UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

TEST 2
SEMESTER I
SESSION 2014/2015

COURSE NAME

HYDRAULICS

COURSE CODE

BFC21103

PROGRAMME

2BFF

EXAMINATION DATE :

25 NOVEMBER 2014

DURATION

1 HOUR 30 MINUTES

INSTRUCTION

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

THIS PAPER CONSISTS OF FOUR (4) PRINTED PAGES

BFC21103

Q1

A bridge is to be built across a 7.5-m wide almost-rectangular river with uniform flow depth
of 2.5 m, bed slope of 1/2000, and perimeter roughness n = 0.030.
(a)

If a 1.5 m-high broad-crested weir is built across the river section to measure the rate
of flow, determine the depth of flow upstream, above, and downstream of the weir.
(8 marks)

(b)

If gradually-varied flow develop upstream of the weir in Q1(a),

(i) Determine the type of surface profile.
(2 marks)
(ii)

(c)

Q2

Calculate the length of the upstream gradually-varied flow profile produced by

the weir using numerical integration method. Use N = 3 steps.
(6 marks)

Calculate the minimum allowable distance between each bridge pier to be built so
that the depth of flow upstream is maintained as in Q1(a).
(4 marks)

During a raining event, the rate of flow in the 7.5-m wide river increases to 6 m3/s/m, with
uniform depth of 1.5 m. If the 1.75 m-high broad-crested weir is to be built, determine:
(a)

Whether hydraulic jump will occur.

(5 marks)

(b)

Height of hydraulic jump if it occurs.

(3 marks)

(c)

Length of the jump.

( 1 mark)

(d)

Energy loss of the flow due to the jump.

( 1 mark)
END OF QUESTION

BFC21103

BAHASA MALAYSIA
Q1

Sebuah jambatan akan dibina merentasi sebuah sungai 7.5-m lebar, dengan keratan hampir
segiempat dengan ukur dalam aliran seragam 2.5 m, cerun dasar 1/2000, dan kekasaran
keliling n = 0.030.
(a)

Jika sebuah empang dasar berpuncak lebar setinggi 1.5 m dibina merentasi satu
keratan sungai untuk mengukur kadar alir, tentukan ukur dalam aliran di hulu, atas,
dan hilir empang dasar tersebut.
(8 markah)

(b)

Jika aliran berubah beransur dibentuk di hulu empang di Q1(a),

(i) Tentukan jenis profil permukaan tersebut.
(2 markah)
(ii)

(c)

Q2

Kira panjang profil aliran berubah beransur yang dihasilkan oleh empang dasar
tersebut menggunakan kaedah kamiran numerik. Guna N = 3 langkah.
(6 markah)

Kira jarak minimum yang dibenarkan di antara tembok (atau tiang) jambatan yang
akan dibina supaya ukur dalam aliran di hulu dikekalkan seperti dalam Q1(a).
(4 markah)

Semasa satu peristiwa hujan, kadar alir dalam 7.5-m lebar sungai tersebut meningkat ke 6
m3/s/m, dengan ukur dalam aliran seragam 1.5 m. Jika empang dasar berpuncak lebar
setinggi 1.75-m dibina, tentukan:
(a)

Sama ada lompatan hidraulik akan berlaku.

(5 markah)

(b)

Tinggi lompatan hidraulik jika ia berlaku.

(3 markah)

(c)

Panjang lompatan tersebut.

(1 markah)

(d)

Kehilangan tenaga aliran akibat lompatan tersebut.

(1 markah)

SOALAN TAMAT

BFC21103

Appendix I

TEST 2
SEMESTER/SESSION : I/2014/2015

PROGRAMME : 2BFF

COURSE NAME

COURSE CODE : BFC21103

: HYDRAULICS

Basic Equations:
2

Fr =

q2
y c =
g

V
gD

E = y+

1
Q = A R 3 S o2
n

Q = AV

V2
2g

E min =

y 3
1 c
dy y ave
dx =
So K 2
1 o
K ave

y2 1
= 1+
y1 2

where, K =

(1 + 8Fr )]

6.9( y 2 y1 )
LJ =
6.1 y 2

2
1

3
yc
2

Q
S

1
2
o

1
AR 3
n

EL =

( y 2 y1 )3
4 y1 y 2

if Fr1 5.0
if Fr1 > 5.0

BFC21103

SOLUTIONS:
Q1 Given yo = 2.5 m, Bo = 7.5 m, So = 0.0005, and n = 0.030

(a)

A = By = 7.5 2.5 = 18.75 m 2

(0.5)
P = B + 2 y = 7.5 + 2(2.5) = 12.5 m
(0.5)
A 18.75
(0.5)
R= =
= 1 .5 m
P 12.5
2 1
2
1
1
1
Discharge per unit width q = y o R 3 S o2 =
2.5 1.5 3 0.0005 2 = 2.442 m 2 /s
n
0.03
(0.5)
1

q 2 3 2.442 2 3
= 0.8471 m
Critical depth y c = =
g
9.81
Since yo > yc , the upstream flow is sub-critical
Specific energy E o = y o +

q2
2.442 2
2
.
5
=
+
= 2.549 m
2 gy o2
2 9.81 2.5 2

(0.5)
(0.5)
(0.5)

Minimum energy E min = 1.5 y c = 1.5 0.8471 = 1.271 m

(0.5)

H min = E o E min = 2.549 1.271 = 1.278 m

(1)

If H = 1.5 m > Hmin = 1.278 m Case 3 of backflow since upstream is subcritical (0.5)
Increased specific energy E1,3 = E min + H = 1.271 + 1.5 = 2.771 m
And

E1,3 = y1,3 +

q2
2 gy1,23

(0.5)

2.442 2
2 9.81 y1,23
0.3039
2.771 = y1,3 +
y1,23

(b)

(i)

(0.5)

2.771 = y1,3 +

(0.5)

Try and error gives y1 = 2.730 m and y 3 = 0.3547 m

Also, y2 = yc = 0.8471 m

(1)

Since y = 2.5 m to 2.73 m, yo = 2.5 m, and yc = 0.8471 m, i.e. y > yo > yc M1

(2)

BFC21103

(b)

(ii)

M1

0.25

2.73 m

2.5 m

yo
yc

Mild slope
L = 986.04 m

dy =

2.73 2.5
N

2.73 2.5
3

0.25

= 0.07667 m

0.25

Q = qB = 2.442 7.5 = 18.315 m 3 /s

Ko =

Q
S

1
2
o

18.315
0.0005

1
2

= 819.07 m 3 /s

0.25

yc = 0.8471 m; n = 0.030
y 3
1 c
dy y ave
dx =
So K 2
1 o
K ave

K ave =

0.5

0.5

y
(m)

yave
(m)

Aave
(m2)

2.65333-2.73
2.57667-2.65333
2.52.57667

2.692
2.615
2.538

20.19
19.61
19.04

0.5

0.5

0.5

Pave
(m)

Rave
(m)

Kave (m)

y
1 c
y ave

12.88
12.73
12.58

1.568
1.540
1.514

908.2
871.9
836.6

0.9688
0.9660
0.9628

0.1866
0.1175
0.0416
L (m)

0.5

0.5

0.5

(c)

1
3
Aave Rave
n

0.5

E 2 = E1,3 = 2.771 m

K
1 o
K ave

dx
(m)
796.3
1261.0
3553.2
5610.4

0.5
(1)

2
2
E 2 = 2.771 = 1.847 m
3
3

(1)

q 2 = gy c3 = 9.81 1.847 3 = 7.862 m

(1)

Q 18.315
=
= 2.330 m
q2
7.862

(1)

yc =

Bmax =

BFC21103

Q2

Given B = 7.5 m; q = 6 m3/s/m; yo = 1.5 m, H2 = 1.75 m

(a)

1
3

1
3

q
6
= 1.542 m
y c = =
g
9
.
81

yc > yo supercritical flow upstream

2

(1)

E min = 1.5 y c = 1.5 1.542 = 2.313 m

(b)

(1)

q
6
= 1.5 +
= 2.315 m
2
2 9.81 1.5 2
2 gy o
= E o E min = 2.315 2.313 = 0.002 m

Eo = yo +
H min

(1)
(1)

H2 = 1.75 m > Hmin, Case 3 hydraulic jump occurs

(1)

y1 = yo = 1.5 m
q
6
Fr1 =
=
= 1.043
gy13
9.81 1.5 3

(1)

y2 =

y1
1+
2

(1 + 8Fr )] = 12.5 [ 1 + (1 + 8 1.043 )] = 1.586 m

2
1

(1)

H J = y 2 y1 = 1.586 1.5 = 0.086 m

(1)

(c)

L J = 6.9( y 2 y1 ) = 6.9 0.086 = 0.5934 m

(1)

(d)

EL =

( y 2 y1 )3
4 y1 y 2

0.086 3
= 6.684 10 5 m
4 1.5 1.586

(1)