Chapter IT Paris: Centre of Intellectual Ferment RALPH P. LOCKE Th nie ol itech eect Sat erybere redeiing ‘the terms of political and culsural debate, we ap cl arf Stak ca ranging ramifications for the basic st ior sid acl RD Se ace a a ie Serta fh at senna ge Th esc comes ih et fn ts musical resoures yet deeply incl deeply resistant wo the demands of ue Hea ete na sey he sled? Le fveanent intr nad th tr ‘rane was called to acount during ie eas years ofthe Revlon ‘daborategrends mote per cater performed atthe Chapelle Royale and Note Paris: Centre of Intellectual Ferment ips the gis is of Jen Piipe Ramen and Gish) aa te ab Oper, ase pvirmancen oP yd Johann amie ind Fa a Frans Om a purty acti oe er ey nwt am action ihr ny tat comet, mn Be pele 20 enh the Chapelle Royale had ben Shu dwn Oe sr ae Goner Spl cence TEL and my cat a ing te opera howe tou! uch of Se 9 sua Beh oper aml concer icone ~ alee a audi poe! frre diseussed below) eis mt ovate had employed sey hundred intrione Fae eae edhe were, hundreds of musicians he atts ard Shc Garde Royale ander esemblen tached rand rei and yet moe wh made hi ing in ae inte ollaue of the monarchy a gt earel mayo these musicians ete and theo ono Sd ter Kids of work! Foun to subst on Pee of bande were formed fore by the Navona fo some aurick inte and diplomacy of 2 young ies Guard thank 3 ee. These enembls tended 0s Bene same er drums than the dozenmember oben Sa id larger, too ~ sometnes sore than 4S PAYS he ami ec ws founded on ror fr SE sro gai ok he name Consevatie National Supra band corporately professor om the fre oe Monin a7 i loaned in 17), ing acta of 118 (ahs Ral a Cage gi fl: he modern ee) a {abou few 20 it CherbintChavien Carel and Jean Fran, sactcomperce Sains Pee Balt and Prete, Rode ond 96 fe Sueur bras players asthe basaonst Eenne Ov and ae Nuome Fredrse Nicolas Duvernoy a tne Fr hat he atin Consent, at ine of as ay se mes ee aitocrats and Absit, OPS nei, wie bodes would agree wo aah and subsidies hector oged ering over 80 stats ee traning oF ination ha reps suceeded in proving 8 GG 105 at thing i ike tr of ropa sone and hor) spurns er 1300 sch pice were rien Been 7 en, be ise ohh, 2 Pa permanente inal amy PAS Re then ot Bs eltvly simple ices ined e ung Oy re ine ar unzo, many were se 0 week 3 ine pee yal the choral hysons were new compowed axes ad ete, in varying deters, sympatiei the Seals eeThe Early Romantic Period of the Revolution; by 6 + most notably Gossee, but also Exenne-Nico Mehul, Le Sueur, Cherubini, Cate, Rodolphe Kreutors Hoek Mona Bena Ince Pel ancl others Th" Nw, Heo ral of the most suc revolutionary songs ~ includ gi! (17) and a Cormagmt 188) ang a aes “hat ike the repeated cheap printings in which the songs were iscue, fiited the dibuton and pecan Ax fr Ue ely come pase songs (and the simpler of the choral ym). Claude Jocee Rouge de Lin's La mei (1792) typical any Rapes ‘apid march character, recutent use of tate and upbeat deced ‘hh figures reminiscent of witay fanares spare texture ie fe publication simply gives miclody and words over an struments in) and tou of minor mde at ee the tea (the reminder that the enemies of revolutionary France were causing ihe Rn com ight nora ote te ok {ns and wives) Alo ical the somes ebacrpton oe ad sen specie wards and ingen goverment propaga, The fice mean ova agains Bai nd hosed ides kates, covent Teendard den guerre et deploys! Marchons! and indeed had repeated the call “Aun emer, lcyen several times, Rouget de Lie echoed this retorted peste by placing the same rae atthe head of his refrain ® Ahough Rouget de Lisl’ song had been writen in Strasbourg dere i Chant de gure pr arts do Rh Pasar frm a tation avin fom Afar, hence is ateped ume Songs such as Lamas became prime weapons in the voto Paris: Centre of Intellectual Ferment ar arsenal and ke other weapons, could be wielded in spontaneous “ns unpredictable ways: using the thee Sears in which France mat ‘Shed the National Convention (1792, Including the so-called Teor and the Thermidoresn reaction), theatre audience bated symbali ee ate inate een ele Se revolutionary “purge” of ait ? owed linures and of the “excessive ‘avs: Centre of Intellectual Ferme aon gr the band ey att Nay re very tare sound ace ma modern cOneeTE we ey ad ama eo a ‘a cherabin, fl ta aco Spe oT ‘phonic works Ce te aden ance Moyes ‘eichrd of Bee eel ad Tee 7 tang 88 at wa pn ee ni a ee Ea ge a Uke US ae am Rast tal Bc mpl dl st 1 lo it 9 IN S179 Prange ei 2 ior en Ca la Danian i dae eet A i pa ead ald ON ‘woul Bele a cen fons oO le te scale eel yh 2 a me ee ved» PTS ey ena ena et ne eS como co kaora ms weon aval ases ic er pn ori oa Read PA EY sonia coms gence ofthe Revolution oe anes, and ao mk om muni We volta fag up in abundance the 1705 ar ae cates WO Pr ccm pe ea of Het or oo paral pig ery (eb). NE ent ne lr, ei ee chery a an mat) Pa on yen a hed wale emt such able 98 Pi Et ouesed ior ina eet ne and more GT ae wa cry a TE filed the shat pation Gn 1791-2) en ee crcouneel Tare and the hd TET PY ns oi pes eed Sines Ded Po pal cna Pe te dere ace enh a Tibet Fae vere wer sc er oe Ba a ere Pardes ened yy hintaan PS supp rentonaies i he aude Ee ay dug I Ro ag si bien Jacobi rule, mbes the pat 8 Peat a th a etn Ten un Sef pe onary songs a Hynes were com and ———=— STThe Barly Romantic Pevod hat he prope of Pais a ere most heal involved in pf ‘rng hme aia Thine gr RE Hs three years of the Revolution, when Louis ‘vas stil Stoeger he Sta nyt hn ficial pie elation si eine iol ens sacha the Te dei ad De pean a ihe pegs ek ‘aged ten bc nt pare exe ep featenal suppers” inthe sweet dnd singing an dancing mand Ebola) During he terpenes afte Et isu the re ati works ntti ym by Mel snd Soar avin multiple horus and wets” et ioratingy wo be perdido n dears arma chee . limited and even hand-picked a Tesenlng ‘eter inte de hp mer st Tres when B08 Natal Card ies a a satbered in Pris for the Basile Day Festal sd pose ships, {o ate agains th invading Prussian and Aus oops Caged up, sith ehonay fear ye aly pe Ip ea the ack onthe Tues Puaee ot ued 'prisonment and execution of the king. ae THe caPrTaL oF 1 Cc THE CAPITAL OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, Napoleon's accetono power, in 0D}, owed France mo is tar ring Certain achievements of the Re on el equaty for men an SSsem,stltnect open tue Sa ances Napolons er fam + ist cons 179, then as empeo ew phase of sab aod pet. “rs pra acs the Coe volun, ling ea coe ‘niet centred Sinisa ingup new markets French mantis Jy bought hemi anny tobe oy ae any ai or elegance and virtuosity in th nd uci symins offauy and pee wan “hare by eat falteprenewral dass at wells by the new Napolenie Seigy ‘porters and marshals of Napecon wo whom heawardedhreity inten cre posto nth jdy and essay inf daplay, During is eal campaign he had bene foot ANE Lume aad often exeravagandy florid operas: now he aébanage of rigs to pb and rare sep the Ther Tain, devoted to pertoning works by sh cmon Dg Cinta nt Ca sa a : wsisoned by Napoleon were barely dnguied Paris; Centre af Intellectual Ferment pgeans in honour of he emperor a i ri congue 1 he Page hts homages tothe "Sum King’ but ~ expecially atthe Beale ap with the bombast and brass developed for the eesionary festa Tecan ned certain revolsionay traditions when they sited He Meet not hesitate to undo others: He shut dowa all but nie of ti etre and imposed stict repertory gukines on dhote the Ose. His Concordat seh the pope of 1801 fed to the that (Gement of the Chapelle, wader the diet of Pili and rane rardn, Ferdinando Pac, hy 1810, under Le Sueur the choi aed 3 ara the ort 50. Throughout the country church aa ued greatly during the revolutionary decade, and con encouraged the work of Alexandre Choro, fret, wel Need spokesman for the Catholic musical heritage, including eetgoian chant and Renaissance polyphony ‘Ric's empire, sesingy 20 stable about TB1O, was already vechang to erumble ander own weigh in pata is ever See campaigns ried im to exact money and fighting men Fea Slte state, cresting resentment and ccrasionally open re aa the quetrila war in Span. His folhardy decison in {Bla awa Russi was the brgnang ofthe end, impart because i Fee ee asfor European pvers tnt liane against him: two Year IRS Rec hun thus fives had een Tost bates and aration, he ageed to abdicate “Ty de ofthe Bourbon Restoration were dogged by the shadow at'dhe firmer emperor. To many Frenchmen, Napoleon ead a mee the sual deals the Revolution and the spisiof eee goa tn [815 he escaped from Elba and with stall rm rete Gar scarring ino exile wt he was finaly overwhelmed at ‘Wueroo, Such turbulent shifts polities naturally led, tha yar, © arae ave of ong battles on the stages of the nation’s Largest Ses) “Fhoughout dhe Restoration the Bourbons’ lack of 2 clear man: date sented. in wavering and insecure cultural policies defined eee bys dei wo rer tothe practices ofthe ein rine. AC Te Uhathcatire Soreste and Goce were dismised from thei Peston, salaries and budgets were drastically cut and the emphasis Ponies Fea wasted back fons sstrumental mse (0 pera TByusecuering, n'a way, te Conservatoire’s absorption of the Ele Repaid Chant during the Revolution). Cherubini who ha not Reva von with Napoleon, wa nwted to serve ax conectr with teeeeeearthe evergrowing Chapelle and (rom 1822) a director of {Kesestrgctured Conservatoire. With government support, Choron 1s tun school fr church sean the Init de Musique ollsieue Cissigue. The taste for Hallan opera, oficialy encouragedThe Barly Romantic Period ‘hepa of lochine Ras Conant a age or in the political songs that made the rounds of the eae pa Sour nthe of weal da oar, Seely a el he Vico Southend le Rocher, ihe Mise oe afmujor new these the Oper 1 and eden ese wes as pte te pa yee tas important steps towards French grand opera, 5 ‘nea a ew sea m4 leew part by refusing to respond to the need for agrarian reform, by {eine recap fred erp dyeing ‘an Te rt a hs ga sss at ae wan rc pede {See Se the Sahn eee ea set to well-known tunes, attacking privilege and censorsh pend ‘summoning up visions of Napoleonic glory and the noble sue i corer po tows ae ne case he ee Imprisoned wie, ‘his message travelled through city and town on. rap songsheets and in collections, sore authorized by h = Pirated, with combined press runs in the teas. of thousands. ae {reed aon paises Pr J 8 et il tines The ssc of eyo Renee a Ege paca compromises King (Laus-Phipe, ofthe Orlane ieakling aos ay ees te the Blt fone ion tl eo ae ‘Sint Suc) Kw dys ioe ey Paris: Contre af Intellectual Ferment Louis-Pilippe knew that a monarch, even a constitutional one, «etc to many fhe wo ough in the fly dae sd were would be pole as well a» fancal advantages in Logi mos obvi the royal prerogatives in the as: Be er sulting down Choron' school to the dress of sch a ey Beto who appreciated the high standards incubated ‘musc lmaned ihe Chapel, the Musique do Ret andthe se ade though he eventually restored all of them at & more "The acw royal family preferred diferent may of ina ting de as comtiating money to benefit concer” put on Fore musicians, the Beseftaies bring oceasonally “he oe ound (a the July Reveuton) but more te the Pere etomang, he fyal award was rarely based om Sinai arth Sargent opera sar Chua Pasta recived 1000 francs foreach ree erin TST compared with the meagre, 30 oF 6D ans sowed on many a leseedown and poorer artist Tin polly may reflec he vegime’s desire to encourage the cauttuepeural apis im France: the organizers of a benef concert ae Gite King eequesting bis patronage, muchas today One ec Sppls or foundason or goverament grant. More rankly cre eRe alas Louis Philipps solution to the vexing problem eT easning cote atthe Oper he Tease the franchise for rina see nett se oe or more years ata te to a series of willing aeessiminstraors The fist snd mos lua as Dr Louis ‘Sosa beinesman who had assured himself ofan anal acome Mateo tne by marketing, through the newspapers, a chest balm dhattekad neveven invented Veron as easy able pu up 50000, Tren ands the 25,000 demanded by the government the Fst TEane domAlexandee Marie Agoado, a fabulously wealthy Baancier Shl'werchan fom Span who tn 11 had served Napoleon's army ‘Toceupation hee ‘Tne government must ave te some qualms about nding sch an important showease over entirely to market force for continued ie peeage a subaay, st reduced, and to isis hat all pla and Indes be cleared witha governmentran commission, Simi remem seket pees seemed fo sbagen thatthe lower asi Reetboalyweleeme inthe naon’s grandest theate (the cheapest {ats were? loner and 2.0), im practice the Opéra remained nearly SSUithe ithe Thali itaen: bones of our to six sents were Suysel ony thi emery and ee Beach Seat in the st sad appermost lve could note reserved in advance, & Patni inconvedfenc excep to staat (male student: the parece eee bounds to women) Veron and the commission actualy SMEI tne lowering the prices ofthe least desirable Dose, ince Areal ack atacing tothe Opa the lower cases whoo one Trost lveThe Early Romantic Period might hold in high esteem, but with whom good society doesnot ke Tohave contact ‘The Pats of Louis-Philippe was widely ecognized asthe musical ‘apital of Europe: Insurumentl viruses Heke therein ener ore umber: now they played easy in public halls al het espe were reported inthe relatively Inexpensive, widely read dally news papers of the new bourgeois age. Foseign composers whe were noc Primarily pesfrmers~ Gaetano Doniet, the young Wage ae fame hoping to make dhe fortune, as Pact ail Renan had dene inder the Bourbons. The splendour ofthe Opéra, he briliance ofthe concerts — ffom Beethoven's symphonies vo appearances by he Violinist Nicolo Paganint~ and rapid growth in music publehingg insicument manufacture and jouralim made masieal icin Pare lively and strking'a- manifestation of Romantcinm. an Tulscohes Paintings or Hugo's Heron and Ler wisebles As Hugo's plays and novels may reminds, French Romania had a rather lige component of social eicisn and concerned ‘musicians responded accordingly, expecially during the early TBR. Besior actualy took wo the tees wis revolvers hand ding the July Revolution (though he are too late to use fhe had een Sequevered in the Pix de Rome examinations during most of the fighting). Bein, Prana Liat, Féliien David and Béranges, were {mmong the musicians who paid eager attention tothe eacings ofthe SaintSimonians or other socal and eeligions reformers uch se the Aye Falcé de Lamennais. David became Sane Simona are ‘composed choruses for the movereas communal xetdemen sts Paris Tana Béranger, Giacomo Meyerbeen, omental Haley sod numerous others encouraged and asssied Wher (pean ot Guile Boequillon} in hs planet build choruses school pps and member ofthe working Gass “This patelpation of workers and bourgeois in a common effort was ot as easy achieve on the politeal font. In 1831 snd again ty 1834 the sik weavers of Lyont and other workers tose in tac ‘gait inadequate pay and working conditions and were Besta Supprescl by the government. Is late 1835 censorship was restored, and i 1840 the conservative Fangs Guigot was invalled Ss poe ‘inser, clear signal of the governments resolve tw squash dee Middle-class supporters ofthe warkers’caune, including Bereaes and Lisa, now tended to hep thee pala opinions to hemacheg | February 1848s coalion of student, workers and the mle lass overthtew the government and ‘established a repute teat romised to take seriously the problem of hunger an wncanployrient that had been hidden under the surface of Louis Philippe eeee Pais. Quickly, though, the demand ef the more rate sepubliers (for example the establishment of cooperatives andthe nationals aris: Centre of Intellectual Ferment 2 a pace of BES oma Stored gon the estes, who awed aya ted and [ought version ofthe cooperaves pany the so-called trorkshope’, to be seu up. In Sree ahaa ced ha oval wonahops Protesters led the secs and bul barca al tbe gunned down by the army; at last 1500 died nc ‘teem nny mete histo Ale) Aer th epioe lobe than any the aria. ren Revol, he may wa a on apart ee Naps sc nephew of Napoleon, used his agi nna Cte December 184 ecto am 1 ead France he itcton ofa tem empire, wbih ie pocatrd 152 aking the tne Napolon TH, [Bug i selemposed exe, dabei ‘Naplcn ep) With the Second Empire came ten years of sel econoc ym ap ehien yeas bon ad uta ‘Shenton: dy wl of Otenbacs an-ane mars the eign crate THs an age termined to drown all memory of th lodbath hat hal givens bith pa sal cece res ar he Fovermment abolished the Bonaparte, Sens to nl ‘THE DOMINANCE OF THE VOCE Fe centuries French composers as well as asiencs and bureaveratsThe Early Romantic Prod shag of mae prianiy ae an at ke owed Init plcandclios ceremony ater a aso ofindepen ‘ent stature. Though instrumental music grew in importance over the SO.year period Tuner discussion, vocal music in is various maaifet. competing interests ‘and unspoken forces within French society. 7 “Ror ent compar hay eh for Paris, and for good reasons. The high status that the French Iau uring a ‘minteccuth cemmury near all the swuscians cdeced to the Académie des Brow-Arts were opera composers. as Geet Auber ro Ambroise Thomas (the one exception, The. ore Dubois, was best known for another largescale voeal gente, ‘Set aa) Telednghowes el alr compa sine shane mene es awn msn mine mae Te be ges oe pes Se hoc ane dg a og ly 8 fers aap ete cols iin cose svete ine tan ehpetamane iriapemt sae ge Seep why cd eg sre mf sb camp er gy see wages Wadi ef mee Tent pt og ‘craig we eompninen tw py ars speci lore and raion tach ‘tthe Thee dela eeseSl ccnp etre to eg ec ong nd recat nbn en Sa Se Se et ee ao ae What santa a at tel a Sat ‘ve ped advance the pl hee ihe ms of mse theatre jenaeden pram agen wep Ses iimeranfncechnie eaned PVR Emer pb seme aitho ering he Basen prom nal an Pala Dots upd; ned tat weld yous up ow. Prerevolutionary tadions did ions didnot entirely disappear during THe Despe jecons ron republic juris ane goverment Pays: Contre of Intellectual Ferment certain ode operas were sill mounted a he Opéra and one ceo apne, Tan Taian 2p, ae ORS theta monster who would dare rae Bae sr Fin was genom 2 aaa 1785 the dy Las XV ai dea (pepe ough, the ie in question wat Sa spt of Chir’ ue amen coed via (et) woul aay be dust othe ak iam ng lens of fee country many ofthe ariel of ong Gey thong ot the 00 ply coalst Rind cs tinued to hal the stage right through the Jobin am asingys though, operas of new Kind were created, dealing en nh evn ofthe Revlon, sed a dhe wil ere nice of meen year-old Aga Vin wo eh Pe she ebles on a pontoon bridge in Provence that 9 raat ocr Operas aso ade pla pois roxas ee eh ales of ive wre from ancient hing: i sat ty LDH, mic the ete Ante Vincent Mehul Heri rt to prone is patios, he Bro of the tle aaa re nd Vila) destroys. bridge, thereby haling the tech ee ne by frege oop? Hymne of the Revolution Imation no aborted in he body ofan opera co make explicit ser somes rest suppor fore new social de A well 6 {grec gunn’ enh comaiting haldonen or oma, Mes or te chance toler the Tatest walt vocal ma ne wrishap of Loon Poget or Antoine Remagnés ra imei oe New Year “bonis to ther faihl subscriber. Fairer me, a tude of Auber, turned out se 40 such ae og Buse’ produced five albus beancen TASH and ee 2 2 TiS the dramas and pot of her songs) Gustave PRUE the charm tena of Beranger wee ated 0 De enn gay ofthe same comport: place of he fallsones a eee danoesunes that Béranger sed, Meisonni Fe eet coal el) and Auguste Pasero future sng Hanne ine onsrvtare) provided elegant vehicles that matched ar range’ eae beter than bad is chose tunes ut aa cer ef de sturdy confidence and ionic nt that mage HS eer spiel and socal comment. a ome, owever sical commercialy ees te dalenge abot 10 hy aaron more eandig ca a Hipely Monpo, an imaginative and exer accompanied ne stn compost, and the more dpi rena a ed omgs that mark the mats the genre Beri en rom rome tothe tore subsantal mde (he anaemia Schubert lide, many a which were pubThe Barly Romantic Period ~ in dread wanslations but to great acclaim ~ during the Jug Monarchs) Berlio's Les mas tw cyte of si songs to texts by Thaxplle Gautier, shows a wide range in style and mood, om the light!stropic pleasantries ofthe opening "Vilanele to the quast operatic "Le spectre de Ia rose andthe haunted grit of "Sar fey Ipunes (Heros later orchestrated the song for tue in his many! concerts in France and abrosd.) In this cyl, especily, Berg lake the path for composers sil unborn, notably Gabriel Fae, Hears Dupare and Claude Debuss: Choral and sired music during this period underwent drastic shit fod changes, During the Revolution, sacred tnsie as sh all but disappeared, though we have noted the ave of certain styles and fomventions ‘of sured susie inthe tial yas: Alter Napoleon festored Chiisan worship in 1801, some of the best componers ‘eelenmedthe chance ocaltivate agin genres that unt the Revelation Thad ben among the ast highly valued and the most serious Gccasonaly the resemblance to ceremonial works ofthe revolutionary year i paricalariy aking the moving Mav nfigine that Cher bint wrote forthe moment during Chatles Xs coronation when the ‘monarch took Communion could easly be mistaken for one of the Solemn marches othe Revolucion. Vet there ean be ite doubt that ‘Chenabiniwas sincerely devoted to writing religious rie: the masses forchorus and orchestra tht be composed dating the Restoration are Finely worked and deply et, oering grandeur without vulgarity and areecneness that never Coys, Le Sueur, a less conventional ‘compone n every way, produced fr the Chapelle a series of quirky bt dramatic and imaginative Latin orsoron on biblical heroines (Rut, Deborah, Rachel) as well as other oratories wing 4 diverse And personal astemblage of texts, for fstance the thee he wrote for the Aorementioned coronation of Charles Xin 1825. Le Saou’ church works are filed with stage directions (largely uarealizable) Sand marginal comments tothe performers the result of his eaings towards opers and also of is widernnging curiosity and rete: Inellect. The harmonic syle is often extremely simple, suggesting CSnscous desire to explo the large resonant spaces of ethedal Such as Nowe Dame and recalling the eectve barenes uf many ‘evolutionary hymns ‘A the very binning of his career, Berlor thought to make his mark with an Imposing. sired. work, a, mas, fom which the “Resurreitas finally absorbed Sno his Reuter (Grande mee der snot) oF 1837 I the vividness and biasing originality ofthe Requiem. {esis to hi compenition lessons with Le Sveur, che slid mastery of {exture and proportion can flly sand eompariaon with the est of Paris: Centre of Itllectual Ferment sats en et Ren (in Fchrate Louis-Philippe’s escape from an assassination autem tan eth four brass bands and sixteen kettledrums, based on the catty Ree made his admiration for those traditions even plainer ig aang Sr (epson arte srt the ‘anniversary ofthe July Revolution) Eade ech we soa certhe accompaniment of a raucous, i-tuned serpent, Hardly better cet Ste a sae atoreidance, tothe best traditions ofthe French Barogue in ee at a time when other organists, such as Edouard Batiste, wl anh lt ee in seed i thin Dm a i ak ha Oy Toe et eae a ee Th a se tan il fe 185, bu sen yang Geman oer oils Nicermeyer and 0 vee ru of eB a Cte on Ghimane