevant so thai t has sharper 'teth . The
eslab shrnent oi a UN rapd reacton io.ce and devoLtion oipower in the Secuity Counc
co! d prhaps do m!ch to ncreas its reievance in lodays wodd.
Elizabeth Wu (02572)

tU Tlre conclusion to th s essay s rather ab.upt. However. lt does dentiiy a key area for
inrprovemenl ln the UN aid makes srggesi ons abcli how th s m ghlbe done fthis task
were g ven mare attent o. the conclus or woLr d be better.

il.er cnt4 Ja) ta :tt'tit\t: t::!. r, r-ior-l-,r-r.at

2.5 'G.e3t works of lite.ature do not make good

litms.

Discuss.

flr

l':j

Th s rs a cha leno ng essay as t reqLr res good k.owteCge of Lterature and

A so a
be abe to compar specnc.haracreristics oi great works oi
lr.ratlre wth v,hrl l m has to oiier ihes-a r.spc.is (he f.Low nq essay disi nqurshes

s!..esstu pece trolid

il lh: .1!.1!r. .f ihe essals s .s f., ors

.! nlr.d!.ion

D sclsses.omrnon pe.cept.rsoirhe retatjonsnip ber,reef lerat!re.nd

wh le hnk n! the cr!c !l obsctuatior ihr rNe ess:rt s abclt compart.g the o nol
llsr consLderf-o what akes a aood l m
i:r Greal iErel!re c.n make qocd litm I - !!iorts |ra( dep.t.rLra ities thar c:r be renaererl

ri m

ll Cert3nqefres(plays)eremoreefiecrvey
-!r Grest lteral!re d.es.ot rnake go.d lrm N!a.ce oferpr.ss on
spe.iicty.f
,l!!.9e anC an alihor iat!e.a.ralve !o.e.a.nor bc r!pii.aled efiecrvely.
O Greal I ter:llre does nat mak goad l m I ReDrcdlcng great terarlre oiien res! ls n
--t Great

lleral!rs c:n nrak good fiinr

pa.sable i r.s that ia pa nfuly shon ofthe org nal

GErlend ng the rss!e:l"1akn9 a nlm!ersion of a tlerary wort
d

D6 aF

Oaon.lrs.. An rs !lrf!
al

rslo

ways entals neoot:tira

reierec.e to tlrs cpen.g senlence of the essay corctldes llre

i ! s 1o tie said thal a prture painls a tho!sand words. ltrf r seerns nalurat for
l ns slern irom ttre greaiesr t.rarywor\s However commoi
s lhatwatching the i .. aiier ha!i.9 rcEd ihe book is lsua ly a

mag ne thal the besl

s:F,pofi n! exrcse Tlrere are the erceol.ns ol colrse, The C o.kwork Oranqe b/
Antiony B!rless was brlllantly rendered l. frm lry tne Lare Slan ey KLbrct blrl ndeed
th.se lre fc\r and far be[!e]r. t s .ot to sar'rh.l lreat vorks of te.atLrre rnake ior g,ea!
la ires n n n. .larely thal I s hlrnan n?tu.e io draw comparisons across the tuo genres.
cert.inly, many iilms when j!dsed on their own mrits, receive ihe immediaie
siamp ofapproval, b!twhen measured aqainst rhe ,,great tilerarywork', lheywere
based on, falljust thar much shod.
a

tl I s aitl.!

ale tliey ,nyoko n the a!c ence r,ry rlre opic !r.ndelr of rhe s.enes ir ch
e iieisn.rsed by momenis oitefder rofiran.e Perhaps thon greal traryworks caf

;
i.ke

o.' ihe

glod

brl lhis s more poss ble otre. trre main lein oi deas n these worl(s are
llngibe..es thal.an oe ensiy refdered n vsla terms ideEs !fheroism, courage n
oatii. h..o!r.nd !randelr ihe v slal imFaci that eeves an aldience i. v/onder is
.erte

ms.

! o.e .i

!i I

tat tjt :Nfrji,

iri.

r.

:00r

ts;re, lhe eaae.s cann.l aiioii t. be nroved by plblic op

tilb c v ews cln play a part n gcvernment acrtons.

rJ-\7 r:r

flo.

So.

ihe.e

sa I

I io

!l

crl

A ea.ler should a so h.!e the abllily to make !npopLrlar Cecls ons elen f i m..is
!o'r! toialy.gainst pllr copnon. Th s rs oflen lhe.ase n na.y.olntr es n lmesoi
.rsrs The 2cton of . e;der sho! C nol be del.m ned by ilst plb c opin on esteca ./ .
cases oiem.r!e..y nsl.ad anyachon sho!d be b.sed cn lo..s!nl.n! rhe pro!fess
or the n.lio. r-ls:or! fas slo\rn !s nrany a tme rh.r great eaoers are rr.se,rlrc rre aie
'. !o:fead ir lh lnFoD! ar decsions. This .c ldes olr Sen or M i sler !!hc . l9rj3 v/rs
srrr.wn erou!li to !. alread, iirlhc merger with Ma als a a tholgh lre uas a..ed tr tn
'relrernenl opp.silo. al hoine Ilref rl vJas the ful!re of S'ngapore ihai topped Itr Lee s
:!enaa iot !!bLic opiiio. Th!s the rezder has to elercse hjs own Ciscretion a.i.or
lLsl depern on plb c opnion iihe s lodo a goodjob I enslrn9 hls.ai on s sr.c.ss
F na

ly

n is nol

adliseb e fora leader to base h s actions sot. y.n puir c.! i..
lhe liews oiUre plb c are dlrded Eorr.nance

!nrf t becalse,1 s rol p agrnatcwhen

il lhe plbL c were to be

d vLdd of a .eriEi| ssle the eaderwl sure!nolbe.Llelo

peasearlhego!psa..iscend!panlallonrsinqcertaiiiactons nrhesecases t{c!d

be.rdch betler rlthe e.der dos what he be teves in, ralhcr Ihan merety bc a plpper oi
ce(ain acilisb This s.specl3lt)' re e!a.t tn aEe pop! aiions where dtsa!reemenls:r.
!o!nd lr arise w ihln he lenerai pub . Th s s the .ase n id a wlrere tlre lovennerl
ias bee. iorc.d Io a.i accod ng lo Ihe \! of activst grculs, due to po Uca aliances !!lf
ex"emislFoltca p.nies. Tlr s has resuted ln dornestic chanleswircn are perce!.d as

n! 3.sed to\!ard a certa n cornnun ty and so creating mLrch .l sccrd :moig llie pLrLJ
Hence t s obliols t)rar a eaderG.notiel hs actions bedelermned byjlsl p!btic
be

n conc lsLon.

pub c opin.n can be a. excellent too of a eaoer lf used

c.ne.ly

..C lo llre rght exle.t Then views oithe popLrlaUon mlst certa n y be t3ken ir. a.c.mi
b!tlheseshoud.olsoeydet.minealeadersactiofs. Let me recal tne 1am!!s.rlcte
bl Abrahanr L n.o n Demo.recy s !olernmentcithe peop e, by lhe peop e, for rhe

e Th s s somethi.g thal a lle.ders olghl to live up to, conslaft! slr!.g lo bilng

Frolress to the r ie ow men Tlre! sioud tlrls take inlo consiCerat or ihe iee:.gs.f the r
peo.

c.!ri.,,men and.cl w lh lhe r lnlereslal rr.an

A

slrwoira R.mk!mar (02578)

tc contesl lhe lact th.r !r.at works of iteral!re can rnake oood nt'ns.

rll s..re q!3lncitons f..d lo be made to Ilre stal.nrentforit ro be dore precse ess a
:ii..p nl ge.eraLsal on iew w.rld d sp!re th.t ltre recert bor oiice srnashes, Lord oi
t1e R ngs pai o.e ani Lo .re rorih! ol pratsc .dee.j they are good tilms f only
!..a!se

\fii:iry

lh-c marks of a good

als. perlraps vrorthwh e lo me.tron thsl Iim versions.i pays are more eas V
lhan l r versions of nole s A g.od examp e wolld be The lmpo(ance of
uelrlt Ernesl b,, Os.ar U/ de . feri.stca y flnr! p ay wh.h lrasllsl as hlmorousy
s

.l!h5el !oc.l

.)

cu.te al tte begifn n!. Aso rhe*rterhaschoseN eaders whrr ;re

rc!erd3iCwhobothsrrLrggedlorcivlr!lrlsinAnrerca: an approprleie
rhe

of

he d r. h
cho .E !

ltl
ier r

Whenlsin-oo!Lrote.ll'rrknotoryaboLrrlhereevarceofiharssar
bri asoaba!the conlrbr(ons orschieleme.ts oithe pe.son ycu are i!.ln.t Tns-n

.ssay quesl

rnake tlre quoie

elen rncre eflecl!e

,rlut CtarB ll:2

@![rrn: I ttur

2ooj.-Et!,'Il

J,

?ar,.

OThls. il rnay be sa d thai great works of Lteral! can nake good flms, but very
o ta q.rge . ,.o ior pdj4, o.r o rs,j. o
_ oo oo-

.
:.
oi the

i.s

-Ce

Br"o"..r'6a6<

r..nv.s

yop

rIe-

tr5 .-.-:.6" b.t.t. .. cte. r

on

aliirrJf: qI''Ni'xir iJ!: r rrir- Trr!r'r

rendere.l n fim. ile.e. n'ri!l)t express ilst rl t wele h s novel Tlre Pl'tue cf Doran
Ga! thatwere i med, jl?r;!ld Drcbabvnothave ceiled siniLaraccoedes The
. ...

'-.tjg"-o
i",i pe.'"l"nc
"iin""
or

ey Chu. (02A151

.na

2.6 'Great works of literature do not make qood fitms.,, Discuss.

r slory

r o.e"d_o

t E LrslaiLy difnc! t rcr

"",nd ! ol elenls

d.41

' No o \'o''
nlcl

ms to capl!re very

d^"
belond the

ne

Orhis.ofven enr! Lcaas !s on Io vrlr! sdaptatoNs wh ch ar good films n 1lr3 '

flgrl s. oiten fa sh;d ol the nark ofce laken lf relat.n \!th terature thev {er!
rr"."o-on. Ct""r terary ?iorks:r. olte. mark.d bv th: r abi ty to eloke a stnse oflne
ehp.lhy n lhe r re.deG Dexleriiy tlth an9!age ajlows a lert to be poi!nanl. teniler'
! slaL] prolok fg a^.1fuLL.f r,rpacr A frr ier acccnF shed in h s craii s able lo
nren pr are nls rearlers o f.e r! ex..tl-' Ihal he Ieels or perlr!ps t/tr.t lre !'nls lireri
to fee by ihe cho cesi worcs ln the mo:l aellberale ordet n a way lhal a d rectoi ca'

own

D r' 6 oiol I o.,r'1

o.,e

art ies r. ils orginaiily

ul The.onc!sion
iiro.lLr.ii.n

o,6 re .-troducrton d d

con-l,siol

rote o
bLrt

o.

''oo r'6r._drq '

6o
ar're. oj6o o .

the idea s devetoped rath;r

iiie

tgenUy

re njcrces rhis dea b,,,nrakinc.efere.co to ltre thenre d

sclssed

n ihe

llotele

What limts the pace on which an 6.iisl cho.ses to exp.ess h msei? Nolh
6 a .ol . or L6 B
S .oo,."
o arS

d
d,
o - .ro06\oi rjro,' "enr,Io"r-,^: "r
0,6 i odd

d eso

.".

"-

ng
iai
..

.ota ..ot
" r
.""."o
r :. o-o.,o.t"l.r

one. Tlris genes s ol a( oi ttr s new ptan be cai ed the p,od!c.r s own and ts slccess
nay even surpass thar of its pareni uowever, this success rs also rlependenl on wheiher
or.ot the orig.al art form has qlatiles that w j shjfe n the f -aw .n{j whether lhe essen.p
captured nthenew,soihatthereplcadoesno(.iisgrace
,.ilheorgna pece has been
op,6 6 ' d..he._ uo.r. i.ooo..r
o.ed.,led,
rera

lre

ConclLrsion

lone.n

tra.e

a beieve
''ol

lea

:'

ttrat

ihere s ooss biilv ot success of greel llorks

ro'ro"4.b
Li

ile

"Lr i ".

teratu.e to

ol o o-r ror n

oo\

inp emcnlaion oithe

L_tn

h!naf .ights record?

lersa De:taiator.i H!mai Rghls

td.d.

o rF,

d.d.c..

b..pF

ro.r'c.6.16
..".o
dn. \oro.oo.
.6D6

.d

.q

'o

opd

1!48 b!

on'!o '

*"."0e

";

.
"

dr
o

."
6

..:,"

"

.o

n '
I

filxs thoa!tfo,tat!elciccollheneralorisrepacedbythedscretionoiihedireclor
c:stLng and lhe very nost lire d re.i.r.!n hope lo ach ele n h s aud ence s !he1 hls
rendltL;n oiscenes aid.hoice c!ls

nvcke in ure.n lhal same pathos whiclr ihe

,ra(ator so lcrd y mplLrres Flcw.ler .udrences a h:ftl v ever so rcspons!e

3n y bern! ab e io ree

!s!'

ir

3veltueanorpholssenseoienpaihyzndbengless.bewtl

La.lruaqe neler p n down tirese emolcns as lLrcdlyaslhe !reatauthoEdo

O now gile re erarnp e ni Trre unbearab e L,lht.ess of gei.g 5v r,1 !i

Klnrlera The book ls a c ass. lhe l m. harCly Ceda n y lh ll m was not ala b,d llr
t was ilst as sJrey notlood as I lails lo capture trcdly lire essence orthe terl irde.il
rna:ks have lo be I yen lo lire d rector en.l produce lor llreir atle..pts to render ghl'ess
oi be nE and r-reali.ess of spirt on a llhe Cifferent levls but lhe prcClcttes oie of
some ncongnr !y whlch leales llre aud ence somewh:t ess thaf satisiled becarse :he
mosl s!bUe nuances a.o a usons. preseni n the giealest lilerary wo.ks can never b
capt!red on a simiar elel desp te adlanced c nemaiography sou.d and lgii nE
lechniqles Tlat s perhaFs lhe qrealesl lrumph oi a.gua!].

'4"'o'p..o
d...

of

(02572)

is it thal no country has ever had a pefect

W;li

r"

,.:-o

a new frrne bV ihe an si

Lee

2.7 Why

ne rthe,areconel:.iar'r,

to sh

pertraps ne!e. h.pe 1o achlelc Nu..ces oa exprtss on :re dlfiic! t to capt!te on ::creen
and this sireadv q ves lhe te.ary vorks an !naeniab e edge lia.v w.lld agree that tlr
BBC sera vers,on.iThomas Hed/s The [iayor clCaslerbnd!e ]sone ofthe most
ts
pa nf! tl.rngs one can be m.de l! w.icn nexorab y dry, slvr and bo.ng
ia thiui lo tie lexl n reNder ng ihe rnai. plot ev"nt" io rt on" ulta element rirat is nr s5 n!
rere wo!dbthenanatir'evo.eihatdraisloqetherthe" ncon!r!ols elements n tlre
ncveLio create a semb ance ol conl.! ty and tc put:cross Hadvs ideas ndeed
oerh3ps ro amounl of nrastedul c nematoq.aphv or casl ng wotld eler be able l' etpss
pauros as !cdly as Faray s ab ib/ wlur lire pen a ows hi.n to wth nsllrir'Ljlph.ases xe
(th !a
rlrat i'eriod ri lhe hisrory of a .ve whor a one 1..n be seid lo be !.allo)'ed

ili\rerl cfter re.. e a sc appr.3.h fiins bascd o. greal wollls frt! hi!h
expe.latons a.a are d sapponloa The r-..ettUlm lerslon !f Possession ihe aooll"
Prize !r nni.g nole bf AS Byatl Ls a .:ise lrr pol.l Perhaps t nrly be sa d lhal il is :
r.iBn:nd Ural f lns sho!d bel!n!ei p!rely on lhejr.N..reris l_lo!e!er lusl.s
!!!a iy to hale lhe .o!ra!e io male :tre i h b.sed o. : qre3l terary oork . i. :c.cfi
thc charl.nge oi !.ij rp 1o the elpe.lations t enla s .n. s.me .deed hale E.r:r!.d
r!mihani.s!.rasSteneyK!i,_cksversonoi ACockwo.k Ora.ge.

tLa

cnrls 1c2

Ealttum Js!.

r,

]|0j-1Jl_l rr

.s ie, wo! a lre upon a ch ld C.ary, tlre gover.ment has nfri.ge.l upon a .h

,'arua,ri.rt ia:
C

s rtqht

e.d se.lre ch dhood and has exchanged thar t r one f ed wilrr b ood and
vrolcfce. A so ln the lra{_r trar thal cammenceci .anrer th s year the raqigolemme.i
i ned lh. mltiatd corpse ofai Amer.an sold e. aning ihese mages o. st.re te evLs..
Slch !.ellr ca :.lons c eary speak lolunres aboulirorv rhe qolernment vews h!man
fglls llerce hr.ran rlrhls,!lr b. dlflic! t lo i! tr I ljn--s.f war, erhe. a colntry s f.le
ror a saie

r...rc!son

the Llniversa De.ar!tor.iH!m:r n!nlssr tseryes.san

.f ih-a beler hai elcrr- fd ! du<r s !o.n iree lnd cla , w ih
Fo$e!er,l. tod:ts comp rcated vrorld human r:ghts m:y be d spe.sel

nrpoiani o! .le ne, based

!lrit!.nd r!.dh
liih.nret!,.forprog.essveecoiomcdeve!pm.nrbasedonso.a
an.j p.lit srab
On thc ollrer ha.a acoroptgcler.mentfiaynore!-a.re.ogns.llreexstenceofsuch.
D,"calon llre Declar:ton may hale iaken rnonths lo be d.alrn up by the U. ted
ratons ailer lhe Seconc World \!ar. bLl t wiL ceriainty lake a mlch onger I me the
lr

lecaration
pene.l

[]o.

to

tir y becor.e lniversa r!!hen every couniry has

h!maf

ghts re.ord

f!

elcuse not to have e

K:r \'1,/. i02S78)

L]] rr!h le Iire essay was an en!agi.g one t co! d hale been b.oader I ts c.nception oi
rLrnan r glrls and noi eant so heav ly on the Un ve6a De. araiion f t-tunrafl Rtghts
r'lhal cthr h slorlca molements or qroLrps cou d be Lrsed to dis.lss human r qhtst

!..;itiirtni rra,r

"0r

;rr'! r''

r.!msta.ces n:coriirryfor.e.tlo!i!e!Pilsh!mann!hls.i.rexrnfolascltlnni'l
llreprobens lfacesorlotlhcmer.tenanceofsoceLorpoiilca slabiLtr' n the ccLr'try
Lhe c

n the pr.senr era oi!lobaisarof. gover.mNls a lrround Ihe!r'orld hav. vewed

ec.i.m c progss as lhc l;p lrorry_ as ony throlqh cont n!o!s.conomi. celeopnre'l
c.n a co! ry p.oqress o.e of lhe key ieclors lrral dererm re lhe exterl of econonrc
.e!e opm.ii s sl;bl ty boln poirca and so. a Th s niav be llre reaso. io'a.olnto tc
srcr lce tlre iu ilnent of. iefr huna nshls n relurn io.the stab ty lo 'unLr forer-ln
nv.slmenls Fcr examp e thers are many counves lodavwiro lrave conti.lec lhe r

..

' ' -a oor.

e5.

6, d-p b

o'6'po{

'lpd.j_

"c.I1{oo

iame r re expecrel no prrLcoprnlon (owards ts po cis Ihose g! ty.ic.mmillng

lhese polil caLcdmes were mprisoned wilhoul (rlal cearlyshowngan nirngemenlcf
lhe p! ilca and civllnghts Firm acnon laken aga nst Ihe l/an A, r!,en demo'strations as
!,e as T bels slruggle lor ndependence have also showed how tne 3!thorlt.r an

However. we
!ovemment in Ch na seeks io !nfy the ent re nation thrcugh lio enl means
Chlna has
governmnts
actions
lor
lodav
Ch
nese
ofthe
deiy
lhe
eltectveiess
ae!nol
in larlous ndlrstriesard ts grcss domestc p.oduci has
r:eco." u l,ant new p
"ynr n the asi len years Hence t can be seen ihal irunor rlghls
" oi lhe increase
a w.ys been
resiorshave
hav;beeniorsakenlnordertcestablishastabepoticacLmaie$lrchl
Al the same time a cou.try may choose to wlthhold the righG for lhe etpss on of
oD nlo.s thro!ah censorshlp !nd maginary oul-of_balnds markers w ih the aim of
!rote.l nq and rnai.ta n n! the socaLand cu tu.a stab itv n sociely Forinstance, the
Remakin! s.gapore com'nlttee recsnl! proposed that the ieelant govemmenl
oroanisata.s bosen the,r q.p on censorsh p so 3s io aLow som room ior giowth n th

o;aartsscene.Lranysolerntenlsinthewordhaveawavsviewedforegnc!tLrcsana

antudes as s thre:t, h.nce man! stay conservative tsowever inlheeraolgoba sat.n

co!nli es halc to open up 3nd sn,r'.rC accept new c! t!res wnile cofi n!o!siy
strcnllhenng their loca c! t!.es Even regarding the ire w to express one s lho!!lirls.
many golernnrent have fo\ lve comed s!.h suggeslons ir the fear ol spark.g
.ont;o;ersy aii arg!menls throlgholr soclet-v therebv lnderm . ng sc. a srablilv, thrcrl
s. key ngred eni Jorconomc adlancenrent
Ln add t o.. human rqhts may nor be d! y accorded to a cot ntry s cilzens wher the
lorarnment js cleary cofrupl Th s occ!.s when a qovernment s obsessed !/ ih se f'
;.mfon and Lrxlry ortoo obsessed wilh ils own extreme f!ndamenla sl altitlrdes thal t
h.s forsaken the selera rghls oi its cilzens fo. food hea th educatio. and wo.k ns!cl
co!nlres the seFwadn of eve.y cuzen s cLearly comp,omised For exeinp)e n
Af!har slan. acute pole l can be seen elerywhe.e as ts cltizens are cepored oi f..t e
:.ilror a!ric! t!re as wel as othr means ois!rvlva Thefe is a so !neqlal tcatine.i ot

?i il lldlels

based on lhe r gender :s only lhe malos can be ed!caled or tlork 3fd
sometmes elen be entitled lo poygamy SLrch !necua trealmert of the cize.s s lhc
res!tofar neffcienl goter.mnlwho has lts proriles wrcng !c.c lisevenmo'e
dLff.u tlor s!ch counlres lo lua lfeDe.iaratonoiH!manRighls

lra.d 3.ounlry na! hale to lorsake the De.laration n l mes of!:t

colntry may have lo depoy a lits resources to ensute vclory orto merelv
s!ryiv.. For exampe, in ltlyannar .h ld so d ers have been empoyed Chld sodeB
hale been !sed to bolh strengihen the amy 3s wel as lo gain an edge over the e.eny
On rhe other

{here

an eiLng

vacnau Jc2 QQA Ltin: tnv

F

Ft

3,

2aot-carrEr(r1-Elai J,4

huo clins

et me expLan Ihe basis behind ihe ban o. rerroducrive

in paragraph 2 orpassage A, bleve lhat

JC2

tlt\Btlt;t!' r,n/ J .rr0r aott'4\f,:LGrtjl.n

UNIT THREE: CO[4PREHENSION

.oning ilAs ilustrated

Application Queslion

human if s somethino th.toushtto develop through iis natural

way it s nol somelhlng ther sholld be ilstgrown afd bolght by
people Lsin! money And as ihe authoroipassaoe I puG iti. ine
27. man should deda nly .o1 p ay cod PThe pocess oicreation is
so'relhnO th:l s extremey unique a.d completi lampering w th
lrr s may ad lo unwanled conseqlefcesiorhanknd as awhoe
AThus, rcpoductve c on nq shou d be bannedas I vio ales the
aws olnalue and tis somethrg which Singapore doesn I need to
add 10 ts name p.esently
Se60nd

y,

The w.ters of passages A and B difier n lhn afttudes iowari con.g research a.c
przctic. Whal poLices ii a.y do you lhnk lhe government ot yolr coln1ry shoud

fee Ihat there ls.o pressing ned thaicail!stry

repbdlclv cronng. As Ko.loovich.nenllons

n paragrph 4,

deafh stlsl pad and parceioJ human ile n factwe are humans
of y if we are moda. There s thus no heed to lse cion rg to
extend ourlifespan bon a pEctica note imaSine howSingapore
r!l be n th6 tutur ile!ryone lves o.qer, gver the curcnt
aqeing populalon we mal we lbe tunsiormed into a. aged
socielylAntray lhe olhe. .eason ior c oning nieniity is aLso fot
vaid. ll nledlecolpeswanltohav childrenduetotheirtrle ove
oflhe chid they wi I not ins st on il be ng geneticzllylhe rs ,
"doo!o" oi"r 'ld^olldbejrsrd ppf"cr. Vo -o.e
adopton ln slneapore is nor any laboo and one only needs to give
assurance lhata chjld willbe looked aflerwer to adopi hm/her.
fuln iacl, ihe World Child Oeanlsalon even has a movemenl
wirore parents a lover the world can adopt a chid oll oi the
milions oidsrituteslf Africa. Thererore, with so many opr ons
a!a able, ir s cenainly nol necess.ry ioranyone to resort to
Rproduclve clon nq sholtd a so be banned due to the
rt possesses. As menuoned in
paGgraph 4 ol Passage B, there are cau.less situationswhere
conino maybe !s6d Jorsellish reasons dln fact,lhs hs,
:c.ording to an artic e lhe E@nomisf, october l998 akeady
beef acconplshed The adlce teatured a cerman doclor. whose
nrme was nol reveaed, who seecled the oametes oi nteteclLa ly
superor adults and Lsed them to *eate'supets nle lgenl ch ldren
w th rQs olal least 120. lhe a.tic e rurherwenion to say thal

implement wlh rogard to c orlns research lnd pracl.e? Exp ain why. justilvinq vour answer
wilh revanl das rrom both lass.ces as welas yourowr knowedle and oPnions i8l
Pains lo add in

A mee

hrovn

swmaryof the

@ The folowng.ommenrs 5no

dalwiih the qlesilon

I hehro!

lndecland wrrar yo! co! d

10

iT iI

This applcation qaeslio. requis you to state yolr sIand ceary. The st.nd you take
shoud also directthe structure oiyo!rresponse (Eg Why alowtherapeuiic co. ng and
not rep.od!ctve clonfg? Or why not a totalbaf, but rather, slricl reulations?)h.r |r
tolLowina responses one thing lhlt stands oll is ther abilty lo strLcllre and ororni:e
ther arguments Dont lorsl lhal coherence s an lmport.nt factor ln deletm nin the
qua!ty oiyour response

While generalars!6efts aboul clonfg research afd pracllce are pobaby necessary
you shoud make a conscols eflo.t t. ale t to your colntrys stuaton Remmber
thls is applicalion, nol regrrlilaton wlry shoud ih polrces you stale be especlaly
pertinenl to or mpodanl lor tourcclflry?

dhense oophoes iormsuse

ii

pBsenlLy thee are ake.dy a handfu olsuch ch ld gen lses

&ound lhc 4o.d. Sho.knq though lmybe ths rcdentcoltd
become rgularlare ilwe alowed coning 10 p.ogress 1,4:ny other
.onlerls er sl ,lhere .lo. nO coud becone qrosslv h slsed

on lmaintai lhat lherapeul c c ofl.g be a owed in

Singapore. By lhs lrefer lo the growlng oi organs or spec alzed
tssues rn an adlcia mediun Any lssue orstem.ls used for
Nlov ng

this purpose musl however beobtained onl! fro'n dead loetuses

ihatis no ufbom ioetus sho! d be deslrcyed ior the sake ot
rcsearch A Lawcan be introducd to eisure thatllris is the cas
a d 6.d , d...d. 4^.d !. .appmval Ths lssnllariouhal s proposed I paragraph 6 of
Dassale B As mentoned thre, lhe polenr! benelts of cron.s

tO The fo owing answer ls extreme y comprhensive ln the explanation of th

oo!e.!to:er.uooor. -d"r"5" dc.o h-"-,r d.o tu-.1.-oIL- o -o"

Tr < an.r"
-r" d-d f ': -/(
^r<
pp..o1 r6. oo.dn6.o or:.oro._6
EBr_. ".oon," /" r",oood-"
- dnp a. d'e oe.e ope,i
e a. o" tra(

lss,ypls

.ad 644

,.6, I -. d o.q r.

so.e o. .. .o

'oro.d
l

Ar9uab\, the hanesr ssue orrhe 3sl.enrury, conin!l has

sed much hu and cry a olerthelvork.Amldslalthose
p.omss on the wondel pelhora oibe.enG thal coninoqou d

..

brng dr.yfaclionshalearsen some vehementryopposfg

a lyles and othB lakno a more moderale stand Ailer

takin9 into accounl a llhe polenlaluses and misuses oi. on ng, i
be lere that S rgapore.u!hlto Lr.i reproducl ve con.9. bul.low
lherapeul . . o.inq as .ng as.o !ss b.m or unborn foeluses
coninq ot

p ! loo

:8

)!tcCn

tlltJC2

aitrd\lt ty, i:n J,?00j,foliljnErEr

c.niu.r:n0lheirrork here. I is perltnentthat

est ie anlerlhe Fe.p e .rworse st t. God
Next. we

eth:cs

be:diereC lo,

d;

up

.lscco..liy

ol

lhe

repaclng lssues

Very. ear seflin! oul oi

Go!er.D..is ccnl@ oiilndingfabes llo

r sees 1 -l.w.rds
therdpe!lc orrcfroardllve cloninq, pe.haps {Pass.ge A
Dar.!r.ph 5) flhe need drses n lhe medica sctor.l. orhe

b abe lo coort nale dema.d

loo g.ai

tryrg to.r3re

!n.re. a Especialyfor s ngapore,

ir..rciuson, clon no s.ei!r y r ooube-ed!d sro.d I

.an rap di!dends or .a.llc ar.!. consequences ll s lhus
lireralve tr.lsin!:p.r makes!n .iormed stan'j.n c..n9
c s: .!v roprodu.trro cLr. n!tb!r k.ep urer:pe!1. cron ng open
Llos: hponanlly.nt fi.r mlsl be oi.lhat$ lcrea( nolh ng but
Lrenellslomankrdinfuture At3 cosrs, ,!e must ensure lhal lh
powerfu ioo s of c on nS does nol fa nto lhe hands ol elh ca l!
and nor.ly deicent researchers lke D.SrroNon (c ) vrhomade
headliies earlyths year lor!sln! lss!e from patienls e!aly for
lr s neurc.gicai eiperimef ts We musl iu l! rc ize thal c o..9 rs
da.!e.ousgound lo lread on and so lake alprecaLtions I.
rrrevent !ndesirab e corsequences on y then c.. s.saoore
all3 n fu lprogrss n the fe sciences p l.r oJ oureconomy

re.llhe.orr5e.tcl.n n! research.s

rorCs lhe Gcvernme.l

a .Lclre marker Ln lhe ife sc en.s

iesearclr, nol pursuln,o clonlnq wou d be a greal loss So
lheEpeutc co. ng slrou d be alovrd as Long as bas c !ound
,u es a,e trcsefred Prhaps a spec,a pane ofexperenced anc
^r.ra y s.!id researclrers cai be estiblsfd to ensue llr s

which is

neeo substantat !ovemdentlLfd ng notebtt in

nlraslructurc as we l.s arlracrng the besl brains
r rh. Lrds ness, ir, de: ly, the Govrnnrenl shou d ufdei.ke ro
rrr (:ril Iunat,nosl.i lhe resear.h ce.terc for x!o stmite
re:sors'rrsr j; s rce ihe Gorer.me.: a so rLns llr. med.a 3nd
t.ea thcaE s.c(or5 an! rc:.ardi qalns !v i be eas ly p:sJed ci
a.clrai33led nroaciua bnefits nlhel!es.f tope,!id

lle setin9

(ir.r

tLrllilnds.Em.re efecrye, alocated !Afothcroivtous

Lreneil olslbstanla l]cvernm.I spend nq s b.tler .fraslru.lrre

4i ch oier m.ans b.ner scienliic r.searclr and pE.rce Afc
h.rirll rasl porerira desefres the besl

..n.!

relllal.n th! Govemment mlsl np.se

lhe partres nloled n c on.! resear.h and p 3drce
hoB ese roud t ensure thet ts eth.!l!!idetnes are lret
aaher.d tc? tle rlo n.l rant ti:arre.u ls lke th. R:e :.s con n!
lhemseles ii our backyard To conlrol.nd n iecllhe c.!rs.t
,! ln.e!.,d lo

r.sr.l..s

c.

02s18

..nrno r.s.arch.nc praclce ele.:vey, rhe Govehmenl reeds

lo EgL al and mo.lor those research aclviles rhjch . many
.dses reans ..nlro i.g rvho.an or canno: iake part n suclr
rdcl ces here A bil slr ct p.rh.i! but the mmens 1r.f llre risks
... na pcses to !s nec.ss rales 5len a.rion ev,Fn f ti mt2rs

! ! r! cul

,oerss

ihis s a. insighti! respo.se The writer here has 6 d fferenl stye oiw.iting as
compared lo the prelious sample being ess dlscursive and mor locused on
provdlnq sLpportin! or rebltialarg!ments for h s po ts lh!s his po nts conre
across lery dire.tly and forcefu y
LJ

1.. cn.

n
b

SflapoGs prese.l quesl t. be a gobal eaqe. in rha

caL ne d lhe lssle ofciorioq rne!taby nergs

.techno og

| ..ad.d,o rr i ,Lb
calguide ines, subsb.ta

.emly slrLct and cleary'delned eth

gove.nnenl lundinq as wel as s!irab reslrictions on ihe p6rls

[]
d

.h s ansfef has a rqt r slru.l! rq

enl qr.rFs ofOeope

(e

i-

le;

n! Mlh

ftere.l

ri1.r offers lery r.rr d.la (lir)o. the i( nds oi regularons he proposes Tlr s
m!.h strc.ger rsspo.se lhai 3 s-sysruoni""r
nrpte (a.d vag!e) concept o|str cr regutar on.

Th.a

sa

rtnoll any.an e:bcralon

!9. iiE q!!!!c" !!q!L!.

Fe makes

r'

rse.iporlls

irom the pessa{le butdeveoos

ceo

ln, k I'e !o!ernnenl sho!id have poicis lhal are re evant to b.rh the medicaterc!ps
.o1a!.1 nq Ih.... i! r.sea..h !.d lhe p.op e who wanl lo lse lhe c oning Ich.o og!
Fcr lire

qLil.r,e

m..a !rolps conluctng rh research llre loyerrment should ofer a ctear

n.d.a loups.an or.aifut do irFo. elamp., lhey 5houd be

on frhrr rh.

F rsty, srrcr and cleary delnd elhGiguiceines on confg

Esearch lnd p.aclce:re rcq! rcd As we have see. nrany times
n the prssaAes, clon.a is f) an clhical and moral minefield due
ir ls d.Llnss wltn h!m!f if Ol part.r ar concern to the
qo!.rim.fl vri I be lar9e-sca e relgLous op rion - ccnnq
delnes sho!d be.asonaby acc.olabie to mosl re -arous
b.dies il socia unrsl lo be averled Doubles5. I w lbe
rpcssib e to pLease very
's
ast SLnlaporean but by mak nq a
. a.r and srcl ethc.lsland on lhis s!.s t!e issue, th
G.verihenl is ket tc !a n pubic supDorl $hich means

!!

ly gTh s in l!rn means. p.srtve n!ironme.l forscrenllc

resarh .esearchers.re unllieyto.clr ele mlch when flals
slabi

!!rn

a.d pickels bob !p and do!vn l!sto!lsde their .boralorles

Altholoh slr.l po i. es misbt derer sofre nor. ra! cal p.des fr.q

i0

:ltur ftiaat !c2

ihe Chrlslars

so th

gQBt(ai ier,20!.r aorlra,tfjr4lx.Jr-,,

fk thatcroalng huma.s shoua be ft

Jlu
.rolvec to siarl \!rii

ai.rrt
an

Ja t;.l'N)t!iti trrr

j .llr0i

naLelpernnts o. soaled

ao114!Rfj{[narii)t
Hotver'

human

llit

an ma

'rc
art nol
to ensure the embrv's
l*"up inro..oryos. eilra care sholld be tak.n'ers
n'lwhen
""ir..Gr. ,lriu*.i"rlO r" tt;lcJt fo lesiing on fe.ll zed hum'n embryos al
'asl st'u o be
'.il"i."n-tq,r
"""c
tr"ay iei! a.d !n!;Fdevcioee'l Dtlaled documentarlon
".rir"
are try ripnr'afi b!c'rse
measlrss
ihes
saretv
connnl""""r.r"q"otrn""ipermeil
l
.-. ' -; ;
. o .
"" o o o
".po
b
-'
\6
'd
p
d.o
o
..
oo "
i. ";,. "-" i1...;, then erth.mrle x!qon! becalse even an.1ma slire s!;ulbe
r.1.. *i""1" y.i r"i n,."" be f as :s ; o;e' rl wanl l. s' ihe c'!1oi'i a f erormed
to

Bes des that.llre idea tha( embryos a crcated as a source oi

slem celr anil islrored q thin folr1een deys co.tEdtcts wlh clr

pclcv o;FeBale n! human

v.s EThl.k

abour l. abonon s erso

li..re.i n!.ounlry for th reason Ihar i s the ti ing of a h!nr:i

;. Sc,vhy should c on nS be jusnrab e as cLon n! is \loise sl I by
:{ ng.ul lhc ol5an oltlre:m!ryo ann n lunr kI; !r Ijlstbecals.
iFlrlhemore

Inaralsa is.or yer

tlly

de?e dped

i.

rfe

Ied

.: s.enc. aid re.hnoogt She sjLsl lak n! her tirsr sieD nlo ti
S nc. r. a:e iot ec! po.C rllh hrgh lech.oo!! N shollC n.l
!ent!r rlo con n!

research uhere ilrere are a oi ct a!n!ers

n addlon v/e st ldo not knor h!.h abolt lhe

.ss...led !,lh i1
..rscrtucn.es ol. o.inE

t v/i I

be rsky lo

ve.t e .lo c.n n!

r. o. ng !v l! ve hoie to .fen le..a homoserua

rr s sll notlustiliab e as t s moraty anc elh.a jr.otrecl TlreG ar. st
ot of$ays lo irave a b:ir. icr lxlhFr
llrmu!h n !lD ieni zation and adoplof
A

lhou!

..!.es

r-

rhr.

r.

,".p;,,se;'rdasom*r,a

do=tl!l!!9l!19e
'o!
d

Llply T./ io wrjle: shorl conclusion thal

'd.

l .re

!.o

iol uiscrlp!.us Poti make6

rl.ere stoLa !so be.aEiJ s.reen t d.n cn the people lrho want lc make us lN'
'i
clrn nlr re.nnolog! Elhey sh.lld be ;skeri io lr n dla led ouestionna's ard be
.ie^';wsd by lh; aulhort;s lo.nsure liral lhev are lhe lor the:lshl reasDis and 'ot
n:d ic erpo'
thev shoLd
s mpv i. s.l;,J_.lailast trev ia!. FF.r iicn e coup
'e
's.
.lh;r :llern.lres fiEl a;d d..de on.or ng 6s ihe asl resol &Tlros' hD're ook n! lo
.o.e themseles slrorla aso be pe.pe wih a mature m nn Thls process ol s'rceii'gls
s mlarlo lral ollhe a.loplon pr..ea!rs becausel!stlke an adopted clr ld ilr'c"edtnii
sr.!c be ovea b! hs or i,er fam t Fcsevel ii lhs case lhe l'n ! { Tac mcre

l,l.uiiesftomsocietyar.o.n! ssi r.gaded as..onirovers3 issus Tlre'o'edcft'

I hare lo be oveiln.i.
rhp.rlernm.rl shouil as. ed!.ale lhe.!!ic oN lh conf! techio'g! dii da3t"
anr mvtis or msconceptons iie plbic nas tlrv sholic be made to undntand lhat
r,.ri':niqes ard dsa,lvantaces or.lonfE..id how ii sdone wlh a beher lnderslandrns
pehaFs: the pub

c.af h;i

eari

l.

a.cpl rhe lechnoosv ji lrre govenrmenl tlants

i'

dere.p lheiect.o.!Y r SindrP.:e

02s6.i

nlilook rhe.ption or strict req! aion on ccnlis

answer thel clrooses.trsollte ba.nifg r'r'hatrils tlr s rcspcnseabale lhe
s tiie sildenlslocLrs on !n que y relalng herarg!ments lo herco!'lry Ths s

tgr rh" pi"-lcus th.t;respo.*.

Here

.crn

Ls

a.

th.k

the

govnmentcl nrf co!.iry. [laiavs a. shouid

p.:b

E.

b..

d!"

rhcf

means we are iol rcspctnll

the exislence of 6od Th. ['lus ]ms . my.ountry ilr nk lhat A lalr s
lhe cniy:nd ufique God ii lhctr ves AndasotheythinkIiat
ch d... !re God s prse so lrey slrouid.ot messwlllr l.

cr.aion out.i

God s hanns,

B.sldostral LheBJddhslslhiklralb,dn odage sDknessand

ceallr a,L: f.!. n.ruraL !rocesses I ii sr lhev shou d n.l
!.1{ rtlr,l by e{l.nd rg ther r. an. Dreal n!. nrr bt c.n n!

1,.:!.j t r)

qp,nfiN'r.

t:\1.i.zi: r;ctiitt"

]rld

!.i I c.nfuse ess i th essel

. Less = ltere s not so mlch
t ExamF:e There is &.sj wate. h lhis t)ocket hnparcd t.lhat ane, trhi.h ts nll-"t) t

anilit JC2

t..sser =

Elample

3e1.,9

r.l

so

the

tetat.l

flr.l

rs

rle

lq$!I rrr:

sellitrq

FU

sotlta

sroups are makl's

ir.lrh"ilqr,

the.nenf..

pitrase

n th

rlor.l :s!e.l'

.es.e.l ls used to sey that:.nrethlng s rru . one !Jay.

rel-".s io on. part of a. iea s tiaton or o an th.i has rnany parts

asoecl we see ihat

s rosoect, we s.e thal
TCne asFe.l .f ihLs ss!e

n tirLs

n tlr

m.rlind
ma.kfd

patc!

ar type

has !a red m!ch iron techno ogy

has gained mu.h from technology

yo! a.e thinkfg especially oi a llhe

L! Eminent / lmminent
pe:scn sonewho swe knoln,
b.cause llrey are good at the r proJess

pdoo6 I

othq! a person ls waring oroi

6-

o.

ni and welires pect.d especaLLy

On the other hand th word mmineni canf.r
mro

/The.omr

ttee has te. memlrers, ea,ih enr ne.l

/l,iany afa ysls beieled ihaiwarwas lrnm nenl

rta

rir h s

tadrcu:r

Ile d

nrrFv

li

,t

is

Mong !q!g!91she dsa!rees"vlth llre

pr'

i_'rs

o r"br d^

abodiof rswro.! shedisalrees!ththeprclrie6!!h' 'srsr

be burni down
c nlcs """.
should ",

st

Artholgh boihw.rcs mey be lsed as adlectlcs they mean ditrereit tlr ngs Ecolamic s
!s.a vrh.n relerng 10 i're svstem of money trace and inirstry Economica s !sed whe.
ele( ng ro someur rrg lhat does .ot re!!ire a cr.l mofey 10 oprate
a period

x Sh menUoned abclt tlre skafqe firan she saw lurk ng outside the apartment
7Cr..".1i.*o tl,ai +" s"v, a it,anq" man urkins olisde lhe apadmeit

r. -",;n=...

-r=

Thev were drscussrno the" ful!re ol le.i .o og

ole.onoh.

anC

",!eere
/itrls
systmwas exlremelyeconom ca becalse I !sed roclc

e.i

later

trl Shive / Thrive

'.ne strlves lcr soi elhi.'il o.e nrakes a,ar-a.t efl!rl !sla yoler a loig perod oltme
anlhe otheriand rlr,eope ororgarl:alofshry! rhey.re doin! we .nd are
/Tlrey hale str!dn ior fteeaom lc creale a new so.ia order.
7I s rare 10 ina. !.si.ess1hal {hrlves n slch, depressed economy

i'

"-

x-llre oolenrment!ants to stress oo lhe lmportaF'e of lire llle scie'ces

llre impoian'e ot the ie scences
'/ lhe;overnment wafG io stress
,'The ;ovendrenl wEnis ro place greater stress 9ll tlre ie sc ences
disc.idjnated black peop

.reiudice aoai.st them

'-';--,"no.".=:-p a

^.o d.scrin inared as!t!-sl

wh tes were preiudiced adainst them
X We

iod!srralcrsis

16 '

x r.. in..'n."n,
r. erpha\i5a on r -po oa 6 oi
^-n. . oemphasse " "
rne-oo,ernmen,"
'.
\o opace 'd'e enp'asisol o''
*;." .

X The syslem oi apa.lheid

Ll Econonrics / Economical

experer..!

r,ir,J,iiri.ti"

'

lmy.othes

An eminent

st

pespite the heal she

!!ent olt lot a jog
X Desplle of Ihe heal shesillwenlollloraJog.
ln solie oithe heai, slre sti wentoLrlforajo!

has beenwlth Iocd, clolhlno a.d sh.ierloreleryone.

look ofi m! shocs.nd a

. .o

positire irpacr' lql rrrere are st ! nran!

"

cl.lolh.s

/-he b! coiceri

'

gro!ps are nrati.s a p'sn!e LmPact lrere 6'e

,i"'i,"".*ar

lrrat aborton

clothi.s

LLl clothes /
I clothinn s !sed,

]a:rljtjl n

obsia. es lo overcome

XAthalqhshe bellelestirataboator
The
The

':rai

4.I COMMON STUDENT ERRORS

obstacles lo overconre

gre.t

/r.rd ic Ce.rde
b! r'.rL l rend

/i s

t)trt t

UNIT FOURI GRAM[IAR AND EXPRESSION

ietn",lil"""i."t*r"
)

'ti3nt!rt':

"

qI

"By

nroiy SoLlh An

'id
I - o'oF'o

'an

:gqLtgt enslters.

we s99! answers
lr'e search for afsurers

"

e,

keep ng a.inrals ii z.os wll.

keep nl] a.ima s n:oos Wervll
nO ,nlm. s ln ?..s wi ..

'/Keep

LB Faw,less, many, much

BeLeve il or not the is a d flerence betwen these woros

lrrF lew and man!'

for do!ntable

no!ns) people schools bscuts co!ntries

Use Less an.j mu;h ior lncolntab

e n6uns

sand water

a r, cou'age

rh

tes

ri,r

Ctan|

tcz 8ealttatt k:rt i,20a3 qRtlttl.),.,

TheSovenrmenVsovenmeii

I!9Ameicah aavernnent rcspahded

swiftly ta the tenatist altack.

NoLin Human nghis activisls in Pakistan ctiti.ised the darernment far its adhercnce ta an
autnaded and inhunan palicy
Nouft:

Adjectlle: Ihe rheers oiqovernmenl burcauuacf

l.;

nn

Pay attention to the Lrse ol "lhe' for nature

The nat!.e/nat!re
Nature = lhe word a.ound ust do not use the .
x She /oves lhe nat!rcr jusi si(rng lnder a iree and

slavr'ly

Cn VlC2 9QBdLnn:

ktut,2aB EqLlt'1]L

a3 Passive co.structlons
lilake s!rc that the iorm oilhe !erb s cofreclwhF passive conslructons are !sed
XThe prob ems assoclatea w th tenorsrn cainot be eas ly !q!9
The probems assocaled with teirodsm canict be easiy sqlcd

The same hllds ior the lollo\! ng commor consttu.iions:

,.. be compe q1'

/re

,
. ... a'e iot coicer.!d
. . can be mFroved'

arng bhls sing nakes her feet at

She /oves naturerlusl silling undet a lree and heating birds sing

[]

nakes herfeetat

Pronosnsr use the co.rct verbs for sing!lar and plural Pronouns
is a sellish crealLrrei ho looks ouifor himself.

r,,1an

'Nalure

= a thins's or DeBon s lnnate qualities

ll isthe nature af
ll is nol in hen

ia,

orcharactei. Depending on contexl,

yoLl

ta tust.
be ctuej

tZllEta

U.l When using the follow'ng proper names as nouns, inctud6 the dennite arrictel

Fumanliy is seliLsh;it ooks o!t for i15elf,

H!mans are seliish:they ook oul iorthmselves.
Human beins are slfishiihoy look out forthemselves
People are se i sht th ey ook

[!

olt

for

lhemselves.

Be careiulwith prorouns. ]vake su.e it's clearwhom o.what you're rererring to

Otherwise, you may confuse your reader.

Mr Oh told l\4t Gah that he wauld have nake sure his car was sare whte
Whose car? Who s go ng away? lt's.ot cear

rhe greenhouse efiect

The Earth

L! Avoid sentences using the passive (voice), as thsy,re very ctumsy

Garn shows are liked by Lrs because they he p !s rclax

ganre shows because tlrey help !s to re x
'7We like
4.2 EXPRESSTON
tg Some expressions are only used in a fixed sequence. you cannot change the
Ways and means, never mea.s and ways'

le

was away.

delinite article ( the") can change the meaning of some wods.

Compute/The compuler
Compuier = that mach ne sitt ng on yourtable
Jerny sprlt some nareron herconputer. causing il to shan clrcult
i.Ll The

The computer = the whoe notion ol comp!lerc and their bnellts/ploblems

some cases.
I)J9 canpulet has chehged ha|| we wotk, play, cannunlcate a'd ever.

Soclety/The so.ety
Socieiy = ThB sunr of h!r'ran condito.s and aculily as a whole
Sacietv today is tarn between adesire fat rnatenal satsfactian lgained anlythrcugh
rclentless activity) and a wistfui langing far a less canplicated paslarallife.
The societv = a sDecii;c comrnunity
IbZtiny Polynesian society living an ttus Etan.i stil ctingsvery ctasetyto its tn.Itionaj

f:
aU

Sohe iriiatins colloquiaiisms to avoidl

x t s a must now tc hale a good educaion

i s a orereouis te now io have a good educaiof
"/ I s crucial,/essenlial
to have a good educaiian
The b.skelba ieam iolgh1 ha.d to !lnch the oo d meda .
The basketba I leam foughi ha.d io sec!re/w nihe so d reda

These propernames

(iouis)are also used as adjectives.

The med a/media

Note the use

ofthe

a prcfath.l inpact an lhe ||ay ||e pe.cetve aur .nd bday.

No!n:.4nrPrlncess Oiarab car acci.lern, therc ||as nassive specu alia, nt lhe rnedia
abaut hawthe Bitish Rayal Fanrily would .eacl
Adjecf ve: P.incess Dri3 car a..ident unleashed a !!95!A ltenzy, as eNery news agencr
tied ta get lhe lalest exposl ardre,s'lc..p'. IHere the noLrn s fenzJ/ and medi.
seBes as the adje.tve I
l

)arn. Ihe nedia has

16

r{ud
.1.3

cnang

!C2

EQ art iL

r i:ue

),

2aa3-gLaqfuAo

SPELLING

1itud ChaA 1C2

q.zrtsrtbnt Itsn 3,2aat-EMtu r''AX

x IqLc, for example, ihe

Cl Softe commonly missplled words:

Hltler

Te evislon progranrme

/The September 11 ncldent

[!

Avoid Singlish;

X lf chi dren are laushl good val!es si.ce vo!no, they are ss like y to engage n
4,4 ABBREVIATIONS
Phone" is an abbrevialiof of"Telephone Te.hn ca y, yo! sho! d

Repacewth From a, eady age ot tuhenthey

te 'ohone, whlch

Telephone is therclore the corect term.

!h!

Write

'/

) not moves

(X

ctures and s conside.ed lnforma

4.5 ACRONYMS
liyo! want to use acronyms in yoLrr essay, nrak s!re thal yourfrst reierence spe s the
narne olthe organ sation, prcgmme or plrenomenon infull The prop.wayio do this s
10 stale ihe rdLLnam oiihe reference, then p ace the acrcnym jn bckts (noithe other
way am! nd l). Yo! may then use the acrorym for ihe .esl of the essay
X 'The UN {United Natons) .
Un ied Nations (l.lN)

"'The
D some conrmonly misused acronyms:
CAA

Ilarsl

(nat Light

Srrgapore atleasu
LRT N4ass Rapid Transit (nat l,4ass Rapid Trcnspan)
SARS - Severe Aclie Resp ralory Syidrome
N4F

BgpEllrars/i

r/r

nternat onal lvlon etary Fr.td (nol lnternatianal yb:De! Fund)

WHO Wond Heath Organ saiion

UN CEF - Un ied Nalions Ch ldren's FLrnd
4,6 PUNCTUATION

LJUse"

ior rh titls oi fi ms books, plays, poms farylales songs:

Films: "Lod of the Rings" "Nlinorily Repoir", "A Kn ghts Tale"
Plays: "Romeo and Juliet", "The Crlcible"
Poems: "The Charge olthe Lighi B.igade", "Dulce ei Decorum Est"
Fa'ry tales: "Cinderc a", "Gold locks and the Three Barc"
Sohqs: "Wllholt Me", "One Step Closel'
'

[0 Avo:d short fo.ms. s'rorlhano and Srr.ls-spea[:

etc, vs, ie, eg, ok noe (instad oi 'know )
tB Annoyinq redundancles at the start olfinal parasraphs:
n

concl!slon, tlrereiore

Finally, !n conc us on...

so we see that

All in all

Co'C! rricular Activlty (not Co-Cufticulllr Aclivity)

Llghr Ra

Avoid Slangl

Guy kd wacky, pissed,lolsy ied up, siressed oul

Exampe: Teenagers are w llng io fork out cash to buylrendy prcduc1s.

Thls

CPF CenlralPrcvldentFu.d

LRT

singaporeans often m s!se the word "whreby". Generally, avoid us ng wheteby when
you mrely mean where'or'\ryhen .

).

'l,.lovles is the shori lormlorImovng

are young".

tU Other redundancies
Advance ahead/foMard

Today s modern soc eiy

A reason forllris is dLre io ..
LU Ever more

exasperatins expressions:

ln my peBonal opin on...

Personally, ihlnklhat.
Frcm my po nt ol view

Jt'1!d

An exanple ol how

lnaqt !C2 qP qutlr@

Jt't li'rtu:la! q.ri..'rj!ti trlt i iaar

I\,t r, 2.a] qvllxtAtr

yo! should ncorporale these non Eng

sh

qlotes nto yourwrtting:

Oefg Xaoplng the archilecl oi the "one country two sysrems', formula thaideijns
.lcng (ong s relaUonshlp !/iih Ch na, o.ce said. With a good syslem, even evit men
, c.nnot!9evi. Wlholt a sood system, .)H gooi men canioido qood b!1mav be Jor.ed
:d
Io do cli. L/adin Lee. System Failre T lllE Ju y 28 2003. p 56

Ensure that yoLr p!t the arlr.le la/ilre)lnsde lhe q!otJlon marks f i1 s rad oitire irl e
'/ The Si.a is Tir.es
X Straits t mes the Sirails Times

LJ Do not begin a new Ljne wilh a p!nctuatiof mark

Notce that tire plirase one co!ntry tlro systems appears in quotaron rarks and thai ihe
n ihat ihe reader knows ne ts rciedno io a sooan. Atso noi.e thai ihe

!!rler rnales certa

o olor Dd... ,o.. I .do.o1.6.i . [o. .r.5--.9.i,,

liow.ler,

f you are ceira

'

that the non-Eng ish qlorarion has been poputary used and is

q! ie recogn sable. llhereisapaftjcularpotnryoLrwjshiomakebyrianngthetanguage

oflhe orlg nalor liyou Jeeliheith impaciof ihe qrole wI be comprcmisd wiih an
explaiatoi, yo! can anlicipate the meantng oithe phrase, thLs r.ak nc the meanjfq clear

rbo'.d".-

.":

p.o

.,''s.

".
,.L

".o."q-

--

::."
o P06

4,7 REFERENCE AND AUOTAT]ON

Ul When yo! refer t. a bock or qlrole in your essay make sure thalyou ntrodLcethem
properly. You sho!Ld pay aileniion

10 th s adli.e beca!se yo! are probably going ro USE

OUOTAT ONS n yo!r response to the Apprication Queston

X Like whal the a!thor has sa

The Cold Wai was not wilhout is rnonrenls oi Cra nra. When Arnei can p resi.tenr .loh n F
Keinedy vlsi\ed West Br n at the heighl oi {he Co d WEr, tre afimed h s sotdal]ty wirh
ihe Berliners in the I q!est lo ma nlain ffeedom . the toomirg shadow of ihe Com;unist
emp re. by proclaim ng 1.h bin ein Beninel.

6?AJ1i1:t'\

r"'lachines are the masiers of tornonow and vr'e

TThs deaise!!de.i n what the a!lirorsays, "t"tachines ar tire masrers of

we wiLbecome lheir slaves

wtl

tonrtjlor

and

lv16ch nes can or y carrv olt lasks they are program.ned to do , as aloteC trom
Passaoe A
r/ Mach hes can onivcarry!!tlaskstheyaie progGmmed todo. ca.ns rhe authoroi

4.8 SOrvlE CONFUSTNG WORDS

t!

Confusion between nouns and verbs:

iove

Tan's nalhet felt a greal sense af rC@twhen she heat.lthathe had escaped the buming

'/ r

fha yaung satdierwas reprtdandd be.arse he orers/e pt and did nat rejieve the guatu an
duly, fatcntE ihe lafterla da twa shifts

nslance the pedorma..e oi Ceorge Otuetls Animal Farn by S ngaporean theaiie

"For
.ompany
Wid Rce, was es)ecra y.iemorabe for me because it tncorporared polt ca
jokes ufiq!e to S ngapo.e.

,r medieva//tne.s, it wns a.ahnan bdiet

Yo! mey lrave occas

that a

han.n,ho fntetnised wrlh biackcats

Erer th.Lgh hc had lr-pd ta liet Detate Dick's:n.that stjl believed

he had nat sl.len th. nan-.! ton he] po.se
Ever/ Man.tay, Hatryg.es lo his..nnunity

Ja.k is.,letemtrEd

l.

ce.

hn

trhen he svr'a,e lhei

e fot lae,kwan da ptactice

nthegiDnrsti../i.m/..rorshrp..0,rbusrrg--v.rysparcmomenr

..iolin

sham s

of

A Pa

!ie.i House

yorr essay. to m.ke reference

ideololicalstatemeni u;s orgriaily nade

Lr. nct dc rne

f.lo$

rhe moiirer ins sts rhal rrer ch ld tre educal.d

if

10 a qLlore.

sayrn!, p.overb

.r

anolher tangLra!e

nit.

. !!rie t.:ire anluageorscrptolitreoi!net anglage Th s is a wasle .f |me .s

yo! vr'iil hale to lrans a1e r anJryay.
. Prorde a. Englishlrarslat.n oithe so!nds wthout a.6c.omp.nljng expsialon
' Provdea te13 vrorJ i,.rsod lransralicn o he phrase thaj s.rannAlicalt!

larr in
She is

iir.

tvJC?

1au'tt2ti:

lr t! t,2a0j qLAr'1tri'

a',!ell.e.d and cLltuted w.nan.

Yo! slou/.rbe slDiie in ycurcdmn.ris as dre.i

)4j11U.1

althe garcnnenl ||culd

nDt

he

codrpart nr.ce a @9! ir,1s tr.stfeatoi.pe.ario.s

His

Irre 9.!eanerrneeds t. rrtl b-..krrs

,\'ai.erc in Si

sa[te

n.twanftt1 b.nticis.

tlfies rj.lurorirflronablyslens na.e

font catradi.e th.r

@d slppontr-s

har,. b.cn ur./er..

/oior!E:;

]arety,

gjver the glaary ccananic

rakirg a||ay nid y-.a. e\ans has noi siopldri srude/rrs reerr.g

!:l

ratr,20at tj

x..'t atrrr ict q:Pottrati

r@!Sq nd atriors

{ifyo! don'tknow the difference, consult a dictionary):

lnvention--Discovery
Af invention smanmade cars. telelrsions prl.t.! press,the b.mb
Thon.s Ed son lnventod the tht br b he dLin l dlscover t
Nlore coniuslngwords

Th. loll e,ne-tt ai

the

prcbletj

is..r/er{rior,,

Hi:

ra.l.al

t!

Confusion bebeeen nouns and adiectives:

d,Fas

--xterded rrt.

r/i..eis

oI/ris tie

Voence= no,if

s rhen we rea se ihe exsle.ce of somethjrrg na1!ra:gravty cryqen DNA

discovor rhe so!..e ofthe N le-we don t invent li

overexposute ta i.rcsponslbte teterisian prag.atining ntay tead ra

uiate tenden.ies.

Dis.ovary
Vr'e can

. Concl!sion**Concusivcly
'Co..l!sile y s foi anolrrer day.isay fg rnc.ncrsrof
Ex.rFrF e !qt!114!91l' ,rrase i5 idpo'ranr lodrf [.t end cr essay]
'Con.lusrley'ad!a y ..eans 'cofv

ncing

ll!maf ly'...H!mai lies

t"lls!.derstand

ng

g] Sohetimes, the

-i!4

m_y

art

as

!iew, ShgaNorlans a.e t'a. taa retLTt

1!

sco.ceplon E..fomi.'

4epend.,.. cr

a scurce cf enet.tr

f.t

its

snergy he]ds is jn an extrenety

.?liance ax ihe rcgioralttatle neant that

y aecsilely, o!e^!hen'Lnqy'
hathlLl

EramF e: Rese..cle.s nave con.l!sirel\l shaw. thal snaking is

nee.l la .e.luce out

Dependenl = adjective
A counrry lnar is derede.r ..titety an ils netlJhb.rs

the p.net we !e on
e:rl'n ls the soiLwe step on, or the stutfwe bury cofflns in.

Earih

tle

to neet their needs.

.o.-

.r"

Do. -..jape

the..hp

ih?tre.re rot rery.tfferefr

irom

ai ii{t vidle li!t.O

cn rhe o|rer srde oi

to rnd

set

.:

sida .Dr

te

wotknB bng harts

tatrerl iilte naney secns

tliletences
fheyeniay cLtlu.at a.tivrties lke garng ta

.l-i

of
We m.y ieolisc

! m dC c Sround where everybody is wll.!r 10

lo !!!!!!4.?_C9!r!!q!t!C s
.oopeale, !s!.lly by mak ng some .cncess ofs
Ihis argune.t has gohe ah lo. /ong; irh liDe lo seek6.omp.onlse and ensute lhat

the gavemnent

r?s batlty affacted donry

fhere is nat tnuch differen.e LetMtt) ih. p.toies.tthe t||o patjticalpanjes

Eco.om ca

same word can have a tolally ditferenl meaning, dependlhg

a.

the

pad

atthe canpany 9!!!!!9.

theatre and ape.a.

ltlr
111

lJ tF B![N,r I::8.) 2a$-QtLLalt4A\,

t:trn|

t{ut

Take noteofthese !nusualand frequent!y misused wo.dsi

Cn '! icz

t't trLtltL

n.l larc

an

.nan ||nh y.tt

.om!rodise the.ase

fte .ilerior

C tera

ihe criteia a.e/h ave/we rc

fhe daluh is/has/eas
fhe dala arelharel||e.e

)o- .

d.e 1p

9!!9i!

.iiatks

-.a,iorr do

o,

Tlese words are fo owed

Etaflp\e

"do

ENarlple

glg

The equipnenl
The equiprnent

b,

sr'has/lrad

ElaDlly

qglauity" x

Baggage

nou ns. Th ey th erefore

abaut heatth and secuitv

iol

"'

shu.9

L!s!age

oih ng

Exampre A/-"oborrs qficl! rearr ro rerogris. Lmrrrar /aices aftentuning abautb find
lbe sour.e oitbe sourd X

Sklf.
Ema

B. Yes. vou can

L-lpbr.gln!l

lsl'

m You can add 's" to ihe fo ow ng words-b!r

ir changes the meaning or pad of

!]

ha! - rsl
"ot
[n Company : Yo! nray nrt NLth bad conpar\] yor da nct tnix th bad conpanies
becaLrse compa.y' i. tf s cas., is an rncounrabte noun; co rot clanqe ri6ilfrarorm

:.

ndicates thal the narked lrord s

af un.olntabt. iro!" ;"d

s,,r""td

Even though the following words can be sing!tar or pturat, do not add "s".
These wods .an be lsed r
s^las/has and are/vre/have. .

Exanpe fte lasmariar Iiqcl

fr'as a

nisurdersio.d soecles an.t yf:; btutatty

t e|iielh cen1uft /'

exleminated bytatne,s in lh,. tu::t hell afthe

b -do oatt

Exa'np

E A d (uncountable no!ni= nroney en!ipment. c, seryices prov ded for peopt in need
lndia appeate.J to the incniationat ccthntnitv i.t innediate eEin the dtaightsttick--D

Eranp e Scterlisis hafe !is..lerc.r iLro ner! nr.nkef sp-,ecttqlEl

Ads (countable noun): so.ieh ngthaijs !sef! oi heipt!

ttanspa,encies and ha.ket p.rs a.e lnraiuabte i.:.hing ar'Cs torh..dssed iea.hers

ft An (uncountable no!n)

fte bus,

atres

r,hal

/,lrslntia iilel

the

{e bre:the
4[||ith na\t.tis t]n1es

that dtave

nant

peap e

6 (6ountabie .oun ) = exalseratea beh:!tor,

t,lant peaple distilte i,4?tiila be.rlse sre is []t o:41! .r)C !,aces tha't annay ihe.n
A

a.d

Foren,la-

Thefollowing words are adjeclives, and are noi used as

do not have a pluralform and you cannot a.ld ,,s .
Exampre: Our commuirrry.enrfe rs iolding a series

dan!.r

tutlg.nen!

forrn-do nol add "s".

eq!iprnerls x

atlElptiY

lll

peapte.

t..t, ii tra! inpai lart

A. No. vo! can't "s"

!U These words do not have a plural

^o by a,e/were/hav...
lt ls fo ovred

i ,-ie p!6!44c1-!,

}.N.

4.9 TO "S" OR NOTTO "S',?

Examp e: aovrces, bagga9es.

th.JUd!tUththtlerhr&rU

ra.1ra s/Lvas

\ot r .

i ,N) t'riart

To compromse so.reth nq s ro ofrcrll.e staidards or p!tsometh ng in

As a la\|yer, you shaol.l

Crlleron

t:'N.

t'rcn

e Ev."ry day, marf p/arl alr.r arlna, s!ecres qe.l,iren closet

.\tn .lian, anC if we da nat act i'ast, it nay be taa iate to sa\/e thern. /

ra the

btiikat

tje Anann,ainiaesl

jnlr
ciall or Gralls
l"1.ry Lr.s

at!

$ iat t P.i'(trtt.

t:!tj )tjr

E?ar'1r1:'^

rn{

lcounrable noun)p ece.lski. .ttached to a damalred pan oithe bod!

b.dtr the lie lhat she ha.l ta hare skni glgttto rcpla.e the

blrrr s.

arix:r,ra/

li l:rm iuncounlablc nornl = physl.: nlu./ or dar.age

.rie h!n.n riliiri:' E.iilrslargired lii.rtris.rs oo ro.e tr{@ ihar gcod, a'id rrusl

= compaiions, orthe peopleyo! spend tmewth

canpan'/ ||ha enc.u.age.l hetta smoke,.ldnk and fteq)ent

Compa.es (countab e no!n)=.omi,ec! bus nesses

rre busrress corsurianls;rd irr,l si.gap.r-. lgQpqld! suttet t.on twa ke! pnl)ten1s:
be

/oss

ol.ornper/ireress

rin-r la.k al btanding

lli Compelton (u.countab e nounj

Pair oilhe

: !!n&eG

r/re

loells, .EUsDg i.repn.able d.irage

ly rnaiual and !nski ed trorkers

.4/ilolgir l\ltre is
b6rd, ils sho-"s are dade in caLnlties like Vetnan and
China',!hete lajL.lLis.heap, as peapte in lhe l.ttet ca!)nt.ies arc wittng ta||otk lot less
ir.

Labo!r (ufcounlable nouo)

L.l4!

., Anrlic

espe.

re.so,

had

',orr
w.wtlabaus
al his task every.lay, nn at shhe, naking
i)
ort a fcr dol/a.s yel iool holrs oipatrsiakng work
baskers rhatsir
1 [1a (uncountable no!n]

cea/s

L-.ol.rabnnoL.

ln sorre i.adil(in6/ socielres,

ft.i

sciertisl is

.lrenlt

inl icale

etiers and par.e s

ii

his

ha.ntrg hteak

=b6oill 9 po ..

'r,res

were

.ie,

ser as a nan

pirate propelr

Lro .g rcsea.ch an the prcpenies cfbasrc panlc/es

V/D1.1

tenpetlenl.tn

and nsuliing

an al

.a.dt.l

ererybo.ly,lhe pap slat repent.d a!.d

= d rect or manaqe

Thewoa.len luntitu.e c.npany pnCe! it.ell an the way il corducls ils busnessr 11lrsists
an c.nfaiabie ||atu|ng .ar.rrti..s a,iLr --r.e/lerl oua/ilr, canbinetl wilh enrinrrnenlally

_v

ro cross Jhe

road

l.Shfl (uncountable noun)=dco'ectorolrhflsorexan'ies Thiswcrd siniormal.

us trg ll n yoi,r ess.ys
irer-" lrar so,r-" rary goodddintit. sale last rranlh.
lt)vas atltMltu.t head belore s. Lr.s ror nnefesled

s! avoc

!Lr,f! irs rarth rtth fa.tl

at.r..i

Damag {uncounlable nou. ) = phls cal rarm

atnin,Dty

nilli.n dollats

Danases ('roun plural) =.ompensa( on

The .aud awarde.t lhe aggtiefed wa an lady nlillion dolars in danaqes
Fi Dist n.tion (uncountable .oun) = q!al:l! of exce ence and superiorily
Seniat Ljlinistet Lee Koan few is cansi.l,p,ed a nan af dislitl.lian ih the fleld af politics
having nou ded a stroggtDg ercalany inta a confdenl natian

{countable nou n) = h Sh !rades)

fhe brilianl student scared tve.Istn.li.ns lnthe eraninatians, and\|as awar.led a
D stincUons

presirqlous schoiarship

s.niet mes (adverb) = at nes. occaslo.a

S!4eU49!. lne irairc a s. /rea.y ihii,t rs p.ssrc/e

orce.rrif,

ihe eadhquake.aused rid espre:d ia rraae eslinaled

h.pe lh.t ee .r.r iieel .tga, so/relime soor.

G..do,

opocslon or st!aton ol fon cooperauo.

cond!cl (!ncountab e ioun)= behav.!r

co.d!cts (verb)

lt

s.metme ladverb) = at! tme nthef!tLrecrtheoaslihatis!nknownorthaihas.otyei

I

d/op in sa/es is ihe irterse comoetlion f.cm overseas srpplieF

ththe a4!l in the na.nins, betarc his enplaye. anives.

l,ra or l,lalis ivarb) = !osts Ihe maL

lhe se.relarl rsrar/y D45 the lene.s duing

'Dof,.

iie

ap.lagisad fa, het tnprcies.

fhe ald bask-"t

rhe secr:rary lsrar4r

ro.

Competitons (co!ntable oount = evenl or contesl

Bed'l Eaa eniete.i nanf beall/ co/rreiilrrs lo g.ir expeience belDtelhe lrliss

Aftetlhrcthg
L.bo!.s (verb)=:o

qqJrr'.,ii)1tt

seedy 9anblhg dens

Gr.n or Grans = (verb) tra.sp anl

ir is possib/c to gl?( o/r. spe.ies.ltee anta analhel

smo&ing

2,.at

E Aon-rpaiy (uncountable noun)

She lell in with sane ba.l

tl6n! stror.s lrar,r ,lof.n lh.r

t::r)

E?ij,ftrr

appa.iunity, and is setine oee]\|eiqtn

Gossip (uncouniable noun) = id e :; k !rouidless tumo!r

rvrs Loo ioves lo rcaC r/re ialesi q!$,it.borr Ho/irv.o.rslars in lhe lalloiC ner?sp6pers;
sne retshas ere,7rlicy lirbit ihar slre rri.ks irp ab.ur ihetiove /ives aid olhererpr.ils

p.r Gossips (couitab e nounl : : persoi .r seleraL persons who gossip

Erery Wednesday alie..aans, /,,rr. Loo goes ro .ne Crcket Club to join hetfelaw qassi.)s
lat toa and analhe. t.rn.i.f scirtillatirg n.!||s abaul athet peapl].
Goss

F GGft (uncountable io!.)= co.!pto.

Ihe accarrta.t ||a. nnptist)ned i.t g!e11, as

he

ha.l.nbezzled arc.lau ni1lia. CallaB

]hn Ctrn!
c. Ygu b4!e !9lqe!!,!b

gl

qttlrd tnrt r 20a3 Ela:l-.'1nLA

Ore.i rrr! /rosi pesslng orob/em

11rs

ti

.ot

be d

sli.cied cy the lord cne

3.i

Lrnde.nlrif rlrrt D.!r.i 8cnhan is one oitlre nrlsi ptzcd oossessiong

a.y laclba I .tub.a. lay

ns hands

an

116l

"
"x

ors in grammar and expresslon in the three sets of exercises belov/,

and cotrect them. They are all irom st!dents' essays.

[3 ln some cases, you will need to guess whai the student had in rnind, and lhen restructur6 and re"express the idea. (S!ggested answers are provided at the end of

ln recent years there s an n.reasinq f !mber oi iuven le de nquents

2.

Many yea6 back thev believe lhat the sL. revove aro!.d the earth

,1 Siice youilt re

are to d lhat

Slnce an eary

aqe t

Aliho!glr he

tall blt

rs

Alihodgh he ls

liy

,p^p

L llin!

-b6

16 E.r .cdFraGr

6\'

wrong to stea

s the r aim to

succeed

The peaple

orered Mcondil /one/

it

Teleni/ialents (countab e noun) : spe.ia apl:l!de o/iacLr ry highnenla ab ty

Maza n ttas rery yar ns ||hen nis p:.ef rs discc /ered hts
nusic, ard he
blelj
pelDm.d iar lhe Austian c.an b.ia.e h. vas !e. rea,s.t.l
plrl Eastroodls a nar |riil in:rf ra/errsr rre iicts, crccrs, ,!rires, composes nusic ard

t;

_ or 6 j . ounr.bte o.,n
'
D gAa'a.lc
ro .o -- o.-

16- -, \-- ..r1

-a. e.b-oa..rc.s- bF.... ..atd.c ..ga.,l
^. a

:.

F Value 1!ncou.iable noun ) = ilre wort|. .js reb til! or !t it! ot a ih ng

Litercttre has a lat at !n!t!9 as n gives ff instqbihio runan inture ani t

ie

express our.reepesi reeltrgs

Val!es {noun plLr.al)

-d,Tq t

uL-

= one s pr

va L,es (verb)= apprec ates

V/ark is nuch niate fllflling ii yau enrtalet rcaiir,

ir''!aslei!ncounlabte noun)

re.enl !ea.s lherhasbeenani crease n tlre numberoll!ve.iede)fque.ls

lrre

5ui revolved aro!fd th Earlh

Enember llre tl,clra. Flv .cdenl ol a few years aqo

ftlEj

to

-g'

-,!bbsl

is inponanlt.lind nae etfe.lv. nezns.id.atng rlith tr.Dsehatd

.tnning aul aflan.l that.en bc !s!; io.krdri,r.

tli

u,

y.L. c.ntitolbn.

1!

-,,i".

"tp"

icip es or sr.id:rds

a-

Po "

lh.i

.""uo";..'-r'"'''"'"".""

yet he s lre I liked

Lrlany vears aqo Feorr-o bell-cved

des rab e atibLrres. Note ihal

Ihestghlolrbeexrrrsirecarinth.sha,taantwnrlovttotlut'sSta.tereveNtinehe

yoLfg ceop are !nablc to rne.l up lo tire expectatons oflhe r pareqts.

il l,lai\'p..o. si

to i/re presrde ntiat cerdidale

s!ppods (couniab e noun) - !id:rc ni n!

Dul.glhe eanhquare the sr-celsulr.ts ir./dfg !r rhe San Frarcis.c BrdEe st..ied ic
cE.k and buckle a.d peaple fi.ed th.t th.)) ||ajtd si,/e ||ay

V\rastes (verb)

s!rp!/t

ls so

Lo

roChdren-rc--n..draqedtostLdylraidThe!shoUdioobeenco!.aqedlopadcpat.

I
2

tuil1tr.

Todures (ve.b):to;.,1.1D

he carnot play b.sketba

'P-

8.

tt.ltt-q

wher we descrlbe persois .f la enl lhe piir.a form s s ,1a enf

The Slngaparc saremtrent a.!r'.U seets aut lareisr GblIL belisrirg thafthese peopte
wilh thei./Jive.se abi ities .an .ant.ibute g.pa y ta ihe natian

b--.

),

fl, Talent (uncouitable noun) = a peEo. cr pe6ons w

llJ Note slso lhatwlral ioliows is a S NGLILAR verb

Exampe: One rilhe rrosi inpadant co.si.te Etians ?E.
/
Example Ore.l he /easontfu the clecline ij
4,10 Find the

cr''\rr | '. ! slt

s.allered lhat rt is qrite poi/e./.ss.

Pa.enis ,eed 1. 9^/e duch .nrotior n/ s rppod ro rh eil c/rtdrcn lNore rhe ! se of .nr!. .
Noi nrefy' s nc-a sdpp.i s ar Lr..o! rtab e r.!n 1-er?)

rle rspid depletion orlossir lre/s X

la2

CiN'ti;

E Suppod (uncounlable no! i) = allesiance or suppoders oi comfort

Ihepady3 sirppo.l

Yo!mlsilsean s ntr.se.orstrlcto.s
th nk ihar e s n!! ar foln lornr rs rec! rea
Erample

ILt

lhe s occlrswhenstlrdertsuselhephrase.. oneolthemos!

A .ommon iror w th
argesLrg.eatesi elc

Exarnt -.:

JCa 9a

: !se.xraras..r

These words are !suatty usd as

.-

Mst9, es||e 2rc

..P td.-

co ect ve nouns. so do not ad.j

Iiruil lledcat.n Res.ar.tr Sl.fi Slfern!

eatnrent

an iisii

1t,ra

.n E n ) a.r 3!t!ai: t::!' i :nii) qa..lt'1 ja

tfr" ; 1)

l6Theyo!.qpopleoflodzyareexpectedlobethofutdrel'adersolthecountry'solhe
prob.f, cltuveil. nein!uencJ_ musl be soved ronr
'"!e shoud p.r allenlon lo e!er\"thing lhar hajr..fs tc

lir'r

st.ics rh. cr nc rale s I qll

rhe united

rilIeusA I sr.spe.t tor senior c 1]zens s.rtlr.rse.rNote St!dents are advsd

nike su.t :i?e!..g sta:ni? ris .r rr3lbo!r slclr i -rt'F'ellicns )
2C S.nre

4
5
6
7
5
!

slep lo su"ess
considerihe passlng ol erams l. be iire riosl
'rucla
6d \
rr4

te.p.

not

10

r f!

l0

Zrliirs tre"a*ie WoCje;iL beini!encdbvlhemtostrdv

sucks 1o a

qro!p;flr

ends who smoke soonero.

2? Thev oiter coDrnrt.rimes

Ameican:o!s klled

t!ith.!i rea sinq

ts

aterhewi

efl.ct s!ct

24

tf.t

Le!sjeais

a\ch lvatches, C!ess wa ets ard Esp tcloihs.

pa

!.r

in sho{ ng thai ihey vai!e the

a .ome a day where most ol llre leclo!s

There

,t

Th. I

2 merers

.11

h.!sen.rC chores

ii

ke

\ork

rcb.l nlenied 5! Jap.nese

the

I s nie.ds;tre !]ccd

he may be

llrolr offrenli rir. srrol.. hc s

yo!'g

wo!Ld be done by robols

i.

slarl

rn.k

eng neers !s almed lo hela

ng as

24.

$e m:v prevefl

ih'n lron

5qe(.h ualclres G!ess \taiels ara E3prit cLolhes these are some oJthe
fashlo. ltenrs that teenaqers crave

Lev.lJirs

Lle

Acadmicqua,fical.rs.ieverrrJ..i:Lair.S{rqapo,e
ilany,iounq
anyloung pe.pLe
Oe.pLe are

!.ab.l.

meet lhe

elcectll.ns ollhei plrenls

elpectll.ns

Chidren are f.ouraqed lr s.Jcy rra,l iheysrro!dalsobeen.olragedlop!ncrp.ie.

s!!!.r

ae liv

n!

dysfunclona homes thls res! t ng !n nrore

10

the shoolings that take p ace da ly.

l he lesserlime they have wln th. parents,lhey ar more lkely lo l!rn to lhei.friends

l5.NowaCays 5L leens a.e slpposed io exce and lor those who dontwil llrn to iak ng
16 Young peop e are tbc tltdre eadelsofthe.ounlrysolheprcbemolllvenre
delinqren.y musl be soled now.

18

p.y atlenlion to whareler trai happens io them

n States. there

sahgh.rnerete

'

is. r thc.ise

20 Some p:cp e ere tak n! exiims to be lhe r.osl ctuc al step to success
iee that r s : nanoN m nded i eir .n the r part

ln

te, wh ch

'1e

22.lhe!.ilen conrm I a.r ie ulihcul rea srn! lls ioss!le ellects. (The ollrersefle'ce sh'!i be
.f, ired.r lr. rrmp. s nefie.l,. Aso !o! sh.u d b.r nol beslr. sente'ce w(h Such rs
thecrsewhen Possbe elt.rnati!e s!ch ls the caso whn teen'g8rs steal a car tor a
iovr de orcaus atraflic.ccidentwhenlhe! specd )

:3 3y!lLnJlr'eto!.!erlenra:onthe:llenloNlh.vth.veon

su.ceed n

(Omit either'aLthoush or'y.11

17 \^/e sho! d

ini!e...d b/ llrem lo slldv Howevr' ilre dixes w(lr

ike y

m to

or'b!tl

19. n USA d sresoecl iorthe e d.rs

2r

r:

14 Only wlren so.Lety changes ihen the ioungerqenerauon be safe.

26 For.x.mpe. Captaif Planel a nisio brn! across tho dea oiconseryauon znd addtess
pr.b sns r.e Fo !ton detorestaton .zo.e deFleir'n en'l soo'

2i

a. eary age, it has boen

(omit either'arthouqh

l3
a

rrLr' !r rr{lr

yolng re nr! l.d llar r swror!l.stea

12 Th s ava labi ty ol weapons .onst t!1es

ls aSainsi the Itw

r.ys

are

'i1 Some youngsiels nay lco

juve.le dellnq!erts

as ihe case when n{o

a lln e gn

25 Notto.!ellnrg the govemme.t also

From

tim. we

On the conlrary' if he
also sian snoking

23Bygllrnothe!o!rgergene..tonlheatle.t.n(hevllrr!eon1hvmaynotgoa'o!nd
doi:q th n!s

From the

,, r lG

oo nq

rr

Also,5o.ie yo!.!si3:s mat b.lEm aysfunctiofaltafrllies anl:ir

cases ofjuvn le delinquefcy

12

Thr.valab r!cf weafo.scontrtbutestotheshool.!slhallakepacedat/

'

-lAs!

j o ,,
,- \o^ .a

" .d-.

s may

.1emo,et.eJt\"vrr".o,c

res! I i. nrore

o.

"

.-

"9" ..e,o".leo..-,"

..or_o!.^todono.m!,.

.oo..

ttw

CtongJC2

Ealutttit I:'E3,20a3-9?A

25. The governmentalso pays a parl in promoting such prejudlce

varlous policies thatlhey value th. young more than the old

:,tL 4l

b! showi.g, through thelr

26 Caplain Panel helpsto put across the idea ofconseryation toyolnO viewers by addressinq
prcbems llke po uiio., deforesl.tio. aid ozone depletion.
27 Threwillcome

daywhen mosl lediouswo* willbe ione by robots

28-lhel.2melertall,chidlkerobotinventedbyJapanesee.gineerssdesignedtchelpwth

4.11 Now, fot sonefDn..,

Oo you

As qulcky as possb e, try to identfywh ch oflhe following are homonyms. and which

knowthe

fference beh4een a homonym and a homophone? i you don t.

a)We pollsh ihe Polish

fLrm

ture everyday

b) He could ead if he cou d get ihe lead o!t.

c)A larm can produce prodLrce

d)The dump was so full t had

10

e)The soldierdecided to desen

reius rciuse

rn the

desed

f T'eo"seqt "good.r- oo,e.".. t .pr" -rr

g) At lhe Army

base a bass was painled on the hean ai the bass

drLrm

h)The dove dove iflolhe brshes

i)id

d notobject to Ihe object.

j) The ins!rafce iorlhe nvalid was nvalid.

k) The bandage was woond around lhe woLrnd
l)

Thwas a row among ihe oarsmen abolt how to row.

m) Theywre too close to ihe aoor to

cose t

n) The buck does lunny th ngs when lhe does are present

o)To help wih

antiig. ihe farmor talght his sow to sow

p)The wlnd was ioo strong io w nd ti,e sa

q)Atter a n!mberofNovoca n iiiectons, nylawgot n!mber

r)

sheda tearwhen s.wihe lear n my.lolhes

s)YoL can shed your clothes

t)

had

1()

ihe woaden shed.

sublecl the subject io a series of questons on the subject.

u) How can

nlimate lh s 10 my mosi

v) I spe.i lasl evenino even nq

.!t

i.t

rnale f. end?

a pie of dirt